English grammar for university students. Part 1. Учебное пособие

without us. 5) Don’t provoke your little brother. He is on the point of losing his temper. 6) These species are on the verge of extinction because of the erosion of their habitats. 7) IKEA is about to open a new store in Bristol. 8) The Lord Chancellor is on the point of announcing his resignation. 9) P.D. James, who has recently turned ninety, is about to release another novel. 10) The two parties are on the point of signing the contract.

Ex. 11. Insert “be going to”, “be about to” or “be on the point of” and correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Your shoes are dirty. – Thanks, I know. I am _____ (clean) them. 2. Renovations to the roof are ____ (begin) soon. 3. Hurry up! The train is _____

(leave) the station. 4. He must consult a psychologist. He looks as if he is

_____ (commit) a suicide. 5. The town authorities say they are _____ (build) a new ring road around the town. 6. The management and the union are _____

(reach) an agreement over the strike action. 7. Due to the unfavorable economic situation the company is _____ (close down). 8. You should give him a pay rise. He is _____ (resign). 9. I decided not to stay here any longer. I am _____

to leave tomorrow morning. 10. The lights have just gone off. The movie is just _____ (begin).

Ex. 12. Translate into English using “to be going to”.

1. В будущем году я собираюсь учить французский язык. 2. Он собирается летом поехать на юг? 3. Боюсь, что она расстроится, (to be upset) 4. Кто собирается принять участие в конкурсе? 5. Что ты собираешься надеть на вечер? 6. Он собирается пригласить и гости своего двоюродного

делать во время перерыва? — Я пойду в столовую. 11. У Вас ещё будет лекция? 12. Что Вы собираетесь делать после занятий? 13. Неужели он собирается замять это дело? 14. Но вы ведь собираетесь положить этому конец, верно? 15. Ты расскажешь мне хоть что-нибудь о своих приключениях? 16. Но ведь мы же не собираемся начинать всё снова... Это ужасно. 17. Вы что будете снова нас допрашивать (inquest)? 18. Эта молодая актриса подает большие надежды. Она будет играть роль Джульетты в следующем театральном сезоне. 19. Они напечатают его статью на

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первой полосе газеты? 20. Похоже, что никто из них не напишет этот диктант без ошибок.

Ex. 13. Correct the mistakes. Some sentences are correct.

1. Will I dictate this letter to you? 2. Where will we go tonight? 3. Can I have her telephone number? – Certainly! I shall give it to you in a couple of minutes. 4. I will meet you outside the hotel in a quarter of an hour. 5. I don’t want to go to the doctor alone. Are you going to accompany me? 6. Will we watch this film together? 7. Well now, who will tell him about it? 8. Alan is driving too fast. He will have an accident. 9. Do you think you are going to manage with it? 10. She wonders when you get your exam results. 11. Quick! The child will fall out of the tree – try to catch him! 12. Get your photo cameras ready. The Queen is going to appear in a moment. 13. This dictionary costs $50, but the red one is $10 cheaper. I am about to buy the red one. 14. Don’t shout at her. Can’t you see she will cry. 15. Hurry up if you want to catch the boss. He is on the point of leaving for the meeting.

Ex. 14. Translate using Future Simple or “to be going to”.

1. Как ты думаешь, что случится, если она не последует его совету. 2. Завтра я ей все расскажу. 3. Сегодня ужасная погода. Мы пойдем в зоопарк на следующих выходных. 4. Как только мы получим какую-либо информацию, мы свяжемся с вами. 5. Как только мы закончим ужинать, я помою посуду и позвоню тебе. 6. Мы с мужем собираемся поменять обстановку в квартире, поэтому в понедельник мы идем в мебельный салон, чтобы выбрать новую стенку. 7. Что будете заказывать? - Я, пожалуй, возьму свекольник и отбивную с картофельным пюре на второе. 8. Мама скоро придет с работы, а у нас такой беспорядок. 9. В субботу я повешу эти новые гардины и постелю ковер. 10. Если ты не прекратишь слушать эту кошмарную мелодию, я - сойду с ума. 11. Я уверена, Кейт удивится, когда узнает такую новость. 12. Если они подпишут этот контракт, они провалят (spoil) все дело. 13. Обещаю, что в НьюЙорке я постараюсь придерживаться диеты и есть только здоровую пищу. Но если я поправлюсь, я урежу себя в сладком. 14. Я останусь дома, я не люблю шумных компаний. 15. Я прочитала в газете, что Уитни споет свою новую песню на концерте в Августе. 16. Боюсь, она не сможет удержаться и съест пару пирожных. 17. В вашем багаже лишних пять килограмм, вам нужно заплатить за перевес. – Хорошо, я заплачу. Мне заплатить наличными, или я могу рассчитаться пластиковой картой? 18. Если я не растеряюсь, я решу все задачи на экзамене. 19. Если ты бу-

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дешь ему противоречить, он разозлится. А если он разозлится, ты уже никогда не сможешь его убедить. 20. Помните, когда последняя рыба будет отравлена и спилено последнее дерево, вы поймете, что деньги - это ничто.

SELF ASSESSMENT TEST

1. Circle the correct answer.

1. It’s not a deep cut, but it ... a scar.

(a) is going to leave (b) is going (c) is leaving

2.Do you know I ... a new car next week?

(а) will buy (b) buy (c) am buying

3.“I’m not sure how I’ll get to the concert”. – “ We can take you. We ...you up at 8. 00”.

(a) will pick (b) are going to pick (c) pick

4.I’m sorry I can’t come for dinner. I ... to York tonight.

(a) will drive (b) drive (c) am driving

5.The new road ... the journey time between the cities significantly.

(a) is going to cut (b) cut (c) is cutting

6.I have to go now. I ... you back later today.

(a) will call (b) call (c) am calling

7.Don’t go out now. I ... lunch and it’ll be cold by the time you get back.

(a) will serve (b) am going to serve (c) am serving

8.Unless help arrives within the next few days, thousands ...

(a) starve (b) are going to starve (c) are starving

9. “Who ...?” “... to get through to Helen”.

(a) are you phoning; I’m trying (b) are you phoning; I try (c) do you phone;

Itry

10.I ... I can’t see as well as I used to.

(a) am admitting (b) admits (c) admit (d) was admitting

11. ... to Turkey every year for your holidays?

(а) are you going (b) were you going (с) have you gone (d) do you go

12.Jane ... me that you’re thinking of emigrating.

(a) told (b) tells (c) is telling (d) tell

13.I ... to work yesterday because I ... very well.

(a) didn’t go, didn’t be (b) didn’t went, didn’t was (c) didn’t go, wasn’t

14. Tom ... that morning because he ... time.

(a) didn’t shave, didn’t have (b) not shave, hadn’t (c) didn’t shaved, didn’t have

15. We ... nothing because we ... hungry.

(a) didn’t eat, weren’t (b) ate, weren’t (c) eated, weren’t

16. When ... you Ann last? – It ... a year ago.

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(a) saw, was (b) did see, was (c) did see, did be

17.It ... bitterly cold yesterday, so I ... on my warm coat.

(a) has been, put (b) was, putted (c) was, put

18.How much ... your bag? – I ... $ 80 for it.

(a) did cost, paid (b) did cost, payed (c) costed, paid

9. Jane ... a new job last week and ... very happy to learn the news.

(a) founded, was (b) finded, was (c) found, was

20.He used to ... it again and again, but nobody ... to him.

(a) say, listened (b) say, didn’t listen (c) said, listened

21.She ... to concentrate. She ... with Jane in 1990 but now ... believe him.

(a) tryed, got acquainted, couldn’t (b) tried, acquainted, didn’t can (c) tried, got acquainted, couldn’t

22. Why ... the window? – She ... me do it.

(a) didn’t you open, didn’t let (b) you not open, not let (c) you didn’t open, didn’t let

2. Find the wrong sentences and correct them.

1. Did the weather be fine yesterday? 2. She not visited her granny last month. 3. His mother had a long conversation with his teacher. 4. Did you be satisfied with the excursion? 5. She teached him grammar. 6. Tom bringed a lot of presents for his cousins. 7. Where you stayed when you was in Moscow? 8. Who did mention these figures to you? 9. Whom did you see there? 10. They stopped to had a little rest. 11. They are understanding the problem now. 12. The soup is tasting delicious. 13. Their son is coming home next week. 14. I won’t take this dish. It is smelling awful. 15. The last train is leaving the station at 11 p.m. 16. The evening is warm but you are shivering. 17. Now I am seeing what you are driving at. 18. Where is John? – He prepares his homework. 19. I’m sorry but you can’t see Mr. Green. He has dinner. 1 20. I am hating to speak to him. He is always complaining. 21. He is wanting to buy a car so he is taking his driving lessons. 22. He often changes his political views. Now he is belonging to the Conservative Party. 23. I can’t stand him. He is liking to mock at people. 24. You are always laughing at lessons too much and the teachers are usually complaining of you.

Литература 1.Грамматика английского языка: пособие для студ. пед. институтов и ун-

тов / В.Л.Каушанская, Р.Л. Ковнер и др.. - 5-е изд., испр. и доп.- Москва: Айрис-пресс, 2009.

2.Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. A reference and practice book for intermediate students of English. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

3.Eastwood J. Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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MODULE 6

MODALS

Modal verbs are used to show the speaker's attitude toward the action indicated by the infinitive. They show that this action is considered as possible, impossible, probable, improbable, obligatory, etc.

Modal verbs are called defective because all of them (except dare and need) lack verbals and analytical forms. They do not take -s in the third person singular.

They are followed by the infinitive without the particle to: I can do it.

They form their negative and interrogative form without the auxiliary do:

Can you do it now?

They have two negative forms, full and contracted: cannotcan’t, must not

– mustn’t, shall not – shan’t (Каушанская, 2009, 118).

The Modal Verb ‘Can’

The modal verb can has two forms: can - for the present and could - for the past. The expression to be able to which has the same meaning is used to supply the missing forms of can:

I can do it now. I could do it yesterday. I'll be able to do it tomorrow.

The modal verb ‘can’ expresses:

1.Physical or mental ability: I can't walk, because I 'm tired. You can guess.

2.Possibility:

a)due to circumstances: I could not help you yesterday. 1 was busy. Can I have this book? (the speaker doesn't ask the permission, but wants to know if there is such a book in the library).

b)due to the existing laws: You cannot play football in the street (it means “you have no right”). You couldn't get married there.

c)Could is often used in polite requests: Could you help me? Could you tell

me the way?

3. Incredulity, doubt, astonishment. In this meaning can is used in interrog-

ative and negative sentences.

It can’t be true (incredulity) (He может быть!)

Can she be waiting for us? (astonishment) (Неужели она нас ждет?)

The Modal Verb ‘May’

The modal verb ‘may’ has two forms: may - for the present and might - for the past. The expressions to be allowed and to be permitted (formal style) which have the same meaning can he used to supply the missing forms of the

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verb may: May I ask you? He said she might not come in. She will be allowed to come.

The modal verb ‘may’ expresses:

a)permission: You may take the book. (It means that the speaker gives the permission). (Compare: You can take the book. - means that there are no conditions that prevent someone from taking the book). The negative answers can be the following ones:

You may not. (prohibition). No, don t please (don't is less strict than may not). No, you must not (means that it is not the person who prohibits the action

-but there are rules or circumstances prohibiting it).

b)uncertainty: She may be at home now. It may rain.

c)reproach: Only might is used in this meaning:

You might help me.

When might is used with the Indefinite Infinitive it is rather a request made in the tone of a reproach. When it is used with the Perfect Infinitive, it expresses reproach: You might have told me about it. (Мог бы сказать мне об этом раньше).

The Modal Verb ‘Must’

The modal verb ‘must’ has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to (formal style) are used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must.

I must go back. I had to come back at 5. I’ll have to be there at 2.

Must expresses:

1) Obligation, necessity:

a) due to circumstances (in affirmative and interrogative sentences): He must earn money. Миst I do it today?

The absence of necessity is expressed by need not: Must I write it now? - No. you needn’t.

b) arising out of the nature of man: People must eat and sleep.

2) A command, an urgent request or a prohibition (in negative sentences):

You must leave the room at once. You must come and see our new flat. You mustn’t speak like that!

3) Supposition bordering on assurance (only in affirmative sentences):

She must be at home now.

In negative sentences supposition is expressed by the modal word evidently: Evidently she isn’t at home.

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MODALS. EXERCISES.

Ex. 1. Determine the meaning of the modal verbs Can, May, Must.

1. Carol can speak three foreign languages. 2. If you don’t take your umbrella, you can get wet through. 3. Could you help me? 4. I can’t drink my tea, it is too hot. 5. Can he still be at the office? 6. You can sit here, the seat is free. 7. There can be a lot of students in the reading-hall at this hour. 8. He couldn’t have translated this text without a dictionary! He is just a beginner! 9. Could Martin have passed all exams? 10. You may take a day off, if you like. 11. You may not enter the room. 12. It may rain today. 13. You might ask me. 14. You may not smoke in this house. 15. You may not wear tennis shoes in the office. 16. It’s a hard task. You might help me. 17. May I ask you a question, Mr. Smith? 18. She said I might come at any time and use her library. 19. You might have given him a lift. 20. Jack must feel really jet-legged after the flight. 21. You must leave the room at once. 22. You must read the book. You are sure to like it! 23. You mustn’t switch on your mobile before you leave the plane. 24. He must have deceived us. 25. Must I go to the post office right now?

Ex. 2. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. You have to get a foreign passport to go abroad. 2. He had to go to a police station. 3. We’ll have to take four entrance exams. 4. He has to leave tonight; he got a telegram from home. 5. If we miss the last bus, we’ll have to walk. 6. Our schoolchildren no longer have to wear a uniform. 7. I have to take my test a second time. 8. We had to change trains twice to get here. 9. The parents had to work hard to pay for their son’s education. 10. You have to pay for the rooms now. 11. You have to trust facts. 12. We could meet them. 13. They had to change trains. 14. I’m able to take care of myself. 15. You can share your experience with us. 16. Even small children are allowed to swim in this pool. 17. She could buy flowers. 18. We had to call at the shop and buy some food for the picnic. 19. You must form your own opinion about it. 20. They will have to leave for Rome tomorrow.

Ex. 3. Choose between Can or Be able to. Underline the correct alternative. Sometimes both forms are correct.

1. When Tim was sixteen, he could/was able to run 100 meters in 11 seconds. 2. Can you speak a little louder? I can’t/am not able to hear you very well. 3. No one realized what was happening and the thief could/was able to get away. 4. I looked everywhere for the book, but I couldn’t/wasn’t able to find it. 5. A girl fell into the river, but fortunately we could/were able to rescue her. 6. I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I couldn’t/wasn’t able to take any photographs. 7. Mike was an excellent boxer when he was younger. He

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could/was able to beat anybody. 8. As soon as I walked into the room, I could/was able to smell gas. 9. The teacher said I could/would be able to speak French in a couple of months. 10. I managed to find the street, but I couldn’t/wasn’t able to find her house. 11. My last car could/was able to do 80 mph. 12. These roses can/are able to grow anywhere. 13. Dogs can’t/aren’t able to climb trees. 14. Your baby can/will be able to walk soon. 15. One day people can/will be able to go to the moon on holiday. 16. She could/was able to hardly believe her eyes. 17. I could/was able to tell he is Irish from his accent. 18. I couldn’t/wasn’t able to understand what he is talking about. 19. Five hundred years ago people couldn’t/weren’t able to believe that the Earth moves round the Sun. 20. Marry is a wonderful dancer, but she can’t/is not able to dance now, because she has dislocated her ankle.

Ex. 4. Insert Can or Be able to in the correct tense form. Sometimes either is possible.

1. I … not understand Martin. I never … understand him. 2. It’s better to ask Marry for advice. She might … help you. 3. I … not sleep well recently. 4. I … come and see you tomorrow if you like. 5. Nicole … drive, but she hasn’t got a car. 6. It is easy for Garry to travel to different countries. He … speak five foreign languages. 7. I used to … stand on my head, but I can’t do it now. 8. Applicants for the job must … speak two foreign languages. 9. I …not see you on Monday, but I … meet you on Tuesday. 10. My granny used … sing well when I was young. 11. Have I ever told a lie? No, I never … tell a lie, even a white lie. 12. Suddenly all the lights went out. We … not see a thing. 13. The computer went wrong, but luckily Emma … put it right again. 14. There was a big party last night. You … hear the music half a mile away. 15. I learnt to read music as a child. I … read it when I was five. 16. People heard warnings about the flood, and they ... move out in time. 17. The train was full. I … not find a seat anywhere. 18. We didn’t know where David was, but we … find him in the end. 19. The fire spread through the building very quickly, but fortunately everybody … escape. 20. Pete played tennis well, but he … not beat Jerry who played even better.

Ex. 5. Complete the following sentences using Can/Could to express incredulity, doubt and astonishment and translate them into Russian.

1. She … not be fifty! She looks my age, not older! 2. … the girl have been seriously ill? Frankly speaking, I doubt it. 3. ... they have told you a lie? 4. … she have been working so long? 5. She … not have left the city without letting me know about it! 6. … they still be waiting for their order? It’s simply unbelievable! 7. He … not be younger than me eighty, he … have been born in 1970s. 8. She … not fail to know about it. Everybody knows he has won the match. 9. They … not have misspelled your name! It’s so simple! 10. … she

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still be working? 11. … she have said such awful things? 12. She … not be the girl we are looking for. 13. … he really be twice as old as you? 14. You … not have worried too much, Jack! It’s not typical of you to make a molehill out of a mountain. 15. It’s impossible. He … not have solved the problem without anybody’s help. 16. He … not have heard the news at dinner because his sister hadn’t arrived yet. 17. … they be still fishing? 18. … she have eavesdropped their conversation? 19. … they have been jogging for two hours already? 20. She … not be still sleeping! It’s almost midday!

Ex. 6. Fill in the blanks with Can or May in the correct form to express possibility. State the type of possibility.

1. … I see you tomorrow? 2. Where … I find you tonight? I need to talk in private. 3. I was so angry with him. I … kill him. 4. From 30 to 40 eggs … be laid by a female crocodile. 5. You … get a better job if you spoke French. 6. That was dangerous – he … have killed somebody. 7. Buy that dictionary. You

…want it one day. 8. There were three possibilities: we … go to the police, we … talk to a lawyer, or we … forget all about it. 9. You … never tell. Everything … turn out quite all right. 10. I was a very popular song at the time. You … hear it everywhere. 11. I am so happy, I … not feel better. 12. She is one in a million; George … not have a better wife.13. I … not wear that hat. I’d look silly and people would laugh at me. 14. How was your exam? Was it difficult? – It wasn’t so bad. It … have been worse. 15. He … come at any time. We must hurry. 16. Do you think I … be in time for the lecture? 17. We

…go climbing in the Alps next summer. 18. Do you know if Ann likes this perfume? – I’m not sure, she … . 19. With his good looks, charm and air of absolute assurance he … have any girl at college. 20. They … not help us because they were abroad.

Ex. 7. Use Can, Could or May to ask for permission.

Model: You are at a friend’s flat. You want to make a phone call. Can I use your phone?

1. You need a calculator. The person sitting next to you has got one. ... 2. You have gone into a cafe. Three people who you know from work are sitting at a table. You go over to the table. … 3. You had to go to a lecture, but you were ill. Your friend went to the lecture and took notes. Next day you are well again and you see your friend. …4. You have come late for the lecture. You knock at the door and ask the professor for the permission to enter the lectureroom. … 5. You are carrying a lot of things and can’t open the door yourself. But there is a man standing near the door. … 6. You phone Sue, but she isn’t at home. You want to leave a message for her. … 7. You’ve written a letter in English. Before you send it you want your friend to send it for you. … 8. You are on the train. A strange woman sitting next to you has finished reading her

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newspaper. You would like to have a look at it. … 9. You are a tourist. You want to get to the nearest station, but you don’t know how to get there. You ask at the reception. … 10. You want to try on some nice trousers in the shop. You say about it to the shop assistant. …

Ex. 8. Insert Can, Could, May or Be allowed to in the correct form to complete the sentences. Sometimes either is possible.

1. She said I … come as often as I liked. 2. Yesterday evening Pete … watch TV for only an hour. 3. She wants … open a bank account. 4. Students … not use the staff car park. 5. … one park on both sides of the road here? 6. Nick … watch TV as soon as he does his homework. 7. He … take part in racing on condition he didn’t miss classes and worked hard. 8. … I come and see you tomorrow? 9. You … stay with us as long as you wish. 10. The Colonel said I … come and see my brother whenever I liked. 11. Kate … use her mother’s car as the latter stayed at home and didn’t need it. 12. You … use my headphones, I won’t need them today. 13. Marry said that I … use the guest rooms in her cottage as well as her garden. 14. You… not be late for my lecture. It’s the last time I let you come in. 15. When I was a child I … not go for a walk alone. 16. I asked if he … have a pet when he was a kid. 17. Mother says I … not go to the pictures. 18. We … take our dog along on the bus with us as it was a small one. 19. You … not use any dictionaries at our state exam. 20. When the lecture was over, we … ask questions.

Ex. 9. Reword sentences using modal verbs Can, May, Must or their equivalents to give or refuse permission.

1. There is no age limit to join the club. 2. You are not allowed to use phones on the airplane. 3. You are not allowed to miss classes. 4. John, I don’t allow you to play with the ball in the house! 5. There is no prohibition to look up some words in an English-English dictionary at the exam. 6. I don’t use my watercolors, take them if you like. 7. The seat next to me is free. Take it if you like. 8. It is stuffy in the classroom. Open the window if you like. 9. His mother let him take his dog for a walk. 10. Be careful! This plant is poisonous. Don’t eat it! 11. He was underage and was not admitted to the cinema to watch that movie. 12. He is prohibited to go to the night club. He is too young. 13. It is a secret. Don’t tell it to anybody. 14. The librarian prohibited the student talking on the phone in the reading hall. 15. She is much better now and they let her take short walks in the park. 16. If you are in a hurry and are afraid to miss the train, I let you leave half an hour earlier. 17. Don’t take my camera. I’ll need it myself.18. It’s against the law to drink and drive. 19. I don’t think that swimming immediately after lunch is good for your health. So I don’t let you swim. 20. I didn’t have a sore throat any longer and mother allowed me to eat an ice-cream.

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