English Grammar for Technical University Students. Theory and Practice. Учебное пособие

2.Since he failed twice, he didn’t want to try again.

3.We had nothing else to do because we had already completed all the tasks.

4.I was extremely tired, I wanted to rest a little bit.

5.He found a mistake in his report, so he decided to recheck his calculations.

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14. Причастные обороты (Participial Constructions)

Зависимый П.О. (Participial Phrase)

Представляет собой причастие с зависимыми от него словами. Подлежащее относится как глаголу-сказуемому, так и к причастию.

•Reading the novel she made some notes (Читая роман, она сделала несколько заметок)

•Having much practice and experience, he managed to repair the motor (Имея много практики и опыта, он смог починить двигатель).

Независимый П.О. (The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction)

Причастие не зависит от подлежащего предложения. Подлежащее относится только к глаголу-сказуемому.

•The professor entered the classroom, the students following him (Профессор вошел в аудиторию, и студенты последовали за ним).

Независимый П.О., вводимый предлогом with (The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction)

•The woman was sitting, with tears running down her face (Женщина сидела, а

слезы стекали у нее по лицу).

Зачастую переводится на русский язык с помощью союзов а, и, причем.

Объектный П.О. (The Objective Participial Construction)

Образует придаточное предложение, отвечающее на вопрос что? как?

Используется после глаголов:

a)feel, hear, see, notice, watch, observe: They saw him crossing the street

(Они увидели, что он переходит улицу). В переводе дополнение становится подлежащим в придаточном предложении, а причастие – сказуемым.

b)find, discover, catch: She caught them cheating on the exam.

c)want, need, would like: You need your eyesight tested.

Субъектный П.О. (The Subjective Participial Construction)

Используется после глаголов, рассмотренных выше, в пассивном (страдательном) залоге.

They were seen crossing the street. They were caught cheating on the exam.

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Причастные обороты на русский язык переводятся с помощью обстоятельственных придаточных (зависимых) предложений с союзами когда, в

то время как, поскольку, так как и т.п.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Find the Participial Construction and name it. Translate the sentences.

1.I heard her writing an article on biotechnologies right now.

2.With more work being done on computers, which can be taken home, and the fact that the internet and other communications systems do not have to be tied to a particular location, working remotely has become much easier.

3.Shrinking electronic circuits onto tiny silicon chips has resulted in a digital revolution, with billions of phones, computers, tablets, and smart objects used everyday.

4.Earth is not the only planet orbiting the Sun. Another seven planets and five dwarf planets, along with many moons and numerous asteroids, travel around the Sun, making up the Solar System.

5.Earthquakes occur when two plates slide past each other, producing shock waves.

6.Containing 97 per cent of all the world’s water, the oceans form an interconnected watery world that covers approximately 71 per cent of the Earth’s surface.

7.High-speed rail in particular can replace air travel, with new lines reducing aviation transport on the same routes by as much as 80%.

8.Colliding with protons, neutrinos can produce neutrons and other particles.

9.Within a few years, we may see people taking steps on the moon again, mining precious resources and setting up long-term bases on Earth’s constant companion.

10.Having conducted the experiment, they succeeded in writing a good research paper.

Ex.2. Read the sentences with the Objective and the Subjective Participial Constructions. Define the construction in the sentences.

1.I want this experiment carried out.

2.We need the test completed successfully.

3.Melanie was seen working on a secret project with a small team of assistants.

4.Our professor wants it done at once.

5.The teacher caught them cheating on the exam.

6.Jeremy was found reading a reference book in the library.

7.I heard them debating during the conference.

8.The test was found torn to pieces.

9.They watched him talking to a stranger in a friendly manner.

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10.2012 TC4 was observed passing less than one Lunar distance from Earth twice in a row.

Ex.3. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Absolute Participial Constructions.

6.I felt nervous performing on the stage with the audience staring at me.

7.She was writing an exam with her notebook lying on the desk.

8.You need to carry out the installation with the Internet turned off.

9.Helga was presenting the project with her friends helping her.

10.Dilan was answering the exam question with his voice trembling and hands shaking.

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15.Сослагательное наклонение (the Subjunctive Mood)

Ванглийском языке, как и в русском, выделяют три наклонения – изъявительное (the Indicative Mood), повелительное (the Imperative Mood) и сослагательное (the Subjunctive Mood).

Изъявительное наклонение используется для повествования о действиях, которые происходили, происходят или будут происходить (We participated in the contest last year. I am a first-year student. They will be glad to help you with the project).

Повелительное наклонение выражает приказы, просьбы, советы (Stand up! Keep silence, please. Don’t be afraid!).

Сослагательное наклонение помогает выражать возможные, гипотетические, предполагаемые, желаемые события, которые либо невозможны, либо возможны при определенных условиях. Чаще всего сослагательное наклонение встречается в письменных текстах (например, художественных), однако может употребляться и в устной речи. В английском языке выделяют две формы сослагательного наклонения – синтетическую и аналитическую.

Синтетические («простые») формы:

●для советов, выражения необходимости, желаний или гипотетических событий в настоящем и будущем: инфинитив без частицы to (I suggest that we all go to the library – Предлагаю нам всем сходить в библиотеку. I insist he be here – Я настаиваю на том, чтобы он был здесь. It is necessary that you help your brother – Необходимо, чтобы ты помог брату. My idea/proposal/advice/intention is that we attend the lecture – Моя идея/Мое предложение/Мой совет/Мое намерение состоит в том, чтобы пойти сегодня на лекцию)

●для действий и событий, которые не соответствуют действительности: глагол в Past Simple (I wish I was younger – Жаль, что я уже не молод)

●для сожалений относительно прошлого (действие свершилось раньше, чем наступил момент речи): глагол в Past Perfect (I wish I had bought a ticket earlier. Now they are too expensive – Жаль, что я не купила билет раньше.

Теперь они слишком дорогие)

Аналитические формы (формы с глаголами would, might, could, should):

●I advise that she should go to bed at once – Он посоветовал ей немедленно лечь спать (should – наиболее общий глагол для предложений в сослагательном наклонении).

●I wish you would go there too (would – волеизъявление).

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●She turned on the light so that we could see each other – Она включила свет,

чтобы мы могли видеть друг друга (could – физическая возможность).

●No matter how tired I might be, I’ll keep on working on a project – Каким бы уставшим я ни был, я продолжу работать над проектом (might/may – возможность совершения действия).

Впредложениях типа It is necessary / important / vital / essential / urgent that we (should) take immediate measures или I advise that she should go to bed at once

употребление глагола should не является обязательным, может использоваться лишь инфинитив без частицы to (т.е. синтетическая форма).

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Put verb in brackets in the correct form in the sentences using the Subjunctive Mood.

1.It is necessary she … present at the conference (be).

2.It is essential that the students of Cambridge University … uniform (wear).

3.His advice is that you … for help (ask).

4.The professor required that the test … tonight (send).

5.It’s high time he … his report (finish).

6.It is important that you … (consult) a professional.

7.I wish I … smarter and more intelligent (be).

8.She insists her friend … the police (call).

9.My idea is that you … a poster for the festival (create).

10.I wish I … that she was in hospital. (know).

Ex.2. Put would / should / might / could in the sentences with the Subjunctive Mood.

1.It is necessary that the student’s report … be typed.

2.If he had told us about the congress, we … have attended it.

3.It’s vital that the college students … know about the coming exams.

4.I wish I … help you to complete your Algebra tasks.

5.No matter how energetic she … be, she needs rest.

6.It is urgent that the Philosophy test … be completed by Wednesday.

7.If I were, I … help her solve the current problem.

8.I wish she … find a new job as quickly as possible.

9.The teacher suggested that we all … go to the Museum of Radio and

Technology.

10.It is obligatory that you … hand in your essay in time.

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16. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)

Часто к категории сослагательного наклонения (the Subjunctive Mood) в английском языке относят и условные предложения. Условное предложение состоит из двух частей – условие (чаще всего начинается с if) и следствие. Порядок следования частей может быть любым.

Важно помнить о пунктуации в условных предложениях: если в начале предложения идет условие (if), то перед частью-следствием ставится запятая. Если предложение начинается с части-следствия, то запятая не ставится.

Выделяют несколько типов условных предложений в зависимости от того, к какому времени относится условие и реальное ли оно. Само условие выражается глаголом-сказуемым, которое употребляется в формах разных грамматических времен.

Нулевой тип (zero conditional):

Общие факты, универсальные истины, инструкции, законы, логические суждения

If + Present Simple, Present Simple.

•If you click here, the chat box appears on the screen.

•If we are caught in the rain, we get wet.

•If she wakes up early in the morning, she feels irritated.

Предложения нулевого типа зачастую выражают просто факты, а не предположения и условия, поэтому союз if иногда заменяется на when.

Первый тип (first conditional)

Реальные условия в настоящем и будущем времени

If + Present Simple, Future Simple.

•If you work hard on your thesis, you will get an excellent grade.

•If we finish our experiment, we will be able to take part in the competition.

•If you forget to take your umbrella, it will rain.

Второй тип (second conditional)

Маловероятные, гипотетические ситуации в настоящем или будущем

If + Past Simple, would + V (в переводе появляется частица “бы”).

• If I were* you, I would not complain.

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• If people could fly, they would travel all over the world.

*глагол be в условных предложениях второго типа принимает форму were вне зависимости от лица и числа подлежащего

Третий тип (third conditional)

Нереальные условия в прошлом, сожаления, критика

If + Past Perfect, would have + V3.

•If she had phoned him yesterday, he would have helped her to solve her problem.

•If you had studied harder before your exams, you would not have failed them.

Смешанный тип (mixed conditional)

Предложения смешанного типа основываются на 2-м и 3-м типах условных предложений:

1)условие в прошлом (Past Perfect), следствие в настоящем (would + V) – If I had not passed my school-leaving exams, I would not study at university now.

2)условие в настоящем (Past Simple), следствие в прошлом (would have + V3)

– If I were more polite, I would not have told her that.

Вчасти, выражаемой следствие, могут употребляться модальные глаголы, тогда после них будет идти инфинитив (чаще всего – глаголы might, could, should): If you hurry up, you might catch the last train. If we had more spare time, we should do more physical exercises.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Conditionals.

1.If the lensing object is a heavyweight, its gravity would distort spacetime so much that the star would appear to move.

2.If a certain combination of molecules are present – methane and carbon dioxide

– it is a sign that life could exist on planets beyond Earth.

3.The term “artificial intelligence” was originated by computer scientists John

McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon in 1955. They defined AI as “…making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving.”

4.If Artificial Intelligence doesn’t work for people, it doesn’t work.

5.What should you do if your monitor freezes?

6.If chatbots can’t help you, they’ll transfer you to a human being.

7.If people lived on Mars and if something went wrong there, help would take many months to arrive.

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8.If you want to cancel a subscription to a newspaper or a website, you should go to the website and type your request in the special window.

9.If your operating system is outdated, update it.

10.What information would you want to have if you had a chip in your brain?

Ex.2. Define the type of the conditional sentences and put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Explain your choice.

1.If I see him, I (give) him a lift.

2.Water (boil) if you heat it to 100 degrees.

3.If the sun (shine), would you be happy?

4.If I were you, I (not/buy) that old mansion.

5.If Eliza had followed my advice, she (be) much happier now.

6.Sandra will lend you some money if you (ask) her.

7.The police could have caught the criminal if they (arrive) on time.

8.If he had stayed in the city after graduating from university, he (find) a better job.

9.If you (not/hurry up), we’ll be late for the test.

10.We could be richer if we (save) more money.

Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form and make conditional sentences.

1.If Sam (be) more self-assured, he (feel) more relaxed during an interview.

2.John has left his notebook. Give it to Maria. If she (see) him, she (give) it to him.

3.If my groupmates and I (have) any spare time, we (do) some sport.

4.Let me know if you (have) any troubles with installing the antivirus.

5.If my sister (be) taller, she (be) a successful basketball player. Unfortunately, she’s not tall enough.

6.If my relatives (be) as active as yours, I (become) tired very soon.

7.You (not/know) if you (not/try).

8.My sister is young and she (have) no idea what to do if the computer (break down).

9.If he (apply) for the position of an engineer earlier, he (get) the job.

10.If you (be) interested in a job offer, please send your CV to our company.

Ex.4. Complete the Conditional Sentences (II, III types) with your own ideas.

1.If you studied more, …

2.I would feel unhappy if...

3.She could have helped you if…

4.If we had any hobbies, …

5.If I had met you earlier, …

6.They would not have got wet if…

7.If he earned more money, ...

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8.The students would have passed their Physics exam if…

9.If I saw a crocodile, …

10.We wouldn’t have taken part in the conference if…

Ex.5. Rewrite the sentences using conditionals.

Example: I can’t play the violin, but the ability to play it would make me very happy at the moment. => If I could play the violin, I would be very happy.

1.It is true that oil floats when you put it in water.

2.I wish the weather was good. I want to go to the beach.

3.I have a degree but I didn’t do any work.

4.I always feel much happier when the sun is shining.

5.I wish the library was open right now. I want to borrow a book.

6.I lost the train. I was late to work.

7.She has no money. She can’t buy her friend a present.

Topics for discussion:

1.What things would you use if there was no electricity?

2.What would happen if people across the world suddenly stopped flying completely? Think about the environment, people, transportation, etc.

3.What would happen if we stopped extraction of fossil fuels and minerals entirely?

4.If your computer is old and working very slowly, what might you consider doing?

5.If you don’t want to lose computer data, what should you do?

Пожелания и сожаления (wishes and regrets)

Говоря о сослагательном наклонении в английском языке, стоит рассматривать и разные способы выражения пожеланий и сожалений в настоящем, прошлом и будущем. Предложения, выражающие пожелания или сожаления, часто содержат глагол wish (хотеть, желать) и строятся в зависимости от того, как пожелание или сожаление соотносится с действительностью.

I.Пожелание в настоящем времени (соотносится с second conditional):

после wish употребляется:

●Past Simple (Ved/V2) – I wish I completed the task soon.

●Past Continuous (was/were + Ving) – I wish it was not raining now.

●could + V (для выражения желаемых умений, навыков) – I wish I could speak Italian. I wish I could fly.

Данные предложения можно трансформировать в условные второго типа:

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