English Grammar for Technical University Students. Theory and Practice. Учебное пособие

9. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)

Модальные глаголы – глаголы, которые не выражают само действие, они выражают отношение говорящего к действию, поэтому и употребляются не самостоятельно, а в паре со смысловым глаголом (модальный глагол + смысловой глагол). Модальный глагол может выражать запрет, совет, рекомендацию, вероятность, предположение, обязательство, разрешение, необходимость, физическую или умственную возможность.

После модальных глаголов употребляется инфинитив: простой (do), continuous (be doing), perfect (have done), perfect continuous (have been done). Например, We might be late. They ought to phone us first. We needn’t do this now. She shouldn’t have worried about the party, everything went fine. He may be having lunch right now.

Пассивный залог с модальными глаголами образуется по схеме:

modal verb + be + V3 or must / can / should / have to / need / might be done

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1.As sea ice continues to decline, glacial ice … remain available for longer.

2.Something that heavy and dark … be a black hole, the researchers report.

3.Learning from mistakes made in the past … set the AI of today for success in the future.

4.It is not just about data gathering. You also … validate the data.

5.Polar bears … be able to adapt as the planet warms and sea ice melts.

6.All animals, plants and humans … water to survive.

7.People … live without food for about a month, but less than a week without water.

8.Special measures … be taken to protect the Earth and save our planet.

9.49 moons … fit inside Earth.

10.Computer models … work overtime these days.

Ex.3. Remember the rules of using Perfect Modals. Complete the sentences using Perfect Modals using the verbs in brackets.

Example: Long ago, Mars … more similar to Earth than it is today (be). => Long ago, Mars may have been more similar to Earth than it is today.

1.Unfortunately, nobody knows the truth. It … an accident (be).

2.You … your final paper much better (write).

3.You … that you were invited (forget). Why didn’t you come?

4.I … like that (behave). Now I regret doing so.

5.Jessica … more polite to her professor (be).

6.He … the project alone – he … for help (do, ask).

7.Drake … your words (misunderstand). You need to talk one more time.

8.She … an “A” in the Algebra test (get). She’s very intelligent and hardworking!

9.I … so lazy (be)… As a consequence, I have so much work to do now.

10.Comets … Earth every time the early solar system travelled through our galaxy’s spiral arms, a new study suggests (bombard).

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10. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)

Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола (наряду с Герундием и Причастием), объединяющая в себе признаки глагола и существительного. Отличительной чертой неличных форм глагола является то, что в предложении они не могут быть сказуемым (могут быть лишь частью сказуемого), поскольку не «привязаны» к конкретному лицу (подлежащему). Наиболее часто инфинитив употребляется с частицей to, однако в некоторых случаях используется так называемый bare infinitive, т.е. инфинитив без частицы to.

Infinitive Forms:

Simple: действие, выраженное инфинитивом, происходит одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым (He is sure to know it – Он наверняка это знает).

Continuous: указывает на действие в процессе (She seems to be writing – Кажется,

она сейчас пишет).

Perfect: действие, выраженное инфинитивом, предшествует действию,

выраженному глаголом-сказуемым (He was happy to have written the letter – Он был счастлив оттого, что написал письмо).

Perfect Continuous: действие, выраженное инфинитивом, началось раньше, чем происходило действие, выраженное глаголом-сказуемым (He admitted to have been writing a letter – Он признался, что писал письмо).

‘Bare’ Infinitive (без частицы to) употребляется:

● после вспомогательного глагола do (I did not say that).

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●после модальных глаголов (She can do it), за исключением тех, в состав которых уже входит частица to (have to, ought to, be able to, need to в

утвердительных предложениях)

●после let (Let him go).

●после make в Active Voice (She made me get up early). НО в Passive Voice добавляется частица to: She was made to do this.

●после глаголов feel, hear, see, watch в Инфинитивных конструкциях

●после had better, would rather (You’d better arrive on time. I would rather text her than call her)

●в вопросах с Why (Why not go on a picnic? – Почему бы не пойти на пикник? Why call him? – Зачем звонить ему?)

●перед вторым и последующими инфинитивами в предложениях, где инфинитивы соединяются союзами and, but, or, than, as well as, except, etc. (We want you to come and bring the books with you. It’s better for us to do it ourselves than ask somebody else)

Синтаксические функции Инфинитива:

1.подлежащее (To live is to hope – Жить – значит надеяться. It is necessary to go there (можно трансформировать в To go there is necessary – Необходимо пойти туда). Переводится на русский язык инфинитивом или существительным.

2.часть сказуемого:

●именная часть сказуемого (после глагола связки to be): His wish was to complete the task.

●в сочетании с глаголами, обозначающими начало/конец действия: He began to laugh.

●в сочетании с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: He must do it. She is sure to come. They are likely to be late.

3.дополнение (He wants to read) – инфинитив отвечает на вопрос что?

4.определение (The letters to be posted are on the table. This is the task to be done). Инфинитив употребляется после существительного, для которого и служит некой характеристикой, т.е. определением. Часто используются формы пассивного инфинитива (to be sent, to be posted, to be done)

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5.обстоятельство:

●цели (She came to the party to congratulate him. We study at university to get new skills) – инфинитив отвечает на вопросы зачем? с какой целью? для чего? и т.п. Иногда инфинитив цели вводится с помощью союза in order to

– для того чтобы.

●результата/следствия (I am too tired to do it. She is mature enough to make her own decisions). Содержит маркеры too и enough – слишком и достаточно.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Put the particle to before the Infinitive where necessary. Explain your choice.

1.In 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans … set foot on the Moon.

2.In 1781, Uranus became the first planet … be discovered using a telescope.

3.Robots are clever machines that can … move, sense, and sometimes even think on their own.

4.“Scientists and engineers tend … express their ideas in the form of equations because they need to know the precise value of quantities.” – Stephen Hawking

5.Before the digital age, communications professionals had … navigate print media, TV, radio, and billboard advertising.

6.Social media allows people across the world … connect with friends, family, celebrities, and brands through bite-sized textual and visual content.

7.… be productive and … keep up with the social pace, we check and check again our texts, emails, dating apps, phone calls, breaking news, and social media updates.

8.Brands can … take advantage of mass media communication with a range of strategies.

9.… be successful you need … practice a lot.

10.Social media lets you do many important things. With the help of social media you can … discover new ideas and trends and connect with existing and new audiences in deeper ways.

Ex.2. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Infinitives.

1.Everything you say online can and will be used against you.

2.It’s important to keep up with the evolution of the platforms and to keep looking for ways to optimise your use of the available tools.

3.If you want to be a successful online professional, you should post your own content and show off your expertise on a regular basis.

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4.Following good grammar, spelling and punctuation rules will help you stand out and create a good impression online.

5.The best way to ensure success is to think carefully before you post, and constantly evaluate what you are posting and your overall online activities.

6.AI adapts through progressive learning algorithms to let the data do the programming.

7.AI techniques from deep learning and object recognition can now be used to pinpoint cancer on medical images with improved accuracy.

8.In financial institutions, AI techniques can be used to adopt fast and accurate credit scoring, as well as automate manually intense data management tasks.

9.Cloud gaming could replace consoles with lower-cost devices that are more dynamic for consumers and easier to produce.

10.Chatbots use natural language processing to understand customers and allow them to ask questions and get information.

Ex.3. Find the Infinitives in the sentences. Define their grammar forms and syntactic roles. Does translation depend on the syntactic function of the Infinitive?

1.Conventional computers, which are made of semiconductors, work by controlling the flow of electrons within different circuits to perform operations.

2.The story of AI is a journey that carries lessons to be learned.

3.Virtual assistants allow users to complete tasks such as sending messages and ordering products with the help of voice.

4.In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a test to determine whether a computer can be said to be acting intelligently.

5.To type is not to be human, to be in cyberspace is not to be real.

6.More than 75% of the energy we use to power our homes comes from nonrenewable fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

7.We rely on a large number of materials to build our world.

8.To keep up with all social networks can be exhausting.

9.Many digital devices use a global positioning system (GPS) of around 30 satellites to pinpoint their location on Earth.

10.AI is widely used in medicine. Technology firms, for example, are providing clinics with the tools to better understand the words spoken between therapists and clients.

11.Before smartphones or email or digital communication, it took comparatively enormous amounts of time and effort to transmit, receive, validate then absorb voice and text information.

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11.Инфинитивные конструкции

1)Объектный инфинитивный оборот – Complex Object

2)Субъектный инфинитивный оборот – Complex Subject

3)Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом for – For-to-Infinitive Construction

1.Complex Object (Объектный инфинитивный оборот):

Используется после глаголов:

a)see, hear, watch, smell, listen to, etc. (I saw them arrive – Я увидел, что они пришли)

b)believe, think, consider, find, expect, suppose (Everyone expected him to marry soon – Все ожидали, что он скоро женится)

c)want, wish, mean, intend, allow (I wanted him to do it – Я хотел, чтобы он сделал это).

d)like, can’t bear, dislike (I don’t like him to speak in this way – Я не хочу, чтобы он разговаривал в такой манере)

На русский язык обычно переводится придаточным предложением; подлежащим придаточного предложения является существительное/местоимение, а

сказуемым – инфинитив: We expect him to arrive tomorrow – Мы ожидаем, что он придет завтра.

2.Complex Subject (Субъектный инфинитивный оборот):

a)часто используется с глаголами (см. список глаголов выше) в Passive Voice:

•He was seen to enter the shop – Видели, что он вошел в магазин.

•The poem is supposed to have been written in 1970 – Полагают, что поэма была написана в 1970.

b) после глаголов seem, appear, happen, turn out (казаться, оказаться):

•She seems to understand the topic – Кажется, она понимает тему.

•It turned out to be a very nice party – Вечеринка оказалась очень приятной.

c)после модальных сочетаний типа be (un)likely, be sure, be certain (вероятно, точно и т.п.):

•She is likely to forget it soon – Вероятно, она скоро об этом забудет.

•They are certain to pass the exam – Они точно сдадут экзамен.

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Подобные сочетания часто переводятся на русский язык, начиная с личной формы глагола: Кажется, что…, Говорят, что…, Считают, что…, Полагают, что…, Вероятно, … и т.п.

3. Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом for – For-to-Infinitive Construction.

Обязательный элемент конструкции – предлог for. После предлога следует либо объектное местоимение, либо существительное, а далее – инфинитив:

•It’s impossible for him to win the competition – Ему невозможно выиграть соревнования.

•That’s for you to decide – Это тебе решать.

•It’s a good example for you to follow – Это хороший пример для вас.

•She put the map on the table for him to see it – Она положила карту на стол,

чтобы он видел ее.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Find the Infinitive Constructions and name them. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Infinitive Constructions.

1.These are tasks that are quick for us to complete.

2.Nanomechanical computers are unlikely to replace the machines in our homes.

3.Scientists would like to build a wearable device for a person’s brain to collaborate with an AI.

4.It takes over 8 minutes for the light from the Sun to reach Earth.

5.For a wind turbine to produce electricity, the wind must blow at a minimum speed of 12 km/h.

6.About 1.4 billion people are expected to use (complex subject) facial recognition technology to authenticate a payment by 2025.

7.Parents want their children to have (CO) all basic communications skills.

8.Polar bears are currently considered to be vulnerable to extinction (CS).

9.You are unlikely to have time to dedicate to all the networks, so you should pick

and choose the ones that make most sense to you. (CS)

10.Scientists consider most AI examples – from chess-playing computers to selfdriving cars – to rely on deep learning and natural language processing. (CO)

11.It’s time for artificial-intelligence researchers to ask fundamental questions about how to build systems that can learn and reason at the same time.

12.The human brain is often said to be the most complicated object in the known universe.

13.For him to become the first was immensely difficult.

14.She was thought to write a good article but she didn’t meet anyone’s expectations.

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