English Grammar for Technical University Students. Theory and Practice. Учебное пособие

The Past Perfect Tense

Случаи употребления:

●действие, которое произошло до того, как случилось другое действие (He had finished washing the dishes (1) before his mother came (2))

●действие, которое случилось в прошлом и имело видимый результат (I had passed my History exam, so I felt genuinely excited)

Маркеры времени:

before, after, by the time, already, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: had + Ved / V3

?Had I/We/You/They/He/She/It arrived? Short answers: Yes, I/We/You/They/He/She/It had. No, I/We/You/They/He/She/It had not

(hadn’t).

Для образования глагольной формы требуется глагол had и 3-я форма смыслового глагола.

Примеры предложений:

●She had ordered some sushi before her sister came.

●Nick had failed his entrance exams, so he felt desperate.

●By the time her friend arrived, she had already baked a cake.

The Future Perfect Tense

Случаи употребления:

●действие, которое завершится до определенного момента в будущем (He will have finished the task by the end of the week. She will have cooked lunch before her guests arrive)

31

Маркеры времени:

by, by the time, before, until, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: will have + Ved / V3

?Will I/We/You/They/He/She/It have arrived? Short answers: Yes, I/We/You/They/He/She/It will. No, I/We/You/They/He/She/It will not

(won’t).

Для образования глагольной формы требуются will have и 3-я форма смыслового глагола.

Примеры предложений:

●I will have finished my essay by tomorrow.

●They will have moved out of their hotel room by 6 p.m.

●We will have gone before the storm breaks.

●The children have been taught by a young woman.

●He hasn’t been invited to the conference yet.

●The task hadn’t been done by yesterday.

●The dinner had been cooked by Alice before Jack called her.

●The letter will have been brought by tomorrow.

●Our plane will have landed in half an hour.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Find Perfect forms of the verbs. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Perfect forms of the verbs.

1.Excavations showed that the unglazed pottery had absorbed small traces of animal, wheat, dairy fats and oils that had been cooked inside of them.

2.But scientists haven’t yet pinpointed the origins of cosmological FRBs, which are very distant at billions of light-years away.

33

3.Dimorphos is a small asteroid satellite that has never been observed before.

4.Today, artificial intelligence and information technologies have absorbed many of the eternal questions: the mind’s relationship to the body, the question of free will, the possibility of immortality. All these questions have become engineering problems.

5.Many people today believe that computational theories of mind have proved that the brain is a computer, or have explained the functions of consciousness.

6.Plants have evolved to absorb blue and red light and reflect green light, which the sun gives off in large quantities.

7.A new era of exoplanet exploration has begun.

8.NASA’s JamesWebb Space Telescope (JWST) has detected carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of a planet 700 light years away called WASP-39b. This is the first time the compound has been found in any exoplanet.

9.We have already discovered lots of new sustainable sources of energy in our mission to replace fossil fuels, and it’s likely we will discover several more as

science and technology progresses.

10.As the climate crisis grows ever more prevalent, the need to find fossil fuel alternatives has never been greater.

Ex.2. Choose the right verb from the table and put it into the correct form (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect). Use the verbs to make up your own sentences.

1.While oxygen makes up 21 percent of our air today, over the last 600 million years or so, atmospheric oxygen levels … between 13 percent and 30 percent.

2.AI … before to transfer an artistic style onto images that can be viewed from 360 degrees.

3.Billions of dollars and millions of hours … to the metaverse, the buzzy vision of a digital world that promises to transform human life.

4.Virtual reality … also … to be effective at mimicking the healing power of nature, possibly because it triggers that sense of connection.

5.The prospect of life on planets beyond Earth … us for centuries.

6.Evidence for life outside of Earth … yet.

7.A young and talented web designer … recently … this user-friendly website.

8.The students estimated how much time the task … .

9.The students … their ideas, so it is easier for them to write an essay.

34

10.Since the 1970s, many space stations … by the US, Russia, and China, but only two are orbiting Earth today, including the International Space Station (ISS).

11.Major technological inventions – from the wheel to the light bulb – …our world.

12.One-hour meeting starts at 2.00, so it … by 2.30.

13.I’m sorry, I can’t go out tonight. I have many things to do and I … them by 9 p.m.

14.I hope that this time next year, we … to France.

15.Last time I used a chatbot to unsubscribe from all the newsletters. I didn’t have to explain why I could no longer afford the subscription I … not … for ages.

Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

Example: Melissa … the project by the time her friend … (complete, arrive) =>

Melissa had completed the project by the time her friend arrived.

1.We … our test results before they … on the site of our university (know, post).

2.It … a shock for all of us to know that Kim … (be, drop out).

3.The exam … more challenging than I … (be, expect).

4.Julia … whether she … this laboratory work or not (not/know, do).

5.I … ill before Sarah … me to help her with her research (fall, ask).

Topics for discussion:

1.Has your computer ever crashed?

2.Have you ever accidentally deleted anything from your mobile phone or PC?

3.Have you ever experienced virtual reality? If so, what devices did you use?

35

5. Времена группы Perfect Continuous

Времена группы Perfect Continuous (The Present Perfect Continuous Tense, The Past Perfect Continuous Tense, The Future Perfect Continuous Tense) выражают действия в процессе, которые происходят, происходили или будут происходить в течение или до определенного времени.

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Случаи употребления:

●действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор (They have been travelling around Europe since September)

●действие, которое случилось в прошлом и продолжалось какое-то время

(She has been dancing all night, so now she’s tired)

Примечание: во всех случаях важно отметить продолжающийся характер действия.

Маркеры времени:

for (for 3 hours, for a month), since.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: have / has been + Ving

?Have I/We/You/They been studying? Short answers: Yes, I/We/You/They have. No, I/We/You/They have not (haven’t).

Has he/she/it been studying? Yes, he/she/it has. Not, he/she/it has not

(hasn’t).

Для образования глагольной формы нужен глагол have (has) been и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing.

Примеры предложений:

● She has been working as a doctor for 10 years already.

36

●I have been fixing the problems on my computer since 9 a.m.!

●We have been speaking with each other for 2 hours.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Случаи употребления:

●действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжалось до определенного момента времени или действия в прошлом (They had been waiting for a taxi until the car finally came)

●действие, которое происходило в прошлом и имело видимый результат

(She had been cooking all day yesterday, so she looked exhausted)

Примечание: во всех случаях важно отметить продолжающийся характер действия.

Маркеры времени:

for (for 3 hours, for a month), since, before, until, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: had been + Ving

?Had I/We/You/They/He/She/It been studying? Short answers: Yes, I/We/You/They had. No, I/We/You/They had not (hadn’t).

Для образования глагольной формы нужен глагол had been и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing.

Примеры предложений:

●She had been cleaning the flat all morning before the guests came.

●Jessica had been painting for 3 hours before her brother asked for help.

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Случаи употребления:

37

●действие, которое начнется до определенного момента времени в будущем и будет продолжаться еще какое-то время

Примечание: данное время используется в письменной и устной речи крайне редко, для выражения будущего широко используются более простые по образованию времена – The Future Simple и The Future Continuous.

Маркеры времени:

for (for 3 hours, for a month), since, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: will have been + Ving

Для образования глагольной формы нужен глагол will have been и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing.

Примеры предложений:

●I will have been studying at university for 3 years next year (В следующем году будет 3 года, как я учусь в университете)

●She will have been writing an essay since 2 p.m. when her brother arrives tomorrow (Она будет писать эссе завтра с двух часов, когда придет ее брат)

Пассивный залог для времен группы Perfect Continuous

В современном английском языке не используются глагольные формы пассивного залога для времен Perfect Continuous.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Perfect Continuous forms of the verbs.

38

1.The DART is a spacecraft that has been travelling to reach its asteroid target since launching in November 2021.

2.Plants have been sustaining animal life for hundreds of millions of years.

3.Computer power and capability has been improving massively and continuously.

4.The startup has been working since 2017.

5.The team has been doing the research since morning.

6.– How long have you been surfing the net? – For three hours already.

7.Sophie had been studying at the medical university before she decided to start a career of a programmer.

8.By next summer, we will have been working as freelancers for half a year.

9.They had been waiting for Jonathan the whole day yesterday before he finally arrived late in the evening.

10.Had your laptop been working the whole morning yesterday when you were out?

Ex.2. Choose the right verb from the table and put it into the correct form (Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous).

1.For more than a decade, researchers … the heavens for solitary black holes.

2.The number of rockets launched annually … steadily … .

3.For a long time, teachers and coaches … quiet melodies to inspire their students and stimulate their imagination.

4.The students … an article for 2 hours by 5 p.m.

5.The group of Physics students … an experiment since last May until they completed it.

6.We … to solve the equation since 5 p.m. until Jack came and helped us.

7.I … for the test for 2.5 hours by 7 o’clock.

8.Our professor … a lecture for 3 hours already!

9.An assistant … here for 5 months.

10.By next September, Jillian … money as a graphic designer for a year.

REVISION

Ex.1. Fill in the verbs be, is/are, was/were, has/have, had to make sentences with the Passive Voice.

1.Our company’s computer system … updated every two years.

2.The hackers who broke into the bank’s computer system … being questioned by the police.

3.The programme … still being installed when I left the office last night.

4.Their invention will … been patented by the end of next year.

39

5.Some informative articles can … found on the Internet.

6.Her computer screen … been left on all night.

7.The use of any new software must … approved by the chief computer programmer.

Ex.2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive tense.

1.The manual … (photocopy) by the secretary at this very moment.

2.Once the TV aerial … (adjust), you will have a clearer picture on your screen.

3.Your new satellite dish … (deliver) tomorrow afternoon.

4.The machine cover should only … (open) when the warning light has gone off.

5.The printer … (service) last month.

6.Computers … (use) in almost every classroom all over the country nowadays.

7.Research on the battery-operated car … (complete) by the end of the month.

8.The programmer … (invite) to give a talk at the college but he refused.

9.Classical AI systems … (programme) with detailed rules and instructions.

10.Neural networks develop their own strategies which … (base) on the examples they’re fed – a process that … (call) “training”.

Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Explain your choice.

A century ago, the quantum revolution quietly (begin) to change our lives. A deeper understanding of the behaviour of matter and light at atomic and subatomic scales (spark) a new field of science that would vastly change the world’s technology landscape. Today, we (rely upon) the science of quantum mechanics for applications ranging from the Global Positioning System to magnetic resonance imaging to the transistor. The advent of quantum computers (open) yet another new chapter in this story that (enable) us to not only predict and improve chemical reactions and new materials and their properties, for example, but also to provide insights into the emergence of spacetime and our universe. Remarkably, these advances may begin to be realised in a few years.

From initial steps in the 1980s to today, science and defence agencies around the world (support) the basic research in quantum information science that (enable) advanced sensing, communication, and computational systems. Recent improvements in device performance and quantum bit (“qubit”) approaches (show) the possibility of moderate-scale quantum computers in the near future. This progress (focus) the scientific community on, and engendered substantial new industrial investment for, developing machines that (produce) answers we cannot simulate even with the world’s fastest supercomputer.

Ex.4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Active or Passive Voice). Do smartphones influence the way we communicate with each other?

40