English Grammar for Technical University Students. Theory and Practice. Учебное пособие

15.You are likely to pass this exam – you’ve worked pretty hard for it!

Ex.2. Transform the sentences using the Complex Subject.

Example: People believe that Columbus discovered America => Columbus is believed to have discovered America.

1.Everyone says that technology improves our lives.

2.People think that this smartphone model is the best on the market.

3.Her classmates believe that she stole the design of the website.

4.The mother says that her son is a talented scientist.

5.People believe that Mathematics is fundamental for many professions.

6.Scientists expect that the telescope will shed light on the life cycles of planets, stars and galaxies and reveal mysteries of the universe.

7.Many people think that science is a difficult subject.

8.There is little chance that you will pass your test.

Topics for discussion:

1.Are scientists likely to find life on other planets in our solar system, our galaxy, or the universe?

2.Is it possible for people to evolve further over time?

3.Are aliens likely to visit the Earth in the near future, in your opinion? If so, what appearance do you expect them to have?

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12. Герундий (the Gerund) и Герундиальный оборот (the Gerundial Construction)

Герундий – неличная форма глагола (наряду с Инфинитивом и Причастием),

объединяющая в себе признаки глагола и существительного.

Формы Герундия:

–Simple active: reading

–Simple passive: being read

–Perfect active: having read

–Perfect passive: having been read.

Синтаксические функции Герундия:

1.Подлежащее (Working with him was fun).

2.Часть сказуемого (Her hobby was studying).

3.Дополнение (I dislike going there alone) + complex object (сложное дополнение) – I dislike him doing this.

Употребляется после глаголов с предлогом:

●accuse of – обвинять в…

●approve of – одобрять…

●apologise for – извиняться за…

●depend on – зависеть от…

●rely on – полагаться на…

●insist on – настаивать на…

●prevent from – предотвратить, не позволить что-либо

●succeed in – добиться успеха в…

●to be interested in – быть заинтересованным в чем-либо, интересоваться чем-либо

●look forward to – с нетерпением ждать чего-либо

●give up – бросать что-либо (e.g. give up smoking/give up eating sweets)

●etc.

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4.Определение (перед ним всегда предлог of): I don’t like the idea of going there. My grandmother disapproves of the concept of making money online.

5.Обстоятельство

●времени (They haven’t spoken since leaving the party)

●образа действия (The whole evening was spent in deciding whether to go or not)

●цели (It was used for delivering letters)

●уступки (Despite spending her childhood in a village she doesn’t know much about this way of life)

Глаголы, после которых употребляется Герундий (the verb + -ing):

admit – признавать, допускать allow – разрешать, позволять

appreciate – ценить, оценивать, быть признательным avoid – избегать, уклоняться

be worth – стоить чего-либо, заслуживать can’t help – не могу не, нельзя не (удержаться) consider – рассматривать, обдумывать

defend – защищать(ся), отстаивать deny – отрицать

discuss – обсуждать dislike – не любить enjoy – наслаждаться

escape – бежать, вырваться, избавиться, избежать explain – объяснять

feel like – хотеть, собираться forgive – прощать

give up – сдаваться, отказываться

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keep – продолжать mention – упоминать

mind – возражать (только в вопросах и отрицаниях) prevent – предотвращать, препятствовать, мешать resist – сопротивляться, воздерживаться

risk – рисковать suggest – предлагать

support – поддерживать, содействовать think of – думать о…

etc.

Examples:

●Let’s keep on discussing this topic! – Давайте продолжим обсуждать тему!

●I can’t help trying to find the solution to this problem. – Я не могу не пытаться найти решение этой проблемы.

●Mark suggests asking for help if we are unable to do the task ourselves. – Марк предлагает попросить помощи, если мы не сможем сделать это задание сами.

●I don’t mind you opening the window. – Я не против того, чтобы ты открыл окно / Я не возражаю, чтобы ты открыл окно.

●We feel like gathering together after the classes. – Мы хотим собраться вместе после занятий.

●The professor told us that the book on nanoparticles is worth reading.

Профессор сказал нам, что книгу о наночастицах стоит прочитать.

●He’s thinking of finding a new job that will meet all his needs. – Он думает о том, чтобы найти работу, которая удовлетворит все его потребности.

Выбор между Герундием и Инфинитивом

●Try + Infinitive = попытка (He tried hard to be successful)

●Try + Gerund = эксперимент (Try colouring your hair!)

●Remember/Forget + Infinitive: помнить/забыть что-то сделать. Часто употребляется в побудительных предложениях. (Remember to lock the door. I forgot to ask him).

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●Remember/Forget + Gerund: помнить/забыть о том, что Вы что-то сделали или не сделали в прошлом (She remembered seeing this film. He forgot attending the party.)

●Regret + gerund: обозначает действия, которые уже свершились и о которых Вы сейчас жалеете: Now I regret saying this to her – Теперь я жалею, что сказал это ей.

●Regret + infinitive (regret to tell, regret to inform, regret to say): Вы сожалеете о действии, которое Вам предстоит сделать сейчас или в будущем: I regret to tell you but you have failed the History test – С сожалением сообщаю, что Вы не сдали тест по истории.

●Need + gerund: что-то должно быть сделано (My jacket needs cleaning – it’s dirty!)

●Need + infinitive: у Вас есть необходимость сделать что-то (You need to tidy your work space – Тебе нужно убрать свое рабочее пространство)

Герундиальный оборот:

Примеры: his coming, my leaving, Bills coming => герундий + существительное или местоимение.

Герундиальный оборот:

1 часть: существительное в притяжательном падеже (-’s) или притяжательное местоимение (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) или существительное в общем падеже, а личное местоимение в объектном падеже (me, you, him, her, it, us, them).

Примеры: Bob’s coming… His coming… Bob coming… Him coming…

2 часть: герундий, который выражает действие, совершаемое лицом или предметом из 1 части.

I heard of your (you) coming to us. — Я слышал, что вы приезжаете к нам.

I insist on his (him) going to the South. – Я настаиваю на том, чтобы он поехал на юг.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Read the sentences with the Gerund. Translate them.

1.Researchers focus on discovering or inventing new and useful products or better ways of doing something.

2.Check out the site’s archive or an FAQ page before submitting your own question.

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3.Besides damaging your hearing, noise pollution can hurt you in other ways.

4.Please consider verifying information before posting it on social media.

5.Digital advertising is becoming widely spread nowadays.

6.Instead of automating manual tasks, AI performs frequent, high-volume, computerised tasks.

7.Writing a thousand lines of code and turning that into a website is one of the creative and complicated things for web developers.

8.Streaming a game means broadcasting yourself via the internet while you play, so that other people can watch you on their computer, phone or games console.

9.After releasing its first high-resolution images in July, the James Webb Space Telescope continues to share new images that provide unprecedented views of the universe.

10.Web development refers to the building, creating, and maintaining of websites and includes such aspects as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management.

Ex.2. Find the Gerunds in the sentences. Define their syntactic role. Does translation depend on the syntactic function of the Gerund?

1.People are very excited about the potential of using quantum technology to improve machine learning.

2.In certain machine learning tasks, scientists attempt to collect information about a quantum system by performing repeated experiments and analysing data from those experiments to allow the computer to learn about the system.

3.Teaching artificial intelligence to understand simple physics concepts could lead to more capable software that takes less computational resources to train.

4.Running the algorithm is a slow process and can take up to 20 minutes.

5.Virtual assistants allow users to complete (дополнение) tasks such as sending messages and ordering products with the help of voice.

6.One of the primary functions of the brain is learning to predict what comes next.

7.Using the online chat that pops up on the company’s website is a welcome option.

8.A cryptocurrency is a digital currency that can be used for buying or selling products or services on the internet.

9.Water suitable for drinking is a major problem in poor areas of the world.

10.Digital communication is the process of connecting with people across online channels.

11.The use of AI within mental health services could be a game-changer for providing more effective and personalised treatment plans.

12.Looking for a job is a job itself.

13.Working remotely has become much easier because more work now can be done with the help of computers.

14.The risk of failing the exam is pretty high.

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15.People accuse him of hacking government websites.

Ex.3. Use either the Infinitive or the Gerund for the verbs in brackets. Explain your choice. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Science has not given up (try) and has made recent discoveries about how we adapt, learn new information and can actually increase brain capability.

2.He was accused of (steal) some important data from the website.

3.The best way (learn) the language is (practice) it daily as much as possible.

4.Nowadays it’s almost impossible (live) without (use) a computer.

5.All my groupmates are keen on (programme) but I’m not. I am interested in (carry out) experiments.

6.Michael doesn’t remember (do) this exercise.

7.We came to the workshop (get) new skills and (meet) new people.

8.The lecture hall in one of the prestigious universities needs (repair).

9.My acquaintance hates (work) in a group. He is not a team player at all.

10.I don’t want (force) you into (do) the project immediately. You’ll have some time before submitting it.

11.Our teacher forgot (give) us this exercise before.

12.I regret (not/give) an answer to that question on a test. 13.Remember (sign) your papers before (submit) them!

14.Lora, you need (be) more attentive. You had three mistakes in your test that could have been avoided.

15.Bob has got a problem that needs (fix).

Ex.4. Fill in the gaps to make sentences with a gerundial construction. Pay attention to the verbs with prepositions.

1.The teacher insists on … in the conference (he/take part).

2.She told us of … the new books on Physics for us (Mary/bring).

3.We don’t mind … us to work on the Science group project (you/join).

4.If you miss the class, it will result in … the topic (you/not understand).

5.Kate is afraid of … for the final exam (Jack/be late).

6.Excuse …for … you (I/interrupt).

7.Do you mind … us in this IQ game (he/help)?

8.I am delighted by … this scientific paper (you/work on).

9.He was glad … his studies at university (his brother/start).

10.They insisted on … the task without their help (he/complete).

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13. Причастие (the Participle)

Причастие – неличная форма глагола (наравне с инфинитивом и герундием). Объединяет в себе признаки глагола и прилагательного:

•Признаки глагола: причастие может управлять дополнением (Closing the door, he was smiling) и употребляться с наречием (Deeply surprised, he went out);

•Признаки прилагательного проявляются в синтаксической позиции причастия.

2 вида причастий: Participle I (причастие наст. вр.) и Participle II (причастие прош. вр.)

Participle I (формы совпадают с Participle II (формы):

формами герундия):

3)perfect active (having written)

4)perfect passive (having been visited – посещенный, taken –

Стоит отметить, что перфектные формы (having written, having been written)

означают действие, предшествовавшее действию, которое выражено в предложении глаголом-сказуемым: Having written the report, I went for a walk – Написав доклад, я пошел гулять / Когда я написал доклад, я пошел гулять.

Простые, неперфектные формы (writing, being written) означают действие,

происходящее одновременно с действием, выраженным в предложении глаголом-сказуемым: The students were silent, waiting for the teacher to give them a task – Студенты молчали, ожидая, когда учитель даст им задание.

Синтаксическая роль Причастия:

1.Определение:

●в постпозиции (после определяемого слова): People coming to see her couldn’t believe their eyes.

●в препозиции (перед определяемого слова): He was a married man.

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Способы перевода предложений с Причастиями на русский язык:

a)причастия на -ущ/ющ, -ащ/ящ, причастные обороты

b)деепричастия (лежа, сидя и т.п.)

c)придаточные предложения (Когда…, Если…, Несмотря на…)

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Find the Participles and define their type (Participle I or Participle II). Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Participle.

1.Social media is a worldwide phenomenon beloved by people all over the world.

2.Using social media is more of an art than a science, and changing algorithms and technology are in a constant flow.

3.A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected units (like neurons) that processes information by responding to external inputs, relaying information between each unit.

4.With a growing list of open source AI tools, IT ends up spending more time supporting the data science teams by continuously updating their work environments.

5.If you regularly use 5-8 devices simultaneously, an Internet plan offering speeds up to 200 Mbps should suit your needs.

6.Evolving media habits supported by the rise of mobile devices and increasingly faster internet connections provide a compelling investment case for the digital innovation revolutionising consumer entertainment.

7.Biometric payment methods are becoming more popular nowadays. For example, at checkout in the supermarket, users will be able to authenticate their payment by showing their face or the palm of their hand instead of using their card.

8.Genetic engineers can clone plants and animals, by taking a cell and developing it artificially.

9.Fast radio bursts, or FRBs, are bright, powerful emissions of radio waves ranging from a fraction of a millisecond to a few milliseconds, each producing energy

equivalent to the sun's annual output.

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10.He called phishing attacks, viruses and ID theft a convergence creating a perfect storm in cyberspace.

Ex.2. Define the syntactic role of the participles written in bold. Translate the sentences. Does translation depend on the syntactic function of the Participle?

1.The Webb telescope collects and analyses infrared light, a type of light that humans can almost never see, using 18 mirrors covered in a thin layer of gold.

2.Most polar bears hunt by walking on floating platforms of sea ice, which is made up of frozen seawater.

3.By measuring changes in the brightness and apparent position of stars, scientists can calculate the mass of the intervening object that acts as a lens.

4.Having finished our studies, we will become qualified engineers and IT specialists.

5.Having completed the report, they were ready to perform it in public.

6.The experiment carried out by the young researchers is of great interest for science.

7.Having been fired, she started looking for a new job.

8.The bomb exploded, destroying the building.

9.The problem discussed in this part of the research must be considered in detail.

10.Disappointed by the results of the competition, she decided to try again next year.

Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Participle. Don’t forget about the perfect forms of the participles.

1.… (read) the paper by a talented scientist, he decided to write his own.

2.… (hear) the news, she got shocked.

3.What are the methods … (use) in your research paper?

4.Professor Brown was … (exhaust) after delivering a four-hour lecture.

5.An illusion show was … (grip) and … (captivate).

6.There are many students in the lecture hall … (take part) in an annual conference.

7.This reference book … (write) a decade ago is still popular among first-year students.

8.My acquaintance was not … (satisfy) with her job and decided to find something better.

9.If … (correct), the article will be published in June.

10.The students were caught … (cheat on) the exam.

Ex.4. Paraphrase the sentences, using Perfect Participles.

Example: She asked for help because she realised she couldn’t do the task herself => Having realised she couldn’t do the task herself, she asked for help.

1. As the invention was created, he became famous.

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