English Grammar for Technical University Students. Theory and Practice. Учебное пособие

15.The extended reality (XR) era is here, and its rise (have) an increasing visibility in the decade ahead of us.

16.A cleaner future (mean) focusing on ever-larger lithium-ion batteries 17.Collections of stars bound together by gravity (form) galaxies.

18.Earthquakes (occur) when two plates (slide) past each other, producing shock waves.

19.In the past, with flip phones from Motorola, candybar phones from Nokia, and very early PDAs from BlackBerry, T-Mobile, Palm and others, it (be) easier than ever to reach anyone we (need) to at any given moment.

20.Most species on Earth (need) to move with climate change in order to home in on the conditions in which they thrive. The species that (need) to move to survive include rare birds, snails, and parasites alike.

Ex.2. Read the text. Choose the correct form of the verbs.

Have You Ever Seen a Sun Dog?

If you glance up / will glance up at the sun about an hour before sundown or after dawn, you might see a sun dog. Sun dogs is / are little patches of rainbow colour that appears / appear on the left and right sides of the sun.

Scientists say / will say this is the effect of sunlight refracting as it passes / passed through ice crystals. Sometimes these same crystals – which are / were in high-level cirrus clouds – can also create complete rainbow-like halos around the sun.

How are sun dogs created? The ice crystals in the clouds is / are of different shapes. One type, shaped like a six-sided plate, will reflect / reflected light only to the sides of the sun when it is oriented horizontally. When these hexagonal crystals are / were oriented in all different directions, a complete halo results / resulted. The technical name for sun dogs – which are also called “false suns” – was / is parhelia.

Ex.3. Read the passages. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

a)Carbon … an essential non-metal (be). In nature, it … in two different forms that … very different properties, or characteristics (find, have). A diamond … one form of carbon (be). Diamonds … very heavy and exceptionally hard substances (be). They … the hardest natural substances known (be). Diamond … employed in a variety of cutting instruments, including glass cutters, marble saws, and rock drilling equipment (be). Another form of carbon … graphite – which is soft, black, and slippery (be). Graphite … in the formation of pencil cores, which … leads, and black paints (help, call).

b)Where … the word hertz … from (come)? It … from a German physicist named Heinrich Hertz (come). In the late 1800s, he … the first to produce electromagnetic waves under laboratory conditions (be). This … to the development of the telegraph and the radio (lead).

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c)… you … that the intensity of sound … in decibels (dB) (know, measure)? A very faint noise, such as the sound of human breathing, … about 5 dB (be). If someone … in your ear, the sound level may … 100 dB (shout, reach). Sound levels above 120 dB … physical pain (cause). At 140 dB, extremely loud sound can … your eardrums, and at 180 dB, it can … you (break, kill)! Hearing loss … common in people who … around constantly thunderous, roaring, or shrieking sounds (be, work).

Ex.4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Passive Voice.

1.We live in a fast-paced world where almost everything (digitize) and (develop).

2.Water (make up) of two elements, hydrogen and oxygen.

3.A modern Volkswagen car (control) by computer programmes made up of over 100 million lines of code.

4.More than 50 million tonnes of old computers and other electrical items (throw away) each year. Only one-fifth of this e-waste ends up recycled.

5.Light and sound (refract), (reflect), and (detect) by your senses.

6.Sound’s intensity (or loudness) (measure) in decibels (dB).

7.Pitch (how high or low a sound is) (measure) in hertz (Hz). The normal range of human hearing is 20 to 20,000 hz.

8.According to the Big Bang Theory, the Universe (form) billions of years ago in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang.

9.Stars (be born) in clouds of dust and gas, called nebulae.

10.Nearly one third of the Earth’s surface (cover) by forests.

11.Earth’s crust (make up) of many pieces called tectonic plates, which slowly move around on the hot molten rock underneath.

12.Volcanoes (form) when hot molten rock (force up) to the surface through cracks in the crust.

13.Forces (measure) in newtons (N).

14.14 million virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) devices (sell) worldwide in 2019.

Ex.5. Put by or with in the sentences with the Passive Voice.

1.The Grand Canyon was formed … water erosion over millions of years.

2.A unique computer programme was designed … university students to check for bank mistakes.

3.University conference halls are equipped … modern equipment.

4.All the buildings are lit … electricity.

5.The lock on the door of the laboratory was broken … a heavy object.

6.The classrooms are cleaned every day … a team of cleaners.

7.The air conditioner was created … Willis Carrier in 1902.

8.The surface was cleaned … the wrong cleaning solution.

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Ex.6. Complete the sentences about yourself. Use the Simple Tenses (the Present, the Past, the Future).

1.Two months ago I…

2.When I was younger, I…

3.In 4 years I…

4.Every weekend I…

5.Next summer I…

6.On Mondays I usually…

7.Last winter I…

Topics for discussion:

1.Describe your typical day as a student.

2.What are your hopes and expectations in the coming year?

3.What social networks do you use? Why?

4.How often do you comment on other people’s posts on social media?

5.What are the differences between school and university, in your opinion?

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3. Времена группы Continuous

Времена группы Progressive (The Present Continuous Tense, The Past Continuous Tense, The Future Continuous Tense) указывают на продолжающееся, длительное действие в процессе.

The Present Continuous Tense

Случаи употребления:

●действия, происходящие в момент речи (We are having an English class now)

●параллельные одновременные длительные действия в настоящем (I am writing an essay and my room-mate is working on her project)

●запланированные действия в ближайшем будущем (They are having a meeting tonight)

Маркеры времени:

now, at the moment, at present, tonight, this afternoon, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: am / is / are + Ving

?Am I studying? Short answers: Yes, I am. No, I am not.

Are we/you/they studying? Yes, we/you/they are. No, we aren’t. Is he/she/it studying? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t.

Для образования глагольной формы требуется глагол to be в форме простого настоящего времени (am, is, are) и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing.

Примеры предложений:

●I am listening to the lecturer now.

●We are trying to understand the theorem.

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●She is visiting her grandma tonight.

●My brother is currently looking for a job.

The Past Continuous Tense

Случаи употребления:

●действие, продолжающееся в прошлом в определенный момент времени

(We were watching a film at 7 p.m. yesterday)

●длительное действие, прерванное другим кратковременным действием (I was working on my Maths project when my groupmate sent me a message)

●параллельные одновременные длительные действия в прошлом (She was writing code while I was doing my Physics assignment)

Маркеры времени:

at 6 p.m. yesterday, when, while, all morning/day/night, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: was / were + Ving

?Was I/He/She/It studying? Short answers: Yes, I/He/She/It was. No, I/He/She/It was not (wasn’t).

Were we/you/they studying? Yes, we/you/they were. No, we were not

(weren’t).

Для образования глагольной формы требуется глагол to be в форме простого прошедшего времени (was, were) и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing.

Примеры предложений:

●At 3 p.m. yesterday we were having a lecture.

●They were walking when the storm broke.

●My sister was cleaning her room while I was tidying up our kitchen.

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The Future Continuous Tense

Случаи употребления:

●длительные действия, которые будут происходить в определенный момент в будущем (Next time this week I will be skating)

●действие, которое будет происходить тогда, когда произойдет другое действие (We will be cooking lunch when my brother brings groceries)

●параллельные одновременные длительные действия в будущем (I will be having a lecture while my friend will be sleeping)

Образование времени:

Общая формула: will be + Ving

?Will I/We/You/They/He/She/It be studying? Short answers: Yes, I/We/You/They/He/She/It will. No, I/We/You/They/He/She/It will not

(won’t).

Для образования глагольной формы используется will be и смысловой глагол с окончанием -ing.

Примеры предложений:

●Tomorrow at 8 p.m. we’ll be revising for our Philosophy test.

●This time next month I’ll be relaxing on the beach.

●He will be carrying out an experiment tomorrow morning at 9 a.m.

Пассивный залог для времен группы Continuous The Present Continuous Passive

am / is / are + being + P II (Past Participle: V3 / Ved)

Пассивный (страдательный) залог

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?Am I being asked?

Are you/we/they being asked? Is he/she/it being asked?

●I am being offered a cup of coffee.

●His documents are being signed at the moment.

?Was I/He/She/It being asked? Were you/we/they being asked?

●Students were being taught by Mr. Smith.

●The room was being cleaned by my brother.

The Future Continuous Passive

will be being + P II (Past Participle: V3 / Ved)

Пассивные формы для данного времени используются крайне редко (некоторые языковеды их не признают и потому не выделяют отдельные формы). Вместо The Future Continuous Passive в речи и на письме часто используются формы The Future Simple Passive (will be done, will be cooked, etc.)

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Continuous forms.

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1.The spacecraft is heading for a double-asteroid system, where a tiny “moon” asteroid, named Dimorphos, orbits a larger asteroid, Didymos.

2.Saudi Arabia is planning to launch two astronauts to the International Space

Station aboard a space capsule from Elon Musk’s SpaceX.

3.The Universe is certainly expanding in the aftermath of the Big Bang 13.82 billion years ago, but people are not expanding.

4.As the Universe is growing and the light is travelling across it, the light gets stretched and becomes redder.

5.The connections inside a brain are very similar to the Internet – the connections are constantly exchanging information.

Ex.2. Choose the right verb from the table and put it into the correct form (Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous).

1.Now, scientists ... how these living electrical filaments (i.e. electrical bacteria) might do good in other ways.

2.What … you … tomorrow at 7 o’clock?

3.What … you … yesterday in the evening? I called you but nobody answered.

4.My brother … the net while I … to settle down before the test.

5.They … the results of their research tomorrow at 10 a.m. at the conference.

6.Miranda and Helen … notes now because they … their entrance test tomorrow.

7.Tomorrow at 3 o’clock we … the climate change problem with our teacher.

8.Thanks to the development of technologies it … easier to communicate with one another.

9.At 4 o’clock yesterday Daniel … code on his PC.

10.The field of artificial intelligence … immense progress.

Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past form (Past Simple, Past Continuous).

1.A: What … you … (do) when the earthquake (happen)?

B: I (make) breakfast in the kitchen.

A:What … you … (do)?

B:I (crawl) under the table.

2.Monica (walk) to work when the road accident (happen).

3.Bill (take) the readings while Liam (make) some notes.

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4.When the mail arrived, Jennifer (edit) her scientific paper.

5.Chloe and Marie (shoot) a video for the contest while their groupmates (write) a History test.

6.I (try) to find the answers on the Internet while my room-mate (work on) her essay.

7.Camilla (send) her assignment via email when suddenly the connection was lost.

8.The students (listen to) their lecturer when suddenly the bell (ring).

9.I (not/be) ready for the seminar, so I (decide) not to go there yesterday.

10.Jack (phone) Lily six times but there (be) no answer. Lily must have gone out.

Topics for discussion:

1.Is your group planning to gather together after classes tonight? If so, where are you going?

2.What were you doing at 11 a.m. yesterday?

3.Will you be having a lecture tomorrow at 5 p.m.?

4.What do you think you will be doing this time in 5 or 10 years? Use your imagination to answer.

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4. Времена группы Perfect

Времена группы Perfect (The Present Perfect Tense, The Past Perfect Tense, The

Future Perfect Tense) обозначают действия, которые произошли или произойдут к определенному моменту времени; внимание, как правило, акцентируется не на факте свершения действия, а на результате.

The Present Perfect Tense

Случаи употребления:

●действия, которые произошли в прошлом и имеют видимый результат в настоящем (She has fallen ill. She cannot attend classes)

●действия, которые завершились к моменту речи; часто используются слова

сегодня, на этой неделе, утром и т.п. (We have written two tests this week)

Маркеры времени:

already, just, yet, for, since, never, ever, today, this week, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: have / has + Ved / V3

?Have I/We/You/They arrived? Short answers: Yes, I/We/You/They have. No, I/We/You/They have not (haven’t).

Has he/she/it arrived? Yes, he/she/it has. Not, he/she/it has not (hasn’t).

Для образования глагольной формы нужен глагол have (для подлежащего, выраженного местоимениями I, we, you, they) или has (для подлежащего, выраженного местоимениями he, she, it) и 3-я форма глагола.

Примеры предложений:

●I have worked in the laboratory for 5 months already.

●Bill hasn’t yet passed his driving test.

●They have already booked the tickets to the museum.

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