Философия. Учебное пособие (практикум) на английском языке

МИНИCTEPCTBO ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «СЕВЕРО-КАВКАЗСКИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Философия

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ (ПРАКТИКУМ)

на английском языке

Philosophy

TUTORIAL (PRACTICAL)

Направление подготовки 43.03. 02 Туризм Направленность (профиль) «Международный туризм» (билингвальная подготовка)

Квалификация выпускника – бакалавр

Ставрополь

2018

Philosophy ●

Предисловие

Изучение дисциплины «Философия» является необходимой составляющей подготовки бакалавров по направлению: 43.03.02 Туризм, профиль «Международный туризм» (билингвальная подготовка).

Учебное пособие (практикум) подготовлено на английском языке. Содержание учебного пособия составляют такие проблемы, как специфика философского понимания мира, возможности и способы познания объективной реальности, природа и смысл существования человека, философский анализ общества, перспективы развития человека и культуры. Изучение основных проблем философии предполагает опору на знание истории философии, дающее возможность сопоставить различные подходы к их решению в современной философской мысли.

Цель освоения дисциплины – формирование у бакалавров представления о специфике философии как способе познания и духовного освоения мира, введение в круг философских проблем, связанных с областью будущей профессиональной деятельности, умение анализировать философские проблемы на иностранном языке.

Задачи освоения дисциплины:

•изучение основного содержания всех разделов программы,

включающих направления и школы мировой философии, классическую и современную отечественную философию; усвоение студентами основных философских категорий;

•овладение приемами полемики, дискуссии, диалога; выра- ботка навыков работы с оригинальными и адаптированными философскими текстами;

•формирование умения анализировать, систематизировать

современные философские проблемы, творчески мыслить, логически аргументировать свою мировоззренческую позицию;

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•понимание социальной значимости философии и её роли в

развитии личности и подготовке к профессиональной деятельности.

Важным критерием профессиональной подготовки выпускников высших учебных заведений является способность применять полученные знания, навыки и умения в профессиональной деятельности, готовность к совершенствованию полученных знаний, адекватному восприятию инноватики в области профессиональной деятельности. Это получило свое воплощение в компетентностном подходе к подготовке выпускников вузов.

В результате усвоения дисциплины у бакалавров должны сформироваться следующие компетенции: способность использовать основы философских знаний, анализировать главные этапы и закономерности исторического развития для осознания социальной значимости своей деятельности (ОК-1); способность к самоорганизации и самообразованию (ОК-5).

Практические занятия по дисциплине будут способствовать не только формированию у студентов навыков самостоятельной работы и креативного мышления, применения полученных знаний для решения практических задач, но и совершенствованию профессиональной языковой подготовки.

Дисциплина изучается во втором семестре.

Philosophy ●

1. Philosophy, its subject and place in Culture

The aim: to determine the place of philosophy in the system of worldview, to reveal the specifics of philosophical knowledge, to consider the structure of philosophy, to analyze its functions, to understand the importance of philosophy in human life and society.

The formed competences: ОК-1, ОК-5.

Knowledge and skills which the students acquire as a result of mastering of the theme, the formed competences or a part of it. As a result of mastering the theme, students acquire:

•knowledge about the specifics of philosophy and its functioning in cul- ture and society;

•skills to use knowledge of philosophy to justify their own ideological position;

•ability of the categorical apparatus of modern philosophy.

The actuality of the theme is conditioned by the fact that the bachelor should have a holistic view of the specifics of the problems of philosophy, the features of its subject and structure, as well as its role in culture and modern society.

Plan

1.Worldview and its historical types.

2.The features of philosophical worldview.

3.The Subject and methods of philosophy.

4.The main functions of philosophy.

Theoretical part

Etymologically, the word “philosophy” means “love for Sophia”, which is often translated, very approximately, as “love for wisdom”. Before attempting to define the structure of philosophical knowledge we should try to clarify the specificity of philosophy. So, philosophy is not just a specific scientific discipline: it is also a specific type of thought and a kind of worldview. Philosophical creativity answers man’s deep

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need for a rational explanation of his place in the world and the essence of the surrounding world.

Philosophy is the theoretical basis of worldview.

A worldview is a system of generalized sensibilities, of intuitive notions and theoretical views of the surrounding world and man’s place in it.

A worldview is a kind of spiritual framework of the structure of an individual, class, or society as a whole.

The existence of a worldview is an indication of the maturity not only of an individual but also of social groups, of political parties.

Thesubjectofaworldviewcanthusbea personality, a social group, and society as a whole.

A worldview has its own structure with many levels.

Convictions are a constant component of a worldview, the prism through which reality is seen.

Historicaly the first elements of content were the notions of everyday consciousness, mythological and religious views.

Mythology is a form of social consciousness, the worldview of ancient society, which unites both fantastic and realistic perception of the world.

As a rule, with the help of myths, people tried to answer the following questions:

•origin of the universe, earth ,

•man-explanation of natural phenomena;

•problems of life, death, fate, moral problems.

The main features of the myths are:

•lack of abstract thinking;

•the practical orientation of the myth to solve specific problems of life.

Religion is a form of worldview based on faith in the existence of

supernatural forces,concretely God. Religion solves the same issues as the myth, only the source of information are the Holy books; the Bible, the Quran.

The main world religions are: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam. The largest national religions are: Shintoism, Hinduism, Judaism.

In addition to ideological functions, religion has such important functions as an unifying function (consolidates society around specific ideas) and moral and educational function.

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As for the second question the students should know that Philosophy plays the most important part in the mould of the worldview framework.

That is why worldviews are always linked in the first place with philosophical views.

Philosophy is the theoretical nucleus of a worldview. Its difference from mythological and religious worldviews is the following:

•philosophical worldview is based on knowledge, not faith;

•it is based on concepts and categories;

•it is reflexive (turning thoughts to yourself).

Thus, philosophy represents the highest level of worldview. It has the following main characteristics: rationality, system, logic and theory.

As a worldview, philosophy passed three stages of its evolution.

1.Cosmocentrism is a philosophical worldview that explains the world by recognizing the power of the cosmos.

In other words, everything depends on cosmic forces. In other words, everything depends on the space forces. This type of worldview was peculiar to Ancient India, Ancient China, other countries of the East, as well as Ancient Greece.

2.Teocentrism is a type of philosophical worldview, which is based

on explaining everything using supernatural power-God. It was attached Middle Aged Europe.

3. Anthropocentrism is a type of philosophical Outlook, the Central problem of which is the problem of man. (Renaissance, New and modern, the latest time modern philosophical schools).

So, philosophy is a type of worldview, a system of theoretical views on the world and the place of man in it, an understanding of the various forms of man’s attitude to the world. Rationality makes philosophy similar to science. Indeed, philosophy can not only have a scientific charac- ter, but also relies in its reflections on the data of specific Sciences.

There are significant differences between philosophy and science.

1)Attitude to the objectivity of knowledge. Science is interested in data about things in themselves.

2)Nature of problems. Philosophy tries to comprehend the eternal problems of limiting character (what is the meaning of life, what is being, etc.). The problems of science are concrete.

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3)Methods of justification. Philosophy does not refer to the data of experiments and observations, its conclusions are not directly verifiable. Moreover, in philosophy widely are used vision, intuition, imagination, the role of which in science is limited.

4)Personal character. Philosophical systems bear a clear imprint of the author’s personality, reflect his unique individual experience.

5)Pluralism. A variety of philosophical doctrines that may contradict each other.

Preparing the third question students first should define the object

of philosophy. The object of philosophy (what is aimed at the mental activity of philosophers) – the relationship between man and the world. To understand it – is to give an idea of the world as a whole, about a person, his values, and activities. It is also necessary to identify a variety of forms of interaction between man and the world. This determines the structure of philosophical knowledge, which distinguishes the following sections:

ontology – the doctrine of being;

gnoseology (theory of knowledge) – the doctrine of the sources of knowledge, the method and the process of finding the truth;

logic – the study of the forms and laws of correct thinking;

the philosophical anthropology – the doctrine about human nature and the meaning of his existence;

the social philosophy – the doctrine about the social life, the history and prospects of social development;

axiology – the study of values;

aesthetics – the philosophy of art or doctrine of the beautiful, the ugly and the sublime;

ethics – the theory of action, practical philosophy or doctrine about what is good, right and wrong, duty;

praxeology – the doctrine about the organization of human experience and about the active development and the transformation of the world.

All these areas of knowledge assert themselves in their mutual relations with philosophy.

It is very important to know that the focus of philosophy is man and his relationship with the natural and social world. This statement concretely means the following. Firstly, it should be emphasized that

Philosophy ●

philosophy does not regard man as an object but as a subject. Secondly, the subject matter of philosophy is not the individual subject with his particular qualities but subject as the general. Thirdly, philosophy answers the central question arising out of the consideration of man’s relation to the world (the so-called basic question of philosophy): the question of the primacy of objective or subjective being. That is why there is a direct link between the existence of man and the fundamental properties of the universe.

The main methods of philosophy, that is, the ways in which philosophical research is carried out, are dialectics, metaphysics dogmatism, eclecticism, sophistry, hermeneutics, synergetics.

1.Dialectics is a method of philosophical research in which things and phenomena are considered critically, consistently taking into account their internal contradictions, changes, development, unity and struggle of opposites. Metaphysics is the opposite of dialectics. Things and phenomena are considered statically, unambiguously, separately, excluding internal contradictions.

2.Dogmatism is a method based on the consideration of the world

around us by means of dogmas, that is, beliefs that cannot be proved and that are absolute. This method was relevant for medieval philosophy.

3.Eclecticism is a method, based on an arbitrary link of different concepts that don’t have a single base. As a result of the use of this method we get the superficial knowledges, which have neither ontological nor gnosseological values. Currently, eclecticism is often used in advertising.

4.Sophistry is a method, based on obtaining results through dis-

pute, debate. Sophistry was common in Ancient Greece.

5.Hermeneutics is a method of correct reading and interpretation of texts. It was widespread in Western philosophy.

6.Synergetics is a method of philosophical research, in which

things and phenomena are considered as open systems, subject to the influence of external energy.

In philosophy there are phenomena that can be regarded as philosophical direction and as philosophical methods. These are: materialism, idealism, empiricism, rationalism.

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1.Materialism formed the materialistic method. A materialistic method of philosophical research in which matter is regarded as a primary substance. Materialistic method was the main one in the Soviet philosophy.

2.The idealistic method, as opposed to the materialistic, regards the spiritual substance as the primary.

3.Empiricism is a method and direction in cognition, according to which the cognitive process is based on the experience gained as a result of sensory cognition.

4.Rationalism is a philosophical method and a direction according to which true knowledge can be obtained only by means of the mind without influence of feelings and experience.

In the fourth question students must involves the characterize the social and cultural significance of philosophy. Philosophy has always played a special role in the formation of human world. To clarify the role of philosophy in human life and society, we should consider its social functions more detail.

1.The cognitive function of philosophy is that it generates new ideas, provides an increment of new knowledge about the world, man, relationships and laws. It is also important that in today’s conditions of growing differentiation of scientific knowledge philosophy takes an active part in the integration processes, in the synthesis of the achievements of individual sciences in a single picture of the world.

2.The worldview function of philosophy is manifested not only in the fact that it equips people with knowledge about the world and man, about his place in the world and the possibilities of his knowledge and transformation, but also rationalizes and universalizes the knowledge gained in other fields of human activity.

3.The methodological function of philosophy is that philosophy gives initial, fundamental principles of cognition and practices. Being universal, philosophical methods are a necessary condition for solving a variety of specific tasks, but they do not replace special scientific methods, but are concretized by them.

4.The role of the critical function is to criticize knowledge, opinions, assumptions and beliefs, freeing a person from the negative effects of false ideas.