Корма и питание животных = Animal Feed and Nutrition. Учебно-методическое пособие

THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

PEOPLES’ FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY OF RUSSIA

(RUDN University)

A.A. Nikishov, M.V. Bolshakova, T.S. Kubatbekov

ANIMAL FEED

AND NUTRITION

Moscow

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia

2017

Content

1.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FODDER AS A PRIMARY INDICATOR OF THEIR NUTRITION. THE CONTENTS AND CONCENTRATION

OF NUTRIENTS IN THE FODDER _____________________________________________4

2.DETERMINATION OF THE DIGESTIBILITY IN FEED AND RATIONS. USE

OF NUTRIENTS IN THE ANIMAL BODY.________________________________________8

3. ENERGY NUTRIENTS OF FOOD. FODDER UNITS.

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. _________________________________________________10

4.PROTEIN NUTRITION OF FODDER _________________________________________15

5.MINERAL AND VITAMIN NUTRIENT VALUE OF FODDER ____________________17

6.TYPES OF FEED AND THEIR APPOINTMENT________________________________19

7.CATTLE FEEDING ________________________________________________________21

8.FEEDING OF SHEEPS AND GOATS _________________________________________25

9.FEEDING OF HORSES_____________________________________________________26

10.FEEDING PIGS __________________________________________________________29

11.NUTRITION AND FEEDING OF POULTRY __________________________________32

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1.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FODDER AS A PRIMARY INDICATOR OF THEIR NUTRITION. THE CONTENTS

AND CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE FODDER

The chemical composition of feed is the primary indicator of their nutritional status. At present, the nutritional value of plant feeds by chemical composition is estimated in more than 70 different indicators. In the structure of plants and the body of animals, carbon predominates, to a lesser extent oxygen and less all nitrogen. Plants (feed) contain more oxygen, and animal organisms - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and mineral elements.

These elements are present in the plants and body of animals in the form of chemical compounds, forming complex substances, which are used to characterize the nutritional value of plant foods. Currently, a new feed analysis scheme has been adopted:

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Exercise 1. Take a guide to the chemical analysis of feeds and write out of it 10 feeds (one from different groups). Enter the data from the directory in Table 1.

Write out the feed from the list, sorting them from the largest to the smallest by all indicators. Try to explain the resulting pattern.

Exercise 2. Carefully study the feeds presented in the samples. Sort them according to the classification.

All feed means is classified into vegetable, animal feed, mineral feed and feed additives of microbiological and chemical synthesis.

Feed of plant origin are divided into bulky and concentrated, bulky (voluminous) - to roughage (rough forages) and succulent.

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Roughage (hay, straw, etc.) are characterized by high dry matter content (83-85%), fiber (over 18%) and a relatively low nutritional value (in 1 kg of feed at least 0.6 feed units).

Succulent fodder (grass, silage, root crops, forage pumpkin, zucchini, watermelon feed) contain a high amount of water (over 40%). Their nutritional value, depending on the moisture content of the feed, varies from 0.07 to 0.3 fodder units per 1 kg of feed of natural moisture. By succulent forages include socalled watery fodder (fresh beet pulp, bard, brewers' grains, etc.), a moisture content reaches 87-91%.

Concentrated fodder (concentrates) (grains of cereals and legumes, waste from oilseed processing) have high nutritional value (over 0.65 feed units per 1 kg of feed), they contain low fiber (6-15%) and water (8-15%). Among the concentrated there are feeds with a high protein content (bean, cake, meal) and carbohydrates (cereal grain - corn, barley, dry beet pulp, etc.).

Fооds of animal origin are characterized by an increased content and high biological value of the protein. They are fed in a dry and damp form. Milk, whey, blood (after appropriate preparation) is given in liquid form. The dry form is used the meat and fish meal, skim milk, and others.

Mineral supplements are a source of macro-and micronutrients, they are used to balance rations.

In the feeding of animals and in the conservation of feeds, the products of microbiological (yeast, enzymes, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids) and chemical (carbamide, ammonium salts, inorganic and organic acids, antioxidants) synthesis are used. In a separate group, combined fodders (all-mash) are distinguished. Combined fodders (all-mash) are divided into: complete fodders, mixed foddersconcentrates, protein and vitamin supplements, protein-vitamin-mineral supplements, premixes.

Premixes are a mixture of biologically active substances used for balancing rations. The composition of premixes usually includes trace elements, vitamins, antibiotics, enzymes, flavors.

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In order to save whole milk while growing young animals, the industrial production of milk replacer is adjusted (MR). Using a calf milk replacer is only one part of successful calf rearing.

Exercise 3. Determine how many nutrients the cow has received: live weight ______kg, if its daily diet includes: hay _______kg, silage ______kg ,

fodder root ______kg, concentrates (concentrated feeds) _______kg.

The chemical composition of the feed necessary to look in the directory.

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2. DETERMINATION OF THE DIGESTIBILITY IN FEED AND RATIONS. USE OF NUTRIENTS IN THE ANIMAL BODY

Scheme of nutrient change in feed during digestion and assimilation in the animal's body.

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3. ENERGY NUTRIENTS OF FOOD. FODDER UNITS.

METABOLIZABLE ENERGY.

Exercise 1. Determine the balance of nitrogen and carbon, the average daily gain in the body of steer calf fattened, based on the result of experience. The content of nitrogen in the protein is 16%, carbon in the protein is 52%, in fat is 76%.

The protein content in the muscle tissue is 25%, fat in the adipose tissue is

Deposited in the body of the animal protein, g

Used carbon for protein formation, g

Used carbon for fat formation, g

Deposited in the body of an animal fat, g

Formed muscle, g

Formed adipose g

Total body gain per day, g

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