Корма и питание животных = Animal Feed and Nutrition. Учебно-методическое пособие

46-50

51-55

56-60

Total:

Consuming of fodder units, kg

Consuming of digestible protein, g

Total gain, g

It is spent on reception of 1 kg of a live weight gain:

fodder units

digestible protein

Received a gain on 1 fodder unit, kg

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11. NUTRITION AND FEEDING OF POULTRY

Poultry convert feed into food products quickly and efficiently. Their high rate of productivity results in relatively high nutrient needs. Poultry require the presence of at least 38 nutrients in their diets in appropriate concentrations and balance. Criteria used to determine the requirement for a given nutrient include: growth, feed efficiency, egg production, prevention of deficiency symptoms, and quality of poultry product. These requirements assume that the nutrients are in a highly bioavailable form. A margin of safety should be added based on changes in rates of feed intake due to environmental temperature or dietary energy content, genetic strain, husbandry conditions (especially the level of sanitation), and the presence of stressors including diseases and mycotoxins. Lack of feed or water will reduce the birds’ resistance to diseases and parasites, and subsequently increase flock mortality.

Egg production and the birds’ growth are limited by access to feed and their genetic potential.

If your production is based on improved breeds for egg production, different types f commercial diets may be given: usually they are divided into three distinct categories, with decreasing amount of protein, e.g:

A.A starters’ diet: high in protein; from hatch up to 4 to 6 weeks of age;

B.A growers’ diet: medium in protein; up to 20 weeks;

C.A layers’ diet: lower in protein; hens from 20 weeks.

Forms of feed:

Mash feed: Obtained by grinding and mixing of the raw materials. It is most commonly used feed, easy to prepare and economical.

Pellet feed : Prepared by exposing the mash feed to heat treatment under pressure. The heat destroys the micro organisms and anti-nutrional factors in raw materials enabling the feed for better digestibility. This system of feed minimises the feed wastage.

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Crumbles: the pellets are broken into granules. The feed preparation is little expensive compared to mash and pellets.

Depending on the type of feed, it will contain more or less energy and protein, as well as vitamins and minerals.

Energy feeds. Normally, at least ¾ of a poultry diet is made of energy feeds. Energy feeds are the most important feeds to maintain body temperature and exercise levels of the birds. Cereals, grain, roots, and tubers are the most important energy feeds. Examples of energy feeds are cereals like maize (corn) and its byproducts (bran), sorghum (milo), wheat and its by-products (bran, oil cake meals, screenings), rice and its byproducts (bran, polishing), sweet potato meal, plantain and banana meal. Roots and tubers should be soaked in water for 60 minutes or cooked before drying to remove harmful substances, and the proportion in the diet in general kept below 1/10. Fat is also a good source of energy, in particular in hot climates, as the heat produced during metabolism is less than from traditional energy feeds, e.g. cereals. Sources of fat are e.g.: tallow, lard, oil cake meals, poultry fat, fish oil. However, fat should only be given in small amounts, i.e. less than 1/10 of the total diet

Protein. Protein is needed for growth and keeping up a good health status.Protein may come from either animal sources or plants. Examples of proteinrich local feeds are: insects, worms, meat scraps, fish scraps, fish meal, meat meal, bone meal, blood meal, beans, and oil cakes. Harmful substances are present in some protein-rich plants, e.g. beans, and the proportion in the diet should thus be kept low.

Minerals. Minerals are important for bone formation, eggshell formation and a good health status. The most important minerals are calcium and phosphorous. To produce strong shells for their eggs, laying hens need free access to calcium (limestone or crushed shells), and adult birds are usually able to balance their intake according to needs. If you add phosphorous rich feeds, it should be balanced with calcium, since too high levels of one may cause deficiency of the other. Examples of sources for minerals are: bone meal, crushed oyster shells, snail shells.

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Using bone meal or eggshells is a good way of balancing the calcium and phosphorus levels. Eggshells should always be scorched or cooked before re-use in diets to remove any disease germs.

Excersise 1. Calculate the recipe for mixed fodders for different egg production. Theoretical calculation of chicken protein requirement

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Учебное издание

А. А. Никишов, М. В. Большакова, Т.С. Кубатбеков

КОРМА И ПИТАНИЕ ЖИВОТНЫХ

На английском языке

Издание подготовлено в авторской редакции

Технический редактор Н.А. Ясько

Тематический план изданий учебно-методической литературы 2017 г., № 68

Подписано в печать 23.06.2017 г. Формат 60 84/8. Бумага офсетная. Печать офсетная. Гарнитура Таймс.

Усл. печ. л. 4,19. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ 1087.

Российский университет дружбы народов 117923, ГСП-1, г. Москва, ул. Орджоникидзе, д. 3

Типография ИПК РУДН 117923, ГСП-1, г. Москва, ул. Орджоникидзе, д. 3