Корма и питание животных = Animal Feed and Nutrition. Учебно-методическое пособие

7. CATTLE FEEDING

Excersise 1. To make a ration for a pregnant dry cow with a live weight of _____ kg, a planned annual milk _______ kg, nutritional state

_______, aged _______ years, for _________ decade, in the period

___________.

Excersise 2. To make a ration for the dairy cow at the age of ______ years, live weight ______ kg, daily milk yield _________ kg, content of fat in milk, %

______, lactation month ________, for ______ period.

Excersise 3. Define the norm of feeding and make a ration for the mature breeding bull for the ________ period, live weight _______ kg, aged ________

years, with ____________ load.

Excersise 4. Create a growth plan and determine the feeding norms for calves up to 6 months of age. Live weight at birth _______ kg, sex ___, average daily gain by months: I _______ g, II _______ g, III ________ g, IV ________ g, V ________ g, VI _______ g.

Growth plan

Parameters

Months of life

0 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 3 3 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6

Live weight at birth, kg

Average daily gain, g

Total gain, кг

Final live weight, kg

Feeding norm:

Fodder units

Metabolizable energy , MJ

Dry matter, кg

Digestible protein, g

Sugar, g

Starch, g

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Fiber, g

Salt, g

Calcium, g

Phosphorus, g

Iodine, g

Carotene, mg

Vitamin "D", IU

Excersise 4. Based on the growth plan, draw up a calf feeding scheme. During the growing period it is necessary to drink: _______ kg whole milk,

________ kg of skimmed milk. _______ kg milk replacer.

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Excersise 5. Determine the norms of feeding and make rations for the fattening livestock. Calculate the need for feed and the cost of feed units for periods and for the entire period of fattening. Live weight for ___________ kg, duration of fattening ___________ 1 ______ g, 2_______ g, 3 __________.

Dynamics of live weight, kg

Total feed requirement

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Feed consumption per 1 kg increment

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8. FEEDING OF SHEEPS AND GOATS

Excersise 1. Determine the norm of feeding and make a ration for the servicing ram (goat) in _______ period, with ________ load, with live weight

_______ kg. Season of the year__________.

Excersise 2. Determine the norm of feeding and make a ration for

_________ period, for ________ ewe (goat) _________ breed, live weight

_________ kg.

Excersise 3. Determine the norm of feeding and make a ration for

_________ period, for ________ fattening ewe (goat), live weight _________ kg, daily gain _________ g.

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9. FEEDING OF HORSES

Feeding non-working horses. If the periods without work are long, the feeding is reduced to keeping the horse in the "working body" with the minimum expenditure of feed nutrients. During this period, 100 kg of live weight of the horse requires an average of 1.35 fodder units. 10.4 MJ of exchange energy, 1.66 kg of dry matter, 100 g of digestible protein, 300 g of crude fiber, 4 g of salt, 3.3 g of calcium, 2.5 g of phosphorus and 8 mg of carotene should be in 1 fodder unit of the ration.

In winter, the ration of non-working horses consists of 60-80% of roughage and 20-40% of succulent fodder. During the working season, the horse needs additional nutrients necessary to compensate for the costs of producing muscle work, which is accompanied by an increase in metabolism and increased disintegration of reserve nutrients in the body. The more intense and lasting the work, the more intense the metabolism and the horse must receive more energy material in the form of organic fodder substances.

All groups of nutrients are used for the production of horse work, but carbohydrates are the main source of energy. It is proved that in the first 3 hours of the horse's work 80% of muscular energy is carried out at the expense of carbohydrates and 20% - at the expense of fats. In the sixth hour of the horse's work without rest and feeding, muscular energy is generated by 17% from carbohydrates, and 83% from fat. At a 2-hour rest, but without feeding, energy is formed by 25% from carbohydrates, and 75% - from fats. At 2-hour rest and feeding, energy is formed by 45% from carbohydrates and 55% - from fats. Therefore, when the horse is working it is necessary to give rest and additional feeding.

Feeding horses at light work. When a horse carries a full cart for a distance of 15 km, it needs energy and digestible protein by 30% per day, salt by 10%, calcium by 70%, phosphorus by 80%, carotene by 70% more than horses without work. At one fodder unit of the ration should be: 10.5 MJ of exchange energy, 1.42 kg of dry matter, 100 g of digestible protein, sugar/protein ratio 1: 9-11, 260 g of

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crude fiber, 3.4 g of salt, 4.3 g of calcium, 3.5 g of phosphorus and 11 mg of carotene.

Feeding horses with medium work. The average work of a horse per day includes transport work with a full cart up to a distance of 25 km, easy traveling to the harness for a distance of up to 50 km, riding under a saddle for a distance of up to 60 km, fieldwork for 6 hours, not including stops. Horses need more than without work, energy by 65%, digestible protein by 56%, table salt by 50%, calcium and phosphorus by 2 times. On 100 kg of live weight of a horse at average work is required about 2,3 forages units. At one fodder unit of the ration should be: 10.5 MJ of exchange energy, 1.24 kg of dry matter, 93 g of digestible protein, 210 g of crude fiber, 3.2 g of salt, 4.1 g of calcium, 3.2 g of phosphorus and 10 mg of carotene.

Approximate structure of horse rations with average work in winter is: roughage - 35-50%, concentrates - 35-45%, succulent - 5-30%. Approximate structure of horse rations in summer is: the green mass (grass) - 40-45%, roughage -15-20%, concentrates - 30-40%.

Feeding horses in hard work. Hard work is the transportation of full cart up to a distance of 35 km, or traveling to a fine harness for a distance of up to 65 km, or riding under a saddle for up to 80 km, or field work with agricultural machinery and implements for 9 hours (not including stops). In heavy work, horses need twice as much energy, 80% more digestible protein, 70% more salt, calcium and phosphorus more 2.7 times, carotene more than 3 times as compared to horses without work. . On 100 kg of live weight of a horse at hard work is required about 2,7 forages units. At one fodder unit of the ration should be: 10.5 MJ of exchange energy, 1.1 kg of dry matter, 89 g of digestible protein 178 g of crude fiber, 3.3 g of salt, 4.4 g of calcium, 3.3 g of phosphorus and 13 mg of carotene.

Approximate structure of horse rations with hard work in winter is: roughage

– 25-40%, concentrates – 40-50%, succulent - 5-25 In the summer period -

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succulent fodder is completely and part of the roughage is replaced with a green mass (grass), concentrates are fed at the maximum norm.

Excersise 1. Calculate the daily ration for a working horse with live weight

_______ kg, when performing ______ work.

Excersise 2. Calculate a daily ration for a sports horse during the competition with live weight _______ kg, when performing ______ work.

Excersise 3. Calculate a daily ration for training foals, live weight _______

kg, when performing ______ work.

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10. FEEDING PIGS

The pig’s nutritional requirements for optimal and healthy growth change and are influenced by factors such as:

Age and body weight. A weaner/young pig requires a diet higher in protein and energy than does a finisher pig or an adult pig.

Genetic potential of pigs. Fast growing breeds (e.g. Large White, Landrace, Duroc) require more protein in their diet than breeds that do not grow as fast (e.g. Berkshire, Hampshire).

Housing environment. For example, if pigs are in a cold or hot environment (outdoors during winter or summer) they will use more energy just to stay warm or cool, therefore to maintain growth higher levels of energy in the diet will be required.

Physiological state of the pig. A pregnant sow will have different energy and nutritional requirements to a sow that is feeding piglets, or a young pig that is growing rapidly. There are a range of manufactured complete feeds available to meet the requirements of different types of pigs. In commercial pig production the cost of feed contributes to 60-75% of the total operating cost. Therefore failing to match the composition of rations (diets) with actual requirements of the pig not only affects the pig’s health but also its growth and performance (in terms of reproduction and meat production) and also the cost of keeping the pigs.

Feed ingredients. Pigs are monogastric (single stomach) animals and are inefficient digesters of fibre (only 50% efficiency depending on type of fibre and age of pigs) therefore they are not suited to eating pasture alone and need to be provided with supplementary feeding. Cereal grains are a good feed source although they are best utilised by the pig if they have been cracked, rolled or soaked. The major ingredients are wheat, barley and lupins, but other grains such as peas, canola meal and triticale are also used. The crude protein content of grains can vary considerably between seasons

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and source therefore it is important that care be taken if using apparently low cost ingredients of an inferior quality (e.g. weather damaged cereals).

Pigs are omnivores therefore will eat a range of foods. If mixing your own feed, to produce a well-balanced diet, a range of other ingredients should be included in smaller amounts (e.g. meat meal, fishmeal, soybean meal, blood meal, tallow, minerals, vitamins, salt, limestone). Pig diets can also be supplemented with fresh fruit and vegetables.

Excersise 1. Define the norm and make a ration for the sow live weight

_____ kg, at the age of _______ years, for _________ period.

Excersise 2. Determine the norm and make a ration for the sow, live weight

_____ kg, at the age of _______ years, the number of piglets ________ goal, with weaning in ________ days, for _________ period.

Excersise 3. Make a scheme for feeding of piglets-suckers. Weaning at the age of 60 days. The feed consumption per piglet is as follows: 1. Whole milk 2 kg, skimmed milk - 20 kg, mixture of concentrates 25 kg, root crops 20 kg, grass meal 4 kg, chalk 0.2 kg, salt 0.3 kg.

The scheme for feeding of piglets-suckers