Food and Its Соnstituents. Пища и её влияние на организм человека. Учебное пособие

health, and that vegetarians may suffer less from diseases such as cancer and heart disease. There are two main types of vegetarian:

lacto-ovo vegetarians vegans (strict vegetarians).

Lacto-ovo vegetarians will not eat meat, or meat products, poultry, fish, lard, suet, fish oils, or gelatine, because producing these involves slaughtering the animal or fish.

However, they will eat food products from animals, such as free-range eggs, milk, cheese, butter, cream, yogurt. The animal is not slaughtered to produce these.

Vegans will not eat any food that is made directly or indirectly from an animal, even if the animal has not been slaughtered for that purpose. They also refuse to use products such as soaps, cosmetics, and polishes, which involve the use of animal oils or fats.

With careful planning, vegan meals can be made appetizing and good to eat; and with knowledge of the value of foods, they can be nutritionally well balanced. There are several important points that must be taken into consideration when planning vegan diets:

1.Protein is found in relatively small amounts in plant foods, so a large bulk may have to be eaten. The richest sources are: soya beans, cereals, nuts.

2.Extra vitamins and minerals can be taken in the form of tablets and drops, providing that they are made synthetically and do not come from animals. Vitamin B is only found in animal foods. Vegans may be at risk of developing anemia and may need to take it in tablet form to avoid this.

IV. .

1.What are the main reasons for becoming a vegetarian?

2.What is the difference between a lacto-ovo vegetarian and a vegan?

3.Suggest suitable meals for each.

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1.Understanding of .the composition of foods had to wait for several discoveries in chemistry.

2.The engineers spoke about using a new press.

3.I insist on being given the opportunity of continuing of our work.

4.Arabia is believed to be the birth-place of cheese-making.

5.In making edible foods from cereals various methods for grinding the grain, for making the dough and for baking have been in use from the earliest times.

6.We can’t make good bread without knowing the properties of all the ingredients.

7.Practically no macaroni goods are produced now without being enriched.

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1.Placing foods in brines of certain concentration promotes fermentation.

2.This method of butter-making continues being used in some plants.

3.Fermentation did not prevent man from taking practical advantages of this product.

4.Foods are often complex substances capable of meeting different body needs.

5.Refrigeration is widely used as a mean of preserving perishable foods.

6.Certain chemicals help to preserve food by retarding or preventing the growth of microorganisms.

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Hindu ['hindH], Buddhist ['budist]

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to believe (") – belief, faith; to forbid (") – forbidden;

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Jesus Christ ['GJzqs kraist] – Christians; to teach (") – teaching; to

create [kri'eit] (! ") – creator [kri'eitq] – creature ['krJCq]

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TEXT B. RELIGIOUS GROUPS

Religious beliefs are important to many people, and some religions have rules about what should and should not be eaten. These include:

The Jewish faith

Jewish food customs and dietary laws are set out in the Bible. Foods that fulfill the requirements of the laws are called Kosher foods. Jews who observe these laws may eat only clean birds (these are listed in a collection of writings called the Talmud): only meat from cud-chewing, cloven-footed animals, i.e. beef, venison, and lamb; and only fish with scales and fins.

Forbidden foods, which must not be eaten, include shellfish, (crab, lobster), pork, bacon, ham, eels, eggs with bloodspots, and gelatine.

Some Jews will not eat milk and meat together, and may have separate cooking utensils for these.

The Christian faith

Christians remember and celebrate the life and teaching of Jesus Christ in a number of festivals. Jesus is also remembered in the celebration of Holy Communion, when bread (symbolizing his body), and wine (symbolizing his blood) are taken.

The Islamic faith

Muslims follow the religious teachings of Islam, and are not allowed to eat food from pigs. Other meat must be slaughtered by a special ritual, known as Halal. Muslims are not allowed to drink alcohol.

The Hindu faith

Hindus are not allowed to kill cows as they are considered sacred, but they do eat milk and milk products. Strict Hindus are vegetarians and do not eat meat, fish, or eggs.

The Buddhist faith

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Buddhists follow five rules for everyday life. The first instructs them to be sympathetic and helpful to all things that have life, and to be careful not to harm or kill any living creatures. As a result, many Buddhists are vegetarians.

IV. .

1.List main types of religious groups.

2.Where are main dietary laws set?

3.Briefly describe their food customs.

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1.Knowing the volume, the pressure and the temperature of the gas, we can determine the state of its mass.

2.The apparatus roasting cocoa beans is called a roaster.

3.Roasters are classified as to the kind of fuel employed.

4.Of all the manipulations involved in the manufacture of chocolate the roasting of beans is one of the most important.

5.The mill reported to have been modernized has been incorporated by the firm.

6.Retarding the growth of microorganisms refrigeration furnishes conditions for food preservation.

7.Frozen foods when held at proper temperatures undergo changes slowly.

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1.A floating body displaces some water.

2.Making one of his experiments he was seriously injured.

3.Being placed in the open air iron rusts and deteriorates.

4.The developing bacteria use food constituents for their nourishment needs.

5.The improved containers make possible the production of the great amount of canned foods.

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TEXT C. CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS, AND FESTIVALS

Many occasions and ceremonies (funerals, marriages, religious festivals, etc.) are celebrated with feasts or fasts, or special meals and foods only prepared at that time. Some examples are given below.

The Jewish faith

Purim is celebrated in late February/early March. The special foods include turkey, cakes and biscuits, pastries, and fruit.

Passover is celebrated for a week, and special foods include bread (without yeast) and haroset (a sweet paste).

Pentecost is celebrated in May or June, and a variety of dairy foods are eaten at this time.

At Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, Jews eat a special meal, including sweet foods such as apples dipped in honey, dates, and dried fruits.

Ten days later, at Yom Kippur, Jews eat a meal before sunset, and then fast for 24 hours. The meal usually, includes chicken and rice, bread, and water.

Hannukkah is the Jewish festival of lights, and lasts for eight nights. Each night a fried food is eaten, to remember oil which was used to light a holy temple in Jerusalem.

The Christian faith

Shrove Tuesday is the day before the beginning of the 40 days of Lent, which lead up to Easter. Traditionally, people are to eat and live simply during Lent, so they had to use up certain foods before it began. Pancakes were made to use up milk, eggs, and fat.

Hot cross buns are eaten on Good Friday. and at Easter, eggs - symbolizing new life - are eaten.

The birth of Jesus is celebrated at Christmas, which is a time of goodwill and enjoyment. Traditional Christmas foods include roast turkey, vegetables, Christmas pudding, and mince pies.

The Islamic faith

Ramadan is a very important Muslim festival. It lasts for a month, during which no food or drink is taken from sunrise to sunset. At the end of Ramadan, special feasts are held.

The Hindu faith

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