Food and Its Соnstituents. Пища и её влияние на организм человека. Учебное пособие

3.For most people sugar means cane or beet sugar.

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

4.Your chickens have grown a lot since we last saw them.

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

5.Farms in the western world included a small building called “smokehouse” where people smoked and stored meat.

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

VI. ! .

1.Sugarcane can’t be grown in our region – it needs …………..

(warm) climate.

2.Beet sugar is much …………… (little) sweet than cane sugar.

3.Sugar harvesting is …………… (bad) and …………………..

(difficult) job.

4.I prefer smoked food to the others. It is …………….…. (tasty).

* & F

$

I. ,

.

retinol ['reti"nOl], vegetable ['veGqtqbl], carotene ['kxrqtin], cholecalciferol ["kqulikxl'sifq"rOl], tocopherol [tq'kOfqrOl], dehydro-

cholesterol [di"haidrqkq'lestqrOl], antioxidant["xnti'Oksidqnt]

II. , ,

.

to maintain [mein'tein] (!!$") - maintenance ['meintqinqns];

rachitis [rq'kaitis] (# ") – antirachitic; clot (", ") – to

clot, clotting; nerve [`nWv] ( ) – nervous system III. .

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TEXT F. VITAMINS

Vitamins are a group of chemical substances, most of which have been identified during this century as vital to the body. At first, scientists labeled each with a letter, but when their chemical composition was discovered, they were all given names. However, the letter classification is still in use.

Vitamins can be classified according to the substances in which they are dissolved. There are two groups:

1.Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K.

2.Water-soluble vitamins: vitamin 0 and the vitamin-B complex.

Fat – soluble vitamins

Vitamin A (retinol) is required for growth, especially bones and teeth, and very important for eyesight. Vitamin A occurs in animal foods and in certain vegetables as carotene, which the body changes to vitamin A. Foods which are rich in vitamin A are butter, cheese, cream, eggs, fish oil, fruits, liver, milk.

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol). The antirachitic or "sunshine" vitamin, really stores sunshine in food. When the body gets ultraviolet rays of the sun, a substance under skin (dehydro-cholesterol) is turned into cholecalciferol, which is stored in the liver, to be used as required. Vitamin D is essential for the development and maintenance of bones and teeth, which contain large amount of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D helps to absorb these minerals. Sources of vitamin D are: butter and egg yolk, fish liver oil, oily fish.

Vitamin E (tocopherol) affects muscle tone and the condition of the nervous system. It is a very affective antioxidant. The best sources of vitamin E are the vegetable oils, butter, eggs, green leaves and liver.

Vitamin K is necessary for normal clotting of the blood after an injury. Foods rich in vitamin are cabbage, cauliflower, fish liver.

IV. .

1.List the functions of vitamin A and D.

2.List the sources of retinol.

3.List the food sources of vitamin D.

42

4.What is the link between vitamin D and the minerals calcium and phosphorus?

5.What are the functions of vitamins E and K?

6.List the function and the main sources of vitamins E and K.

, &&

Present Continuous Tense

1 & Continuous (", ) !)

!) " +" ! &$ ! ' " ', " &

) +" ! &' " ", ) !)

!.

Present Continuous " " " ! ! ' "

# ! " " ! ! ' "

# ! " " ": Please don’t make so much noise. I’m working. He is performing an experiment.

Present Continuous "

" to be " "

& .

to be + V ing

43

to be " " " " !

".

I – am, he, she, it – is, we, you, they – are

IV. .

1.The mechanical engineer is busy. He ……………….. (to replace) the broken parts of the fridge.

2.We more and more ………. (to use) freezing for fruit preservation.

3.Our builders ……..…… (to carry out) the plan for the plant reconstruction.

4.I want to lose weight, so this week I ………. (not / to eat) lunch.

5.How long …….. the food drying method ...................... (to exist)?

6.What ………… you ………………. (to do)? I …………………

(to purify) the liquid we will use.

7.Are you busy? Yes, I …………………………. (to correct) the mistakes, made in that test.

V. .

1.They are measuring the thickness of the film coating the surface.

…………………………………………………………….…………

………………………………………………………………………

2.The designer is examining the air compressor at this time.

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

3.These problems are solving.

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

4.The engineer is raising the pressure.

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

5.He is reading the report with great interesting.

………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………...

6.The professor is demonstrating several diagrams to the students.

………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………….

* & G

44

$

I. ,

.

ascorbic [qs'kLbik], blood [blAd], citrus [΄sitrqs], substance ['sAbstqns],

thiamine [Taiq'min], riboflavin ["raibqu'fleivin], dermatitis ["dWmq'taitis],

conjunctivitis [kqn"GANkti'vaitis], nicotinic acid [nikq'tinik 'xsid], niacin

['naiqsin], appetite ['xpitait], stool [stHl], pyridoxine [$#"piri'dOksJn], heart

[hRt], cobalamin [$#"kqubqlq'mJn], enzyme ['enzaim], bacteria [bxk'tiqriq],

anemia [q'nimiq]

II. , ,

.

producer (" ", $ -") – to produce, production; cell (", ") – cellular phone; intestine (), )) – small (large) intestine; straw ( ), berry (!) – strawberry; part (") – partly, to take part; to irritate (!$")

– irritability; to fail (") – failure; rich ("&') – enriched; leaf (") – leafy vegetables; digestion ( ) – digestive tract

III. .

TEXT G. WATER – SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin - (ascorbic acid) is required for the production of blood, for making connective tissue which connects the body cells together, absorbs iron from the small intestine. The best sources of this vitamin include: citrus fruits, peppers, black currents, strawberries, vegetables, tomatoes.

4-COMPLEX VITAMINS

At one time it was thought that vitamin B was a single compound, but further research revealed that it is made up of at least 13 substances, that’s why it is called the vitamin – B complex.

Thiamine (B1) takes part in metabolic reactions that release energy from carbohydrate. It is required for the normal growth, for the function and maintenance of the nerves. A deficiency may cause

45

depression, irritability, difficulty in concentration, defective memory. Important sources of thiamine are: whole grain bread and cereals, meat, milk, liver, nuts, vegetables.

Riboflavin (42) is essential for normal growth, and is required for the release of energy from food, especially amino-acids and fat. A deficiency of riboflavin can result in failure to grow and skin dermatitis and conjunctivitis. Foods that are good sources of riboflavin are: whole grain or enriched bread and cereals, cheese, eggs, green leafy vegetables, meat, liver, milk.

Nicotinic acid (niacin) is essential for growth and normal functioning of the skin and the digestive tract. A deficiency of it results in dermatitis, loss of memory, depression, loss of appetite, loose and frequent stools. Foods that have niacin are: enriched or whole grain bread and cereals, meat, liver.

Pyridoxine (B6) is essential for good health. It is especially important for cellular activities. Good food sources are heart, liver, meat, seeds and whole wheat.

Cobalamin (B12) is required for the metabolism of aminoacids and other enzyme systems in the body. Cobalamin is produced in the intestines by bacteria, and is only found in useful amounts in animal foods. A deficiency of cobalamin causes anemia.

IV. .

1.What are the functions of vitamin C?

2.What is the connection between vitamin C and iron?

3.List the main sources of vitamin C?

4.Name the vitamins in the B group.

5.List the functions and food sources of the B vitamins.

6.What is this text about?

46

- Present Continuous Present Indefinite

Present Continuous " " ! &$ ! ' " ',

# ! # " . Present Indefinite " " ! ! ' " ', " & # ! "

.

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off? Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

- $ Present Continuous " " !

! ' " ', Present Indefinite ! " " * '. I’m living with some friends until I find a flat.

My friends live in London.

Present Continuous " " ! +

:

" – to like, to love, to hate

" ' ! " " – to know, to realise, to mean, to believe, to understand, to remember

!$" – to belong, to contain, to depend, to seem, to consist

47

" – to see, to hear, to smell, to taste

0 6" " " Present Indefinite.

I. .

1.Let’s go and see. He ……………………... (to continue) his experiment now.

2.By working the way you ………………………….. (to work) now you can hardly get an excellent result.

3.Hurry up! Everybody ………. (to wait) for you.

4.We usually …………….…. (to carry out) a lot of experiments but this month we ………………...….. (not / to carry out) any.

5.Ron is in the laboratory at the moment. He …….…. (to observe) the test. He ..…………….. (always / to observe) the experiments.

6.Don’t put the article away. I ……………………….. (to need) it.

7.She told me her assistant’s name but I ………………...……. (not / to remember) it now.

8.Air …………….….. (to consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

9.Nobody ……… (to know) that they work with the new equipment.

10.I ………… (to see) that the pressure ………………(to increase).

II. .

1.The engineer is changing the resistance very quickly.

………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………...

2.They are increasing the pressure up to 4 atms.

………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………...

3.He has a lot of new reliable equipment.

………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………...

4.He measures the resistance of the conductor every 2 hours.

………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………...

5 Our plant produces cars.

………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………...

48

potassium (K), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg).

Others are required in the smallest amounts and are known as trace elements: iodine (I), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), fluorine (F), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), selenium (Se).

Calcium. With phosphorus, it combines to make calcium phosphate, to strengthen bones and teeth and to make blood to clot after an injury. Calcium is found in good supply in milk, cheese, bones of canned fish, hard water. Humans have a constant need for calcium throughout their lives. While new bone is made, existing bone is taken away, so that in young children the whole skeleton is replaced over 2 years. In adults, the process takes between 7 and 10 years. Around the age of 30, calcium starts to be lost and is not replaced. Finally, the continual loss of bone mass can lead to osteoporosis, which means that the bones become weak, and break easily.

Iron. Iron is a component of haemoglobin – the substance which gives red blood cells their colour. Haemoglobin is required to transport oxygen around the body to every cell, for the production of energy. Good sources of iron are liver, kidney, beef, cocoa, chocolate. To ensure that iron is properly absorbed, foods containing iron should be eaten with foods containing vitamin C. Red blood cells die after six weeks, and must be replaced. This process is continually occurring in the body, and iron must be replaced by a daily food supply. Because of the deficiency of iron, haemoglobin is not made properly, so not enough oxygen is carried around the body. This leads to tiredness, weakness, and a pale complexion. In severe cases it leads to anemia.

IV. .

1.List five mineral elements needed in large amounts , and five trace elements.

2.List the functions and main sources of calcium and iron.

3.What is the function of haemoglobin, and which mineral element is connected with it?

50