Food and Its Соnstituents. Пища и её влияние на организм человека. Учебное пособие

laxatives. The food leaves the body before it has been digested properly, and so does not give the body energy or nutrition.

Patients are often very fussy about food, but talk a lot about it and like to cook for other people. They often exercise very hard to “burn off” any energy they have taken from food.

Bulimia

Patients with bulimia are prone to eat very large amounts of food, and then often make themselves sick or take laxatives to prevent putting on weight. It may happen several times a week and be alternated with periods of eating almost nothing.

These patients often eat in private, hiding their problems from other people. They may suffer kidney problems, muscle weakness, constipation, and headaches through losing potassium and chlorine when they vomit. They also have severe dental problems caused by acid from the stomach when they vomit.

Treatment for eating disorders is usually long, and it is often not possible to say whether a patient has been cured.

IV. .

Obesity is a main health disorder and affects many people. Make a study of the help that is available in the media (TV, radio. magazines, etc) for people who are trying to reduce their weight. Investigate foods and drinks that are sold to encourage people to slim. Criticize (constructively) such products, and suggest how they could be improved or what alternatives could be used by people trying to lose weight.

V. ,

:

I’d like to tell about the text I’ve read. The title of the text is …;

It … can be divided into ... .parts.

The first (second, third, forth) part is about (is devoted to) ...; We come to know that…;

The author points out that...; It should be mentioned that…;

71

In conclusion I’d like to say….

, &&

) -

1 " " " " ' !$

" !$ , # " & %. 6" & !$

(= !. !.) !-& (", "

72

!.) ! +" + % !$# it, one, they, " & & +" " " + %

6 % " &! " "

" it is (was) … that (who, whom), &! &'

!$ " ! 6" !$ .

I. .

1.It was in 1896 that natural radioactivity was discovered.

2.It is difficult to liberate oxygen from a compound as most of its compounds are very stable.

3.It is the sun that steadily sends out a great amount of radiant energy.

4.On a physical map one can see seas, rivers and mountains.

5.The coming winter, they say, will be extremely cold.

6.One could hardly expect such a turn of circumstances.

7.It is disturbing that many people suffer from health disorders.

8.It is heart disease that is a major cause of death in many

73

countries.

9.It has become clear that there is no single cause of heart disease, but many risk factors.

10.One must change habits or lifestyle to prevent or reduce risks.

II. .

1.) ! ", " " $ , " & & !, " " !

'.

2.:" & ) " " # ", ! " " !, " !$" & & $& "&.

3.& !, " ! "& " !

" , & & $&

"& " " " " $& "&.

4.0$ " & ! $ ,

" " ".

5.! ! " " !&

$& ) " ! +" " .

.

1.It is our diet, especially the amount and type of fat we eat, can increase the risk of heart diseases.

2.One should eat foods that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids to reduce the amount of cholesterol.

3.It was proved that when oil is processed to make it into margarine, the PUFAs ( polyunsaturated fatty acids) to trans fatty acids.

4.It can be hard to change your eating habits and way of life, but it is worth the effort.

5.It is mainly teenage girls and young woman that suffer most from anorexia and bulimia.

* & D

$

I. ,

.

74

dental caries ['dentql 'kFErJz], periodontal ["pFriq'dOntql], calcium

['kxlsiqm], phosphorus ['fOsfqrqs], micro-organisms ["maikrq'Lgqnizmz], plus [plAs], polysaccharides ["pOli'sxkqraidz], pH [pJeiC], eventually [i'venSuqli]

II. , ,

.

to turn (") – to turn into; acid (") – acidity; with, in – within; solution (") – to dissolve; place – to place, to replace; to check (") – unchecked; to move (! ") – to remove; sense ( , ") – sensible, sensitive; flame ( )

– to inflame; blood ( ) – to bleed; breath [breT] (!) – to

breathe [brJz]; to look ( " ") – to look at, to look for

III. .

TEXT D. TOOTH DECAY AND GUM DISEASE

Many people worldwide, especially in countries where people often eat foods containing added sugar, suffer from tooth decay and gum disease.

Dental caries is the name given to tooth decay. Periodontal disease is the name given to gum disease.

Teeth form in the jaws long before they come through the gum and the covering enamel is 96% made of minerals (mainly calcium, and phosphorus).

When food is eaten, a white, sticky substance called plaque forms on the surface of the teeth, especially next to the gum. Plaque is mostly micro-organisms, plus some water and polysaccharides. When sugar is eaten, it is turned into acid.

pH is a measure of acidity. Plaque normally has a pH of 6.8, but when sugar is eaten it can fall as low as pH 4.5 within seconds. Below pH 5.5, the mineral part of tooth enamel dissolves. It cannot be replaced, and leaves a weak spot, which gets larger .and deeper until a cavity (hole) is made in the tooth (this is sometimes called

75

'acid attack'). If unchecked, the decay will continue until the whole tooth is affected and has to be removed.

Dental plaque also causes periodontal disease. This is where the gums become irritated and infected by micro-organisms in the plaque. The infection is called gingivitis. The gums swell, become inflamed and sore, and bleed easily. Eventually, the ligaments and bone that hold the teeth in place are destroyed and the teeth become loose and fall out. Bad breath is another symptom of periodontal disease.

IV. .

1.What is the other name of gum disease?

2.What is the covering enamel made of?

3.What is plaque?

4.What is a measure of acidity?

5.How is a cavity made in the tooth?

6.Describe the causes and symptoms of periodontal disease.

V. ,

:

I’d like to tell about the text I’ve read. It … can be divided into ... .parts.

The first (second, third, forth) part is about (is devoted to) ...; We come to know that…;

The author points out that...; It should be mentioned that…;

In conclusion I’d like to say….

, &&

76

5

, ! & & &$+" " )

& & +. " " +" '

-" # " " ! + ! & &: must, have to, be to, should, ought to, can, may.

Must &$" # ! " $"

) ! ' " ! " " ", "$ $" ! &$ " .

! " ' & , , , .

! ' " + must, " "

77

" & " " ! " , , ,

! " ! " .

s should ought to " +" ! &$

# ! ", ' & ! "

! " , , .

can &$" % + $",

" ) " ! ' " ! "

I. .

1.Most monosaccharides can exist as both open-chain and cyclic structures.

2.The protection of consumer’s rights should be regulated by a separate legislative act.

3.Proposals for legislation on labeling food products have to be

78

addressed to ensure that they are practical and enforceable.

4.Pregnant women must not fast for more than 6-8 hours.

5.At what stage of production ought these farm products to be certified?

6.Scientists and environmentalists are to forecast correctly the possible development of the situation and to work out preventive measures.

7.The principle of substational equivalence may be the reason for the conflict with trade issues regulated by the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) standards.

II. .

1.1 " & !$& &" ! & #,

! ", !$

& ! " &.

2.", " & " ", & & + ,

& ! "& !$& &" "& ! 1600 / '".

3.$ # " , " .

4.& ! "& " # " "

! " ! .

5., " ! " "& ", !$ &" !

* *.

6.,& &$! & & " ! ", " & # " ! " .

7.,& !$& " ," & " 6 +.

.

1.All countries must be aware of the problems associated with food irradiation even if not engaged in research problems.

2.In order to kill spoilage agents the food should be heated to 1600 F.

3.You cannot keep milk without sterilizing it.

4.The canned food may store for a very long time,

5.The method you read about is to be used for egg preservation.

6.We had to freeze meat to store it for a long period.

79

7. We should eat to have energy.

IV. DIETS

* & A

$

I. ,

.

vegetarians ["veGi'tFEriqn], reason ['rJzqn], yogurt ['jOgqt], vegan ['vJgqn],

polish ['pOliS], soya ['sOiq], tablet ['txblqt], synthetically [sin'Tetikqli],

anemia [q'ni:miq]

II. , ,

.

to object [qb'Gekt] ( $") – objection; diet ['daiqt] (! ") – dietary; to like – to dislike; to believe (") – belief; health (! &') – healthier – the healthiest; little ( ) – less – the least; directly (+) – indirectly

III. .

TEXT A. VEGETARIANS

Vegetarians are people who will not consume animal food, for which an animal has to be slaughtered or has suffered in any way. There are several reasons why a person may become a vegetarian, including:

1.Religious beliefs.

2.Objection to the slaughter of animals, because it is considered to be cruel, or economically wasteful (rearing animals is expensive and uses a lot of land).

3.Dislike of animal flesh.

4.Dietary reasons.

5.Belief that a vegetarian diet is healthier than a carnivorous (meateating) diet.

In recent years the number of vegetarians has increased. There is some evidence that a vegetarian diet is better for long-term

80