English grammar for university students. Part 3. Учебное пособие

You've got to try this dish—it's delicious.

Probability

There has to be a reason for his strange behaviour.

This war has got to end soon.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Write new sentences with a similar meaning. Use have/has to.

1. It is necessary to do all of this work before the end of the day. 2 Was it necessary for you to pay Bob to paint the fence? 3. It is necessary to build the road to take traffic away from the city centre. 4. It is rarely necessary to tell Mary anything twice. 5. Is it necessary for us to get up early tomorrow morning? 6. It wasn't necessary for her to take time off work when her son was ill. 7. It is sometimes necessary for Peter to clean his parents' car before they give him any pocket money.

Exercise 2. Match the sentence beginnings and ends.

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences with a form of have to or must + an appropriate verb.

1. He's got a lung problem and …………. to hospital every two weeks. 2. You

………….us soon. It would be so nice to see you again. 3. I always sleep through the alarm clock. My Dad …………. me every morning. 4. As I won't be at home tonight, I …………. my homework during my lunch break. 5. “Can we meet on Thursday morning?” “Sorry, no. I …………. to the dentist at 11.00”. 6. “They want us to leave by tomorrow.” “They …………. serious!” 7. To get to Peru, I …………. money from my sister. 8. Being so well-known, you

………….hundreds of letters each week. 9. In order to be a good salesclerk you …………. rude with the clients. 10. You …………. me to Dr. Gray. We have already met. 11. A person …………. rich and famous to live a successful life. 12. If you encounter a growling dog, you …………. any signs of fear. 13. I …………. to the doctor. I feel much better. 14. A person …………. married to lead a happy and fulfilling life.

Exercise 4. State in which sentences have is an auxiliary verb. a notional verb, or a modal verb.

1. This is perhaps the chief fact which I have to offer. 2. There are hundreds of kinds of self-expression, one doesn't have to be a bloody artist. 3. She's intelligent, she could have been a secretary or something if she'd wanted to. 4. “It's just a mood”, I said. “Women have moods”. 5. I wish I'd known, I'd have looked him over more carefully. 6. When you start really imagining something you have to forget the details anyhow, they just get in the way. 7. Without im-

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agination you have stupid details on one side and empty dreams on the other. 8. Please let's not have this silly old quarrel again, I don't feel strong enough. 9. He must have rushed straight back into the drawing-room and put on a record, like a man racing for his fix. 10. It was also possible that I might have to pay the penalty for this. 11. They were quarrelling so I left the house. Have they calmed town? 11. I thought how aptly some painter, not Mr. Belling, could have used her as a model for an allegory of Vanity. 12. I do not propose to have anything to do with my former wife and I do not want any connection to exist between us.13. As you will remember, I have made you my literary executor. 14. I am afraid I cannot offer to teach you to write. I have not the time. 15. How fortunate we are to have English as our native tongue! 16. I have sometimes had the unpleasant experience, arriving very early for a train, of finding myself catching its predecessor with a minute to spare. 17. I did not even want to have to be sorry for Priscilla.

(Murdoch, 1973)

ТО BE TO + INFINITIVE

То be + Infinitive is a modal expression. Some of its meanings are close to those of modal verbs and expressions denoting obligation (must, shall, should, ought, to have + Infinitive).

This modal expression can be used in two tenses — the Present Indefinite and the Past Indefinite (was, were).

To be to + Infinitive is used to talk about formal or official arrangements,

formal instructions, and to give orders. It can also express possibility and

something thought of as unavoidable.

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Order or formal instruction

It is generally the result of an arrangement which is not to be discussed. In this case only the Indefinite Infinitive is used.

Children are not to be left unsupervised in the museum.

The medicine is to be taken after meals.

Arrangement, agreement, part of a plan

In this meaning both the Indefinite and the Perfect Infinitive can be used; the Perfect Infinitive shows that the action was not carried out.

We were to have left for Sochi in August, but instead we went to Turkey.

It is particularly common in news reports to talk about future events.

The main railway line is to be reopened today (news).

Possibility

In this meaning the passive form of the Infinitive is used unless it is a question beginning with the interrogative adverb how. Here the meaning of the modal expression comes very close to that of the verb can.

There was no one to be seen in the street at such late hour.

Something thought of as unavoidable.

Agatha Christie was to write a lot of detective stories during her lifetime. He was to leave his native town never to come back.

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Exercises

Exercise 1. State in which sentences be is an auxiliary verb. a notional verb, a link verb or a modal verb.

1. I am not however an actor in the drama which Pearson recounts. 2. “Where are the scissors?” I shouted Francis from within. 3. And now I am speaking, as I explained, in the persona of the self of several years ago. 4. Obviously the next thing was to get rid of Francis. 5. I was touched when you talked about eternal friendship. 6. Even if your love were to end now I am justified. 7. I am fiftyeight years old. 8. Rachel, you are upsetting me so! 9. Aren't you going to see her? 10. There was little doubt that Julian's fate was to be typist, teacher, housewife, without starring in any role. 11. And if I was to be made mad by a relationship between Arnold and Christian, would it help me at all that Rachel was made mad too? 12. The best I could do was to tell half of it in a garbled form.

(Источник: Murdoch, 1973)

Exercise 2. State the meaning of the modal verbs and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. We arranged I was to go down and fetch her at seven. 2. He spends pounds and pounds on me. It must be nearly two hundred already. Any book, any record, any clothes. 3. He’s so without mercy. So incomprehensible. What does he want? What is to happen? 4. But I thought it would be better if she was cut off from the outside world, she'd have to think about me more. 5. She didn't crow at all. I think that must have been G.P.'s doing. He ordered her not to. 6. I'm not egocentric enough. I'm a woman. I have to lean on something. 7. She felt an instinctive suspicion of this stranger who was to come into her domain. 8. In the end, it must have been a week later, he rang me up again one evening at Caro-

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line's. 9. What do you mean? I asked. If you have to ask, I can't give you the answer. 10. It was awkward, but worse was to come. 11. When the train drew in at the station where I was to descend for my connection, I found my mind made up. 12. I suppose he was angry, he must have known it was a stupid thing to say. 13. "Well, answer me! For goodness' sake! Am I to have a stranger living under my roof? A stranger working for me? It is not reasonable. 14. Endings like this are to be found more commonly in old novels than new ones, so I read old novels. 15. If we are to work together, I shall need to know a little more about who you are. I can hardly spill the secrets of a lifetime to a person of whom I know nothing. 16. I can't breathe at nights. I've got a pain here, I have to lie on my left side. 17. And in such a manner it was decided. We are to work together! 18. She walked away, so I had to follow her downstairs.

(Источники: Fowles, 1963; Murdoch, 1973; Setterfield, 2006)

SHOULD AND OUGHT

The modal verbs should and ought are treated together as there is hardly any difference between them. Very often they are interchangeable.

Should is followed by the Infinitive without the particle to, ought is always followed by the to-Infinitive.

Both should and ought express obligation, criticism, something which is advisable, proper or naturally expected.

Obligation, very often a moral obligation or duty. In this meaning ought is

more often used than should.

Neighbours ought to help each other.

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All students should report to the examination room by 8.

I ought to see my parents more often.

Advisability (asking for, giving advice or warning)

What should I do?

You should take notes during the lecture.

You oughtn’t to go through the park at night.

Probability

The bus should come soon.

There ought to be a car park at the end of this road.

They should have arrived in London by now.

Regret or criticism

Only the Perfect form of the Infinitive is used in this meaning.

You should have been more careful with your bank account.

He ought to have completed his work before he left on a holiday.

To express gratitude

You shouldn’t have brought the flowers. Thank you very much!

We also use had better to talk about sensible or advisable things to do. It is usually stronger in meaning than should/ought to.

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You’d better take a taxi, it is raining outside (Vince, 2008).

Exercises

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1.What are some things you have to do today? tomorrow? every day?

2.What is something a driver must do, according to the law?

3.What is something a driver ought always to do to be a safe driver?

4.What are some things a person should do to stay healthy?

5.What are some things a person must do to stay alive?

6.What are the things you shouldn’t have done in your past?

Exercise 2. Use should or ought and the appropriate form of the Infinitive in brackets.

1. You …………. (receive) my reply by now. 2 This medicine ………….

(keep) in a cool place. 3 Here's someone you really…………. (meet). 4 To have got a better mark, you …………. (check) your answers more thoroughly. 5 According to the label, the jam …………. (refrigerate) after opening. 6 I think you

…………. (listen) to him. He knew what he was talking about. 7 The results were completely wrong. As a scientist she …………. (plan) the experiment more carefully. 8 The information you send …………. (include) details of courses taken at university (from a job application form).

Exercise 3. Give advice to your partner

1. I have a test tomorrow. 2. My roommate snores and I can’t get to sleep. 3. My friend is using illegal drugs. 4. My new shoes don’t fit. 5. I have the hiccups. 6. My apartment is a mess, and my mum is coming tomorrow. 7. Lately I

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can’t seem to concentrate on anything. 8. I am a loser. 9. I have had a short haircut and I don’t like it. 9. I have too much home task at University. 10. My roommate’s boyfriend is cheating on her. 11. I have lost my credit card. 12. I can’t lose weight, though I am on a diet.

Exercise 4. State the meaning of the modal verbs and translate the sentences into Russian

1. Suddenly she said: “It’s funny, I should be shivering with fear. But I feel safe with you”. 2. Ferdinand, they should have called you Caliban. 3. It's afternoon. I should be in class now. 4. He said: “Then that's bad. You should be blind to failure at your age”. 5. I'm delighted that you should admire Beecham. 6. Why should he have considered me at all? There's not a single reason. 7. She seemed to think I ought to say something, but I let her talk. 8. She was telling me what a bad thing I did and how I ought to try and realize it more. 9. “It's only natural”, he said. He meant, that I should make such fun of him. 10. Why should people have money if they don't know how to use it? 11. Perhaps I really should kiss him. More than kiss him. Love him. Make Prince Charming step out. 12. I did- n't know if I ought to light her cigarette, but it seemed silly. 13. You think the whole world's all arranged so as everything ought to be your way. 14. “You ought to be a model”, he said quite seriously. 15. He got straight back on to the divan and lay with his eyes shut, as if I shouldn't have come and I felt I ought never to have come. 16. He was only saying what I felt. I was stiff and he was supple, and it ought to be the other way round. 17. I so often hate him, I think I ought to forever hate him. 18. I rubbed my tired eyes and knew I ought to go to bed.

(Источники: Fowles, 1963; Murdoch, 1973; Setterfield, 2006)

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Exercise 5. Translate into English using modal verbs and expressions (should,

ought to, to have to, to be to).

1. Вам следует помочь ей, она ведь очень устала. 2. Как это вы умудрились потерять книгу? Вы должны были положить ее в портфель, тогда вы бы ее не потеряли. Теперь вам придется расстаться с какой-нибудь из своих книг. 3. Собрание должно было состояться вчера, но не состоялось. 4. Мне придется пойти к ней, у нее испорчен телефон. 5. Вам бы следовало сделать то, что я вам говорила, тогда вы не оказались бы в таком глупом положении теперь. 6. Как мы условились, я должна была зайти к ней и привести ее сюда. 7. Вы должны были мне сказать, что вы были больны.

8.Это случилось как раз в то время, когда она должна была, уехать на юг.

9.Я должен был прийти к ней в два часа, но я оставил дома ее адрес, и мне пришлось вернуться; поэтому я опоздал. 10. Она, должно быть, очень добрый человек, судя по выражению ее лица.

(Каушанская, 2009)

Exercise 6. What would you look for in your marital partner? Speak on the topic using must, mustn’t, has to, doesn’t have to, should (ought), shouldn’t (oughtn’t).

WILL

Will is hardly a purely modal verb. It generally combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity.

Predictions, based on our opinion or experience

Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again.

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