English grammar for university students. Part 3. Учебное пособие

their crops. 9. I can't get the door unlocked. You ……... (turn) the key in a special way. 10. John doesn't have a car, and there's no bus, so he ………... (walk) all the way to the village. 11. I …... (wear) a jacket and tie last night. Formal attire was not required. 12. You … (make) so much noise. All that shouting was quite unnecessary. 13. They are making a lot of people redundant at my company, so I …… (look) for a new job fairly soon. 14. With the increase in manufacturing output, we ……… (see) the beginning of an economic recovery.

Exercise 2. Use modal verbs (expressions) and the appropriate form of the Infinitive.

1. You …………. (conduct) any chemistry experiments unless you are wearing safety glasses. 2. There are a lot of books which Anna …………. (read) as part of her University course, but which she decided to read out of interest. 3. We

………….(talk) for too long. These calls are expensive. 4. I went to see the dentist yesterday, but luckily I …………. (have) any painful treatment. 5. You

………….(tell) about the party! Now it’s not a surprise. 6. Please, put the paper cups and plates in the bin. We ………. (leave) the room in a mess. 7. There is plenty of time. We …………. (be) at the cinema until 8. You ………….

(sign) the application at the end of the page, or it won’t be accepted. 9. This bus is going to take ages. We …………. (take) a taxi. 10. Important notice. All new arrivals …………. (report) to the reception desk. 11. You …………. (not decide) immediately whether to join the class. 12. It’s difficult to know whether to stay here or try to walk. What …………. we (do)? 13. My phone isn’t working very well. The battery …………. charging. 14. Look, how much they have charged us for the meal! That …………. (be) right. 15. Excuse me, do you think you …………. possibly (open) the window? 16. Just look at this room! How …………. (make) such a mess! 17. A person …………. (eat) in order to live. 18. I don’t have enough money to take the bus, so I …………. (walk) home. 19. We …………. (go) to Colorado for our vacation. 20. According to

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my advisor, I …………. (take) another English course. 21. Rice ………….

(have) water in order to grow. 22. This pie is very good. You …………. (try) a piece. 23. This pie is excellent! You …………. (try) a piece. 24. You

………….(drive) when you are tired. It's dangerous. 25. Tommy, you

………….(say) that word. It's not a nice word. 26. Mr. Moneybags is very rich. He …………. (work) for a living.

Exercise 3. Use modal verbs and expressions to respond to the situation.

1. A friend brings you some flowers. 2. Your teacher is carrying a pile of heavy books. 3. A friend tells you that he/she is thinking of running away from home and joining a circus. 4. It is hot in the classroom and you want to open the window. 5. A small child is trying to cross the street when the traffic lights are red. 6. Your friend has failed the exam. 7. Your friend has bought a Maserati. 8. There is a knock at the door late at night.

Exercise 4. State the meaning of the modal verbs and translate the sentences into Russian

1. The truth was she couldn't do ugly things. She was too beautiful. 2. She lifted up a bit and kissed my cheek. It must have seemed hot, I was red enough by that time to have started a bonfire. 3. You think that because I can sometimes see what's trivial and what's important in art that I ought to be more virtuous. 4. I thought she might be joking still. 5. My photos can wait. We may as well go. 6. You have money, as a matter of fact, you aren't stupid, you could become whatever you liked. Only you've got to shake off the past. You've got to be a new human being. 7. It was very dark of course, but clear, you could see some stars. 8. I thought for a minute she was going to attack me, but she must have seen it was silly. I was determined, she couldn't have won. 9. I wish I had a nice dress.

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And I must have some more hot water to wash my hair. 10. I have to give him a name. I'm going to call him Caliban. 11. I know it's no good asking. I might just as well ask him to drive me to the nearest station. 12. I must have waited several minutes, I should have known but I couldn't bear the suspense. 13. Of course you can have drawing materials, I said. You only had to ask anyhow. 14. She tried to teach me to jive and samba, but I got so confused and I never got the time right. She must have thought I was really slow. 15. How can I ever become a good painter when I know so little geometry and mathematics? 16. He got straight back on to the divan and lay with his eyes shut, as if I shouldn't have come and I felt I ought never to have come. 17. That's what the solicitor took it for. The doctor may have taken it rather differently. 18. Put them on, she said. If you give a girl jewellery, you must put it on yourself. 19. I knew she was shocked by him, although she wouldn't admit it. 20. I can't marry a man to whom I don't feel I belong in all ways. Just as I must feel he belongs to me. 21. So I have to ask you to leave me to find my peace again. 22. Two years ago I couldn't have dreamed of falling in love with an older man. I was always the one who argued for equal ages. 23. The beauty confuses you, you don’t know what you want to do any more, what you should do. 24. I couldn't kill myself, I'm too angry with him. 25. He must always have known he couldn't do anything with me. 26. Just those three words, said and meant. I love you. They were quite hopeless. He said it as he might have said, I have cancer. 27. Time passed, it must have been midnight or more and I went up to see how she was, to see if she would drink a cup of tea, and I couldn't get her to answer me. 28. Don’t play games. Tell me what I must do to be set free. 29. “Mr. Singleton should have told you”. You could see she didn't believe it about him. 30. A chap called Nobby who knew all about women, always said you shouldn't ever tell a woman you loved her. Even if you did. If you had to say I love you, you said it joking. So I told myself a dozen times I mustn't tell her I loved her, but

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when I had her there my head went round and I often said things I didn't mean to. 31. With nothing to do here, I may as well take a short holiday. 32. "Will you take your meals in the dining room, or here?" she asked, indicating the small table and a single chair by the window. 33. I can't live all the time down here. I must have some fresh air and light. I need things from the chemist. I must have some sort of exercise. 34. “You could have told me. You could have stopped me at the very beginning”. “I tried”, I said. 35. He can't possibly be in Peru, can he? 36. From what he had said about other things, I thought he must be Labour, I knew he had been a Communist once. 37. Now I have to write down what I feel now. Because I have changed again. I know it. 38. I think it must be something he did a long time ago. 39. Can you really not remember? You are peculiar. 40. She was going to speak but I felt I had to stop her questions, I didn't know she was so sharp. Not like normal people. 41. It's her own fault. She shouldn't insist on being called Caroline and treated like a girl in so many ways. I can't respect her as an aunt. As a giver of advice. 42. Then the vicar from the village came and I had to be rude with him. I said I wanted to be left alone, I was Nonconformist. 43. I couldn't say what I felt, I just had to leave her; she was really hurting me. 44. I'll bring Julian to London tomorrow. Nobody shall force her, nobody can force her, she'll do what she wants to do. 45.Perhaps I ought to ring Rachel? But supposing Julian were to answer?

(Источники: Fowles, 1963; Murdoch, 1973; Setterfield, 2006)

Exercise 5. State the meaning of the modal verbs and translate the sentences into Russian

1. I got the feeling that he may have been there for some time already. 2. After that she must have dozed off for an hour or so, but suddenly she began to scream, she couldn't, but she was trying and when I rushed in she was half out of bed. 3. I'm so lonely. He must realize that. He can make me depend on him.

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4. He was genuinely shocked that I should be frightened. He can't imagine himself killing or hurting me, and that is something. 5. There were moments when I thought I'd have to go down and drive her back to London like she wanted. I could go abroad. But then I thought of her face and the way her pigtail twisted and how she walked and her lovely clear eyes. I knew I couldn’t do it. 6. You know who I am. You must know my father. He is not rich or anything. So it can't be ransom. 7. It was the kind of thing a mother might buy for a boy leaving school for his first job. 8. She said, I've got pneumonia. You must get a doctor. 9. I think I should be going, actually. I ought to try for some photos at the church before the light quite disappears. 10. When I was twelve, Father set me looking for lost books. They might have been stolen but, more likely, they had been left in the wrong place. 11. He behaves exactly as if I ought to be ashamed. 12. Then I asked him what he really wanted me to do. Should I become his mistress? But that shocked him. He went red and said he could buy that in London. 13. I'm reading Sense and Sensibility and I must find out what happens to Marianne. Marianne is me; Eleanor is me as I ought to be. 14. I ought to have seen that I could never get what I wanted from someone like Miranda, with all her la-di-da ideas and clever tricks. 15. John, I may be poor of sight, but tell me, are you not seeing what I'm not seeing? 16. One must be on the Left. Every decent person I've ever met has been anti-Tory. 17. We had an argument this evening about his money. I said he ought to give most of it away. I tried to shame him into giving some away. But he won't trust anything. 18. What do you know about the legal procedures you have to take to have someone declared dead? 19. "Your fault? How should it be your fault?" Miss Winter shook her head. 20. In my head I heard indistinct echoes of words I may have spoken in my sleep. 21. She wouldn't speak again at lunch. I cooked the lunch in the outer cellar and took it in. But hardly any of it was eaten. 22. “You ought to go in for beauty comps”, he said when he was winding up his film. 23. "Shall

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I tell you a story?" the girl asked. I thought perhaps Aurelius had had enough stories for one day, but he nodded his head. 24. I must have gone down four or five times that morning, I was that worried. 25. You can't seriously propose to settle down and explore this emotional mess with Julian? 26. Why should a scientific friendship not be a source of joy? It is no less scientific for that, is it? 27. I'm getting desperate to escape. The burning need I have (all prisoners must have) is for other people. 28. I rose from my chair in alarm but had no idea what I ought to do. 29. The next thing was she wouldn't talk. That next lunch she said not a word when I spoke to her and said I was ready to let bygones be bygones. 30. They told Adeline she was going to see Emmeline; a lie they needn't have bothered with; they could have taken Adeline anywhere and she 'd not have fought them. 31. You can't have killed her … You're talking nonsense. You can't have. 32. Birds can't sing in cages. 33. I felt I must talk to someone. Even him. At least he is a human being. 34. He must have been chopping wood outside and forgotten to hide the axe. 35. Now, what time is your train? We should be going. 36. He knew what needed to be done. 37. You can't be drunk at this hour of the morning. 38. You have to be Left politically because the Socialists are the only people who care, for all their mistakes. 39. I tell myself I must prepare for the worst. 40. She had a book in her lap. She can't have been looking at it, though. 41. It must seem I never try to escape. But I can't try every day, that's the trouble. I have to space out the attempts. And each day here is like a week outside. Of course it must be agony for him to go shopping for me, so I suppose he prefers to get it all over in one go. 42. I had to find an art-shop in Lewes and buy special paper and all sorts of pencils and things. 43. You can't mean to take advantage of a sentimental schoolgirl who is flattered by your attentions. 44. I see you have to break principles sometimes to survive. 45. It must have been about the fourth or fifth time I went round to see him.

(Источники: Fowles, 1963; Murdoch, 1973; Setterfield, 2006)

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Exercise 6. Think of some polite requests (with modal verbs) you may hear:

-in the classroom;

-at an airport;

-at a restaurant;

-at a grocery store;

-on the phone;

-at a clothing store.

Exercise 7. Make up a dialogue for each situation showing modality.

1.Janet and Sarah are roommates and good friends. Janet doesn’t have enough money to go to a movie tonight and she wants to borrow some from Sarah.

2.Ron is walking down the hall of his office building. He needs to know the time. He asks Elena, a co-worker, whom he has seen before, but they are not acquainted.

3.Larry is trying to study hard. His roommate, Matt, is playing a CD very loudly. This is bothering Larry, who is trying to be polite even though he feels frustrated and a little angry.

4.Ms. Jackson is in the middle of the city. She is lost. She is trying to find a bus-stop. She addresses a friendly-looking stranger to ask for directions.

5.Peter is at work. He suddenly remembers that he has left the stove on at home. His neighbor Mrs. Wu has a key to the front door. He anxiously calls her.

Exercise 8. Translate into English, using modal verbs.

1.«Помочь вам?» — «Нет, спасибо, я сделаю все сама». 2. «Не знаю,

справлюсь ли я с этой работой в такой короткий срок». — «Вы должны были подумать об этом раньше». 3. Не может быть, чтобы он уже вернулся, ведь он вчера только уехал в Москву. Вы, должно быть, ошиблись. 4.

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Тебе лучше было оставить мне записку. Я бы сделала все, что ты хотела. 5. Они, должно быть, работают в лаборатории. Не следует им мешать. 6. Почему ты не пришла вчера? - Я должна была встречать двоюродную сестру на вокзале. - огда ты должна была позвонить, мы бы тебя не ждали. 7. Такие люди достойны восхищения. 8. Что-то случилось с утюгом. Я старался починить его все утро, но он не работает. 9. В юности он не предполагал, что ему суждено было стать знаменитым ученым. 10. Собрание должно было состояться вчера, но не состоялось. 11. Тебе следует чаще бывать на свежем воздухе. 12. Она повернула ключ в замке, но дверь никак не открывалась. 13. Тебе придется рано встать завтра? 14. Почем мне знать, что они собираются делать? Они никогда ничего мне не говорят. 15. Я вас, должно быть, неправильно понял и поэтому пришел так рано. 16. Вам не к чему брать зонтик, на небе нет ни облачка 17. Джордж должен был вчера у нас обедать, но он не пришел. 18. Доктор велел ей лежать в постели, но она и слышать об этом не хотела. 19. Не беспокойтесь, ребенок, должно быть, уже поправляется, иначе ему бы не позволили гулять. 20. Петр посоветовался с отцом, и тот смог дать ему дельный совет. 21. Я не могу смотреть телевизор по вечерам, у меня слишком много дел. 22. Ну что сказать? Правилам нужно подчиняться. 23. К счастью, люди сумели предотвратить эту катастрофу. 24. Не нужно беспокоиться, это дело абсолютно не рисковое. 25. Его должны принять в институт, так как он очень хорошо сдал ЕГЭ. 26. Они были счастливы, что сумели помочь друзьям.

Self-assessment test

1. Complete each sentence in such a way that it is as similar as possible to the sentence above.

1. Students may not park here.

Students are________________________________________________

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2. It’s possible that his trip was cancelled at the last minute.

His trip may________________________________________________

3. She had to get up at five every morning and she didn’t enjoy it.

She didn’t enjoy_____________________________________________

4.It was impossible for him to have committed the crime, according to the report.

He_______________________________________________________

5.It was a bad idea to put this shirt into a washing machine.

This shirt__________________________________________________

2. Choose the right modal verb

You …………. have followed her advice. She knows much more than you do (might, can, must)

…………. she have caught up with the others so soon? (should, can, must)

I wish he had phoned. Then we …………. have gone to the concert together (must, could, may).

We …………. leave. They are waiting for us (can, must, may). How …………. you admire her? (could, might, must)

He said we …………. see many wonderful paintings at the exhibition. (can, must, might)

According to the schedule the lecture …………. begin at 3 (may, might, must). It … be that he doesn’t know the rule (can’t, couldn’t, mustn’t).

3. Choose the meaning of the modal verb

1. Could he have ever believed that she would marry him? (possibility due to circumstances, reproach, strong doubt)

2. He might not have a head for books but he was smart in a way (giving permission, possibility, disapproval).

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3.We must hurry. The train leaves at five (probability bordering on assurance, necessity, prohibition)

4.Could you come to my place tonight? (physical ability, disapproval, request)

5.You might have phoned. I worried about you (request, possibility due to circumstances, reproach).

6.You must leave the room at once (obligation arising out of circumstances, prohibition, command).

7.You can wait for the examination results in room 46 (physical or mental ability, giving permission, general possibility).

8.You must attend today’s performance. It’s really brilliant (command, probability bordering on assurance, emphatic request).

9.But for you he might have been killed (unrealized possibility, request, advice)

Keys

1.Students are not allowed (permitted) to park here.

2.His trip may have been cancelled at the last minute.

3.She didn’t enjoy getting up at five every morning.

4.He couldn’t have committed the crime, according to the report.

5.This shirt shouldn’t have been put into a washing machine.

2.might, can, could, must, could, might, must, can.t.

3.strong doubt, possibility, necessity, request, reproach, command, giving permission, emphatic request, unrealized possibility

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