Broaden your mind in the world of translation. Учебное пособие

5 Did the ancient city-states of Mesopotamia develop from small villages into moderatesize cities?

6 Greece is a country of mountains and valleys, making land communication difficult, isn’t it?

7 Was Sparta a highly militarized society ruled by kings or monarchs? 8 Who was allowed to conduct public affairs?

2 Transcribe the words from the text and use them in the sentence of your own:

valley, community, attempt, rural, historian, allegiance, counterpart, archaeologist, tyrant,

cradle, participant, permanently.

3 Match the words in the box to their definitions:

1 social organization of a high order, marked by the development and use of a written language and by advances in the arts and sciences, government;

2 living in a place for some continuous period; having a residence; 3 all the people living in a particular district, city;

4 the office, authority, government, or jurisdiction of a tyrant, or absolute ruler; 5 any particular branch of productive, esp. manufacturing, enterprise;

6 a state uniting many territories and peoples under a single sovereign power;

7 a place or locality, esp. with reference to events or circumstances connected with it, often as a setting for a story, play, etc.;

8 a regular payment of money, etc., made by one ruler or nation to another as acknowledgment of subjugation, for protection from invasion;

9 a social division or class; stratum of society.

4 Copy the names of all city-states out of the text and find out additional information about them.

5 Copy all the numerals out of the text and try to reproduce sentences, containing them.

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6 Ask all types of questions to the following sentences:

1These societies were the first attempts of people to create independent political structures for themselves.

2 Of greater significance for the residents, however, was their independence.

3 The ancient city-states of Mesopotamia developed from small villages into moderatesize cities.

4 Women had no votes, nor did the many free foreign-born residents who came to make up a large part of the population.

5 The stronger cities, such as Athens and Sparta, succeeded in dominating smaller ones and forcing them to pay tribute.

6 The greatest part of this economic development has taken place only since Singapore became independent and able to run its own affairs.

7 Translate from Russian into English:

Многие люди считают Вашингтон самым красивым городом в мире.

Вашингтон был основан в 1791 году и стал столицей Соединенных Штатов Америки. Здесь много парков, широких улиц и впечатляющих зданий. В центре города находится Капитолийский парк, где взор посетителей приковывает здание Капитолия, дом американского конгресса. Многие посетители приезжают в Вашингтон, чтобы увидеть Белый дом. Это самое старое общественное строение в столице, построенное в 1799 году. Белый дом – это официальная резиденция президента Соединенных Штатов. Он расположен на улице Пенсильвания авеню

1600. В Белом доме более ста комнат. Самая большая комната в здании – Восточная комната, сцена многих государственных приемов и баллов. Другие знаменитые комнаты: Зеленая комната, Голубая комната, Красная комната, которые используются для полуденного чая и приемов, предшествующих званым обедам.

Голубая комната, самая неофициальная среди всех «цветных» комнат, имеет овальную форму и соединяет Зеленую и Красную комнаты. На втором этаже можно найти комнату Линкольна, которая в свое время служила офисом для президента Линкольна, но сейчас служит для приема особо важных гостей. В этой комнате в

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1863 году Линкольн подписал «Провозглашение эмансипации», которое подарило

свободу всем чернокожим людям в Соединенных Штатах.

8 Match the following idioms to their Russian equivalents:

9 Translate the dialogue from Russian into English:

Марк: Это твой первый визит в Нью-Йорк?

Ник: Да, и к сожалению, у меня мало времени.

Марк: Так что ты собираешься делать, пока ты здесь?

Ник: Ну я не так много знаю о Нью-Йорке, только об Эмпайр Стэйт Билдинг и статуе свободы.

Марк: У тебя в распоряжении только два дня? Тогда у тебя мало свободного времени, если ты хочешь посмотреть все достопримечательности.

Ник: Я планирую начать сегодня рано утром. С чего мне лучше начать?

Марк: Я думаю, что лучше начать с Эмпайр Стэйт Билдинг. Теперь это не самое высокое здание в мире, но вид с него в ясное прохладное утро очень красивый. Ты просто обязан это сделать.

Ник: Звучит великолепно. Я определенно это сделаю. Скажи, а какое здание в мире самое высокое?

Марк: Здание всемирного торгового центра. Но тебе следует идти туда вечером,

если хочешь насладиться видом. Наверху есть бар и оттуда можно полюбоваться на огни ночного города.

Ник: Хорошо.

10 Retell the text in details.

11 Translate the song and sing it:

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Sting

Englishman in New York

I don't drink coffee I take tea my dear I like my toast done on one side

As you can hear it in my accent when I talk I'm an Englishman in New York

See me walking down Fifth Avenue

A walking cane here at my side

I take it everywhere I walk

I'm an Englishman in New York

I'm an alien I'm a legal alien

I'm an Englishman in New York

I'm an alien I'm a legal alien

I'm an Englishman in New York

If, Manners make the man as someone said Then he's the hero of the day

It takes a man to suffer ignorance and smile Be yourself no matter what they say

I'm an alien I'm a legal alien

I'm an Englishman in New York

I'm an alien I'm a legal alien

I'm an Englishman in New York

Modesty, propriety can lead to notoriety You could end up as the only one Gentleness, sobriety are rare in this society At night a candle's brighter than the sun Takes more than combat gear to make a man Takes more than a license for a gun

Confront your enemies, avoid them when you can A gentleman will walk but never run

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8 Unit Travelling

The Cruise Industry

After the first commercial jets began flying the Atlantic in 1958, oceangoing passenger service went into a sharp decline. Shipping companies failed, and ships were scrapped. Travel by airplane could save both time and money.

Passenger shipping was saved from extinction by a novel concept: the ship as destination. Instead of being a mode of transportation from one place to another, the ship itself became the attraction. The shipping lines that could not make money by transporting passengers across the Atlantic or Pacific found that they could turn a profit by emphasizing the ship's facilities rather than the ports of call.

Ships were refitted and redecorated to become floating hotels-oceangoing resorts. That they stopped at various ports of call was only an added attraction because there was so much to do on the ship itself: swimming, gambling, movies, games, exercise groups, shows, classes, lectures, and fine dining. And everything was included in one price.

Today cruise lines operate in all parts of the world. The most popular areas are the Caribbean and the Mediterranean seas, but there are also cruises operating to the west coast of Mexico and to Alaska, to the east coast of South America, to the Black Sea or the Baltic, to various ports in the South Pacific, along the coast of China, and around Australia. There are a few around-the-world cruises that last about 90 days, and there are specialized cruises that offer study while at sea. Some of the major cruise lines that operate today are Carnival, Cunard, Paquet, Princess, Sitmar, Sundance, Western, Commodore, Dolphin, Eastern, Norwegian Caribbean, Royal Caribbean, Home Lines, Holland America, Royal Viking, Chandris, Costa, American, American Canadian, Cycladic, Epirotiki, K- Lines, Sea Goddess, and Pearl Cruises.

Resorts are special-purpose destinations. They may be places in the sun to get away from winter's cold; they may be places in the snow to enjoy skiing and other winter sports; or they may be health resorts such as Hot Springs, Ark, or Baden-Baden, Germany. Whichever type of resort is chosen, the normal purpose is to get away from it all for a while, to enjoy relaxation and recreation.

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Modern resorts have their antecedents in health spas dating back to the late Middle Ages in continental Europe and in seaside resorts that emerged in England in the 18th century. Spa is the name of a town in Belgium that has long been noted for its beneficial mineral waters. There are a great many similar towns and cities in Europe and England to which people have gone for centuries, hoping for cures for a variety of ailments. The first well-known sea resort was Brighton, England, still a popular summer vacation spot.

The modern resorts of the Caribbean islands, Mexico, the Canary Islands, the French Riviera, Spain's south and east coasts, Hawaii, the Italian Riviera, the Greek Islands, Florida, California, and the Black Sea coast attract many thousands of visitors each year. Like cruise ships, they offer a great variety of recreation opportunities. Unlike the ships, they have golf courses, tennis courts, ocean bathing, and other features that ships cannot provide.

The winter resort is of more recent origin. Skiing, made more popular by the Winter Olympic Games, is the main attraction. Therefore most winter resorts are in mountainous areas such as the Austrian, German, Italian, Swiss, and French Alps; the Canadian and American Rockies; and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. The first major ski resort in the United States was developed at Sun Valley, Idaho.

In 1841 an English Baptist missionary named Thomas Cook arranged for a railway excursion from Leicester to Loughborough for a temperance group. Three years later the railroad - the Midland Counties Railway Company - agreed to make the excursion a permanent feature if Cook would provide the passengers. He became the first travel agent, and the company he founded - Thomas Cook and Son - went on to become one of the world's leading travel agencies with offices around the world.

In the late 1950s, before the jet age, there were about 3,000 travel agents in the United States. By the late 1980s there were more than 20,000, with tens of thousands more worldwide. A travel agent is a retailer, an intermediary between the prospective traveller and all the components of a trip. Agents book and sell airline, train, bus, and ship tickets. They reserve hotel rooms and arrange for ground transportation at the destination. They can also make restaurant reservations and obtain theatre tickets. For these and other services they are paid a commission by those whose wares they sell.

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Tour operators are companies that arrange every aspect of a travel package. They bring together all the elements of a trip for travellers or for groups of travelers: plane reservations and tickets, hotel arrangements, ground transportation, entertainment, and more. All these components are sold together as a package. Travellers may deal directly with a tour company, or they may book tours through a travel agent.

Today there is a great deal of overlapping between the services of travel agents and tour operators. Companies like Thomas Cook and American Express perform both services, and many independent travel agencies put together tour packages for customers. Among the other major tour companies now operating around the world are: Maupintour, Cartan, Four Winds Travel, International Weekends, Olson Travel, Hemphill-Harris Tours, Lindblad Travel, General Tours, Perillo Tours, the Cortell Group, Globus-Gateway, EuroWorld, CIE Tours, Bennett Tours, Crownline, Charter Travel, China Orient Tour Service, Trafalgar Tours, Single-World, DER Travel Service, and Arthur Frommer Tours.

Arranging for a trip can be as simple as telephoning for a motel reservation or as complex as setting up an around-the-world tour. The more arrangements to be made, the more useful are the services of a travel agent. Airlines and many hotel chains also make extensive travel arrangements.

Travellers to a foreign country need certain documents in order to be allowed in and out of the country. The most necessary of credentials is the passport. This is a formal document issued by governments to their citizens. It establishes the carrier's identity and nationality and authorizes travel outside the country. A United States passport is valid for either five or ten years. To obtain one an individual needs proof of citizenship, two recent identical photographs 2 by 2 inches (5 by 5 centimeters), proof of identity, and a fee payable to Passport Services. These must be accompanied by a signed application form. Passports may be obtained from passport offices in 13 cities, from some post offices, and from some clerks of federal or state courts.

A visa is required for entry into some countries and may be obtained at a point of entry. This is an endorsement placed in a passport indicating it has been examined and approved by a government official.

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