Учимся работать с текстом. Учебное пособие по переводу и развитию навыков чтения с английского языка на русский для студентов технических специальност

data transfer rate – скорость передачи данных collinear holography – коллинеарная голография to collimate – коллимировать

interference fringe – зашумленная полоса reference beam – эталонный луч (пучок) servo info – серво-информация readhead – считывающая головка

hard disc drive – винчестер, жёсткий диск selectively – выборочно

dichroic mirror – дихроическое зеркало

to eliminate – устранять, исключать, ликвидировать interference – помеха

refraction - преломление

1. Answer the questions:

1.What characteristics will HVD have when produced in full scale?

2.What does the “collinear holography” consist in?

3.What is the blue-green laser used for?

4.What is the role of red laser?

5.Why can possible chances of the interference take place?

6.What is servo info meant for?

7.Why do some experts call HVD as a next-next generation technology?

2. Finish the sentences:

1.In comparison with the speed of DVD players…..

2.“Collinear holography” is the technology ….

3.The blue-green laser…..

4.The red laser…..

5.The servo info…..

6.HVD is called as…..

7.The storage capacity of Blu-ray optical systems…..

8.A layer of dichroic mirrors …..

9.The refraction of blue-green laser off the servo data pits…..

10.The laser beams selectively……

3. Decide True/False or Not stated

1.A layer of dichroic mirrors exists between the holographic and servo data storage capacities.

2.The storage capacity of HD DVD is 90 GB.

3.The red laser plays the role of reference beam.

4.The storage capacity of CD is less than DVD and HVD.

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5.The servo info controls the coordinates of the read head above the disk.

6.Some industry experts call HVDs a next-next generation technology.

7.The role of the red laser is to read the data encoded in the form of laser interference fringes from the holographic layer on the top.

8.The yellow laser reads the servo info from the aluminum layer – like in normal CDs.

9.HVD will be produced in full scale next year.

10.Two laser rays in 'collinear holography,' one blue-green and one red, are collimated into a single beam.

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Unit 4

Text 4: RetroScope opens doors to the past in smart phone investigations

Purdue University researchers are working on a new technique that could aid law enforcement in gathering data from smart phones when investigating crimes.

A research team led by Professor DongyanXu, a computer science professor and interim executive director of Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security, and fellow Purdue computer science professor Xiangyu Zhang will detail findings of the technique, called RetroScope, during the USENIX Security Symposium in Austin, Texas, Aug. 10-12.

The increasing use of mobile technology in today's society has made information stored in the memory of smart phones just as important as evidence recovered from traditional crime scenes.

Xu said RetroScope was developed in the last nine months as a continuation of the team's work in smart phone memory forensics. The research moves the focus from a smart phone's hard drive, which holds information after the phone is shut down, to the device's RAM, which is volatile memory.

"We argue this is the frontier in cybercrime investigation in the sense that the volatile memory has the freshest information from the execution of all the apps," he said. "Investigators are able to obtain more timely forensic information toward solving a crime or an attack."

Although the contents of volatile memory are gone as soon as the phone is shut down, it can reveal surprising amounts of forensic data if the device is up and running.

The team's early research resulted in work published late last year that could recover the last screen displayed by an Android application. Building on that, Xu said, it was discovered that apps left a lot of data in the volatile memory long after that data was displayed.

To uncover that data, Purdue doctoral student Brendan Saltaformaggio theorized that rather than focusing on searching for that data, the phone's graphical rendering code could be retargeted to specific memory areas to obtain and bring up several previous screens shown by an app.

RetroScope makes use of the common rendering framework used by Android to issue a redraw command and obtain as many previous screens as available in the volatile memory for any Android app. Improving on the previous research, RetroScope requires no previous information about an app's internal data.

The screens recovered, beginning with the last screen the app displayed, are presented in the order they were seen previously. "Anything that was shown on the screen at the time of use is indicated by the recovered screens, offering investigators a litany of information," Xu said.

In testing, RetroScope recovered anywhere from three to 11 previous screens in 15 different apps, an average of five pages per app. The apps ranged from popular social media platforms Facebook and Instagram to more privacy-conscious

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apps and others. The researchers have posted a demo video of one such experiment on YouTube at:https://youtu.be/bsKTmZEgxiE.

"We feel without exaggeration that this technology really represents a new paradigm in smart phone forensics," he said. "It is very different from all the existing methodologies for analyzing both hard drives and volatile memories."

Xu said RetroScope takes care of a lot of manual "dirty work" for a smart phone forensics investigator. However, it also raises questions about how much is available for recovery from a person's smart phone.

"I was personally amazed by the lack of in-memory app data protection," he said. "One would expect these privacy-sensitive apps to have more completely shredded information that was previously displayed.

"I should get peace of mind that none of my privacy-sensitive information lingers in the live memory. I know by doing this research that we don't get that." Purdue researchers looked at the issue from the other side, attempting to determine how to disrupt the RetroScope tool. Xu and his team characterized efforts to disrupt RetroScope as a trade-off between privacy and usability.

“We realize the dilemma that arises from zeroing every bit and byte of information previously displayed. By doing that your app will run very slowly to re-generate that information when needed again and the usability of the app will degrade," he said. "We don't see an easy solution or easy way to bypass” this.

Vocabulary:

investigation – исследование, расследование to aid – помочь, помогать

law enforcement – правоохранительные органы evidence – доказательство

forensics – криминалистика continuation – продолжение

volatile memory – энергозависимое ЗУ (с разрушением памяти при выключении питания)

execution – выполнение

apps – программное обеспечение contents – содержание framework – программный каркас litany – длинный список exaggeration – преувеличение data protection – защита данных

to linger – задерживаться, застревать issue – вопрос, проблема

to disrupt – разрушить, сломать tradeoff – компромисс usability – практичность zeroing – обнуление

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1. Answer the questions:

1.What technique are the researchers working on?

2.How can the information stored in the memory be used?

3.What work results were published late last year?

4.What is phone's graphical rendering code able to do?

5.How does RetroScope use the common rendering framework?

6.What was discovered in testing?

7.Is it possible to disrupt RetroScope?

2. Match the synonyms:

3. Decide True/False or Not stated

1.The research team will conceal the findings at the USENIX Security Symposium in Austin.

2.The information stored in the memory of smart phones is not so important as evidence recovered from traditional crime scenes.

3.RetroScope was developed in the previous months.

4.The team's early research resulted in work published last year

5.In testing, RetroScope recovered anywhere from three to 11 previous screens in 15 different apps

6.RetroScope differs from all the existing methodologies for analyzing both hard drives and volatile memories.

7.Purdue researchers tried to recover RetroScope.

8.Xu said RetroScope takes care of a lot of manual "dirty work" for a smart phone forensics investigator.

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Unit 5

Text 5: New algorithm

Iron Man's suit. Captain America's shield. The Batmobile. These all could look a lot more realistic thanks to a new algorithm developed by a team of U.S. computer graphics experts.

The researchers, led by Professor Ravi Ramamoorthi at the University of California San Diego, have created a method to improve how computer graphics software reproduces the way light interacts with extremely small details, called glints, on the surface of a wide range of materials, including metallic car paints, metal finishes for electronics and injection-molded plastic finishes.

The method developed by Ramamoorthi and colleagues is 100 times faster than the current state of the art. They are presenting their work this month at SIGGRAPH 2016 in Anaheim, California. The method requires minimal computational resources and can be used in animations. Current methods can only reproduce these so-called glints in stills.

Accurate rendering of a material's appearance has always been a critical feature of computer graphics, Ramamoorthi said. It has become even more important with the advent of today's ever-higher display resolutions.

The standard approach to modeling the way surfaces reflect light assumes that the surfaces are smooth at the pixel level. But that's not the case in the real world for metallic materials as well as fabrics, wood finishes and wood grain, among others. As a result, with current methods, these surfaces will appear noisy, grainy or glittery.

"There is currently no algorithm that can efficiently render the rough appearance of real specular surfaces," Ramamoorthi said. "This is highly unusual in modern computer graphics, where almost any other scene can be rendered given enough computing power."

The researchers' solution was to break down each pixel of an uneven, intricate surface into pieces covered by thousands of light-reflecting points smaller than a pixel, called microfacets. The team then computed the vector that is perpendicular to the surface of the materials for each microfacet, called the point's normal. The normal is key to figuring out how light reflects off a surface.

For any specific computer-generated scene, the microfacets on a surface reflect light back to the computer's virtual camera only if its normal is located exactly halfway between the ray from the light source and the light ray that bounces back from the surface. Computer scientists calculated the normals' distribution within each patch of microfacets. Then they used the distribution to determine which normals where in that halfway position.

The key to the algorithm's speed is its ability to approximate this normal distribution at each surface location, called a "position-normal distribution." This enables the algorithm to easily computer the amount of net reflected light with a speed that is orders of magnitude faster than previous methods. Using a

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distribution rather than trying to calculate how light interacts with every single microfacet resulted in considerable time and computer power savings.

Vocabulary:

to render – наносить, делать surface – поверхность

finish – отделка, отделочное покрытие grainy, uneven – неровный, шероховатый glittery – блестящий, сверкающий intricate – извилистый, трудный

to figure out – вычислить, представить distribution – распределение considerable – значительный

power saving – сохранение энергопотребления

to approximate – аппроксимировать, выполнить приблизительно ability – способность

1.Answer the questions:

1.What is glint?

2.Where are they presenting their work this month?

3.What does the standard approach consist in?

4.What did the researchers decide to do?

5.What is the function of microfacets on the surface?

6.What is the key to the algorithm’s speed?

7.What can the algorithm do with the help of “position-normal distribution”?

2. Match the following words in order to get the word combinations:

Make sentences with the above-mentioned word combinations

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3. Decide True/False or Not stated

1.Glints are extremely large details on the surface of a wide range of materials.

2.The standard approach to modeling the way surfaces reflect light assumes that the surfaces are even at the pixel level.

3.The method developed by Ramamoorthi and colleagues is 100 times faster than that used last year.

4.There isn’t the algorithm that can efficiently render the rough appearance of real specular surfaces.

5.The researchers decided to break down each pixel of an uneven, intricate surface into pieces.

6.The team computed the vector that is parallel to the surface of the materials for each microfacet.

7.The key to the algorithm's speed is its ability to approximate this normal distribution at random surface location.

8.Computer scientists calculated the normals' distribution within each patch of microfacets.

9.The normal is key to show how light reflects off a surface.

10.The researchers are presenting their work this month at SIGGRAPH 2016 in Rome.

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Unit 6

Text 6: Type Ia supernovae

Five years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three astronomers for their discovery, in the late 1990s, that the universe is expanding at an accelerating pace.

Their conclusions were based on analysis of Type Ia supernovae – the spectacular thermonuclear explosion of dying stars – picked up by the Hubble space telescope and large ground-based telescopes. It led to the widespread acceptance of the idea that the universe is dominated by a mysterious substance named 'dark energy' that drives this accelerating expansion.

Now, a team of scientists led by Professor SubirSarkar of Oxford University's Department of Physics has cast doubt on this standard cosmological concept. Making use of a vastly increased data set – a catalogue of 740 Type Ia supernovae, more than ten times the original sample size – the researchers have found that the evidence for acceleration may be flimsier than previously thought, with the data being consistent with a constant rate of expansion.

The study is published in the Nature journal Scientific Reports.

Professor Sarkar, who also holds a position at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, said: 'The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe won the Nobel Prize, the Gruber Cosmology Prize, and the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. It led to the widespread acceptance of the idea that the universe is dominated by "dark energy" that behaves like a cosmological constant

– this is now the "standard model" of cosmology.

'However, there now exists a much bigger database of supernovae on which to perform rigorous and detailed statistical analyses. We analysed the latest catalogue of 740 Type Ia supernovae – over ten times bigger than the original samples on which the discovery claim was based – and found that the evidence for accelerated expansion is, at most, what physicists call "3 sigma." This is far short of the "5 sigma" standard required to claim a discovery of fundamental significance.

'An analogous example in this context would be the recent suggestion for a new particle weighing 750 GeV based on data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It initially had even higher significance – 3.9 and 3.4 sigma in December last year – and stimulated over 500 theoretical papers. However, it was announced in August that new data shows that the significance has dropped to less than 1 sigma. It was just a statistical fluctuation, and there is no such particle.'

There is other data available that appears to support the idea of an accelerating universe, such as information on the cosmic microwave background – the faint afterglow of the Big Bang – from the Planck satellite. However, Professor Sarkar said: 'All of these tests are indirect, carried out in the framework of an assumed model, and the cosmic microwave background is not directly affected by dark energy. Actually, there is indeed a subtle effect, the late-integrated SachsWolfe effect, but this has not been convincingly detected.

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'So it is quite possible that we are being misled and that the apparent manifestation of dark energy is a consequence of analysing the data in an oversimplified theoretical model – one that was in fact constructed in the 1930s, long before there was any real data. A more sophisticated theoretical framework accounting for the observation that the universe is not exactly homogeneous and that its matter content may not behave as an ideal gas – two key assumptions of standard cosmology – may well be able to account for all observations without requiring dark energy. Indeed, vacuum energy is something of which we have absolutely no understanding in fundamental theory.'

Professor Sarkar added: 'Naturally, a lot of work will be necessary to convince the physics community of this, but our work serves to demonstrate that a key pillar of the standard cosmological model is rather shaky. Hopefully this will motivate better analyses of cosmological data, as well as inspiring theorists to investigate more nuanced cosmological models. Significant progress will be made when the European Extremely Large Telescope makes observations with an ultrasensitive "laser comb" to directly measure over a ten to 15-year period whether the expansion rate is indeed accelerating.

Vocabulary:

Type Ia supernovae – стандартнаясвеча

Hubble space telescope – космический телескоп Хаббла dying stars – угасающие звезды

thermonuclear explosion –термоядерный взрыв expansion – расширение

flimsy evidence – неточное доказательство to cast doubt – бросать тень сомнения rigorous – строгий, точный

Large Hadron Collider – большой адронный коллайдер fluctuation – колебание

Sachs-Wolfeeffect – эффект Сакса-Вульфа laser comb – многолучевая лазерная установка

1. Answer the questions

1.What does Type Ia supernovae mean?

2.What does the idea of Type Ia supernovae consist in?

3.Where is the study published?

4.What is the other data to support the idea of an accelerating universe?

5.What are they being misled by?

6.When will the significant progress take place?

7.What is the purpose of the work according to the words of Professor Sarkar?

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