6 курс / Кардиология / Джон_Кэмм_Болезни_сердца_и_сосудов_2011

7.Sangiorgi G., Holmes Jr.D.R., Rosenfield K. et al. Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease - Pathologic Basic for Treatment. - UK: Informa Healthcare, 2008.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1.Norgren L., Hiatt W.R., Dormandy J.A. et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II) // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2007. - N. 45. - P. 5-67.

2.Rogers J.H., Laird J.R. Overview of new technologies for lower extremity revascularization // Circulation. - 2007. - N. 116. - P. 2072-2085.

3.Rosamond W., Flegal K., Furie K. et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee // Circulation. - 2008. - N. 117. - P. 25-146.

4.Hirsch A.T., Haskal Z.J., Hertzer N.R. et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2006. - N. 47. - P. 1239-1312.

5.Criqui M.H., Fronek A., Barret-Connor E.K. et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population // Circulation. - 1985. - N. 71. - P. 510-515.

6.Hiatt W.R., Hoag S., Hamman R.F. Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease // Circulation. - 1995. - N. 91. - P. 1472-1479.

7.Diehm C., Schuster A., Allenberg J.R. et al. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and comorbidity in 6880 primary care patients: cross-sectional study // Atherosclerosis. - 2004. - N. 172. - P. 95105.

8.Diehm C., Lange S., Darius H. et al. Association of low ankle brachial index with high mortality in primary care // Eur. Heart J. - 2006. - N. 27. - P. 1743-1749.

9.Da Silva A., Widmer L.K., Ziegler H.W. et al. The Basle longitudinal study: report on the relation of initial glucose level to baseline ECG abnormalities, peripheral artery disease, and subsequent mortality // J. Chronic. Dis. - 1979. - N. 32. - P. 797-803.

10.Dick F., Diehm N., Galimanis A. et al. Surgical or endovascular revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia: influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2007. - N. 45. - P. 751-761.

11.Fowkes F.G., Housley E., Riemersma R.A. et al. Smoking, lipids, glucose intolerance and blood pressure as risk factor for peripheral atherosclerosis compared with ischemic heart disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study // Am. J. Epidemiol. - 1992. - N. 135. - P. 331-340.

12.Selvin E., Marinopoulos S., Berkenblit G. et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus // Ann. Intern. Med. - 2004. - N. 141. - P. 421-431.

13.Kannel W.B., Skinner J.J. Jr., Schwartz M.J. et al. Intermittent claudication. Incidence in the Framingham Study // Circulation. - 1970. - N. 41. - P. 875-883.

14.Diehm N., Shang A., Silvestro A. et al. Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Pattern of Lower Limb Atherosclerosis in 2659 Patients Undergoing Angioplasty // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2006. - N. 31. - P. 59-63.

15.Barba A., Estallo L., Rodriguez L. et al. Detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients with peripheral artery disease // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2005. - N. 30. - P. 504-508.

16.Fleming C., Whitlock E.P., Beil T.L. et al. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best-evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force // Ann. Intern. Med. - 2005. - N. 142. - P. 203-211.

17.Rutherford R.B., Baker J.D., Ernst C. et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1997. - N. 26. - P. 517-538.

18.Diehm N., Baumgartner I., Jaff M. et al. A call for uniform reporting standards in studies assessing endovascular treatment for chronic ischaemia of lower limb arteries // Eur. Heart J. - 2007. - N. 28. - P. 798-805.

19.Diehm N., Pattynama P.M., Jaff M.R. et al. Clinical Endpoints in Peripheral Endovascular Revascularization Trials: a Case for Standardized Definitions // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2008. - N. 36. - P. 409-419.

20.Criqui M.H., Fronek A., Klauber M.R. et al. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of traditional clinical evaluation of peripheral arterial disease: results from noninvasive testing in a defined population // Circulation. - 1985. - N. 71. - P. 516-522.

21.Silvestro A., Diehm N., Savolainen H. et al. Falsely high ankle-brachial index predicts major amputation in critical limb ischemia // Vasc. Med. - 2006. - N. 11. - P. 69-74.

22.Fleischmann D., Lammer J. Peripheral CT angiography for interventional treatment planning // Eur. Radiol. - 2006. - N. 16. - Vol. 7. - P. 58-64.

23.Diehm N., Pattynama P.M., Jaff M. et al. Clinical endpoints in peripheral endovascular revascularization trials: A case for standardized definitions // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2008. - N. 36. - P. 409-419.

24.Diabetes-related amputations of lower extremities in the Medicare population - Minnesota, 1993-1995 // MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. - 1998. - N. 47. - P. 649-652.

25.Faglia E., Dalla Paola L., Clerici G. et al. Peripheral angioplasty as the first-choice revascularization procedure in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia: prospective study of 993 consecutive patients hospitalized and followed between 1999 and 2003 // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2005. - N. 29. - P. 620-627.

26.Conrad M.C. Large and small artery occlusion in diabetics and nondiabetics with severe vascular disease // Circulation. - 1967. - N. 36. - P. 83-91.

27.LoGerfo F.W., Coffman J.D. Current concepts. Vascular and microvascular disease of the foot in diabetes. Implications for foot care // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1984. - N. 311. - P. 1615-1619.

28.Menzoian J.O., LaMorte W.W., Paniszyn C.C. et al. Symptomatology and anatomic patterns of peripheral vascular disease: differing impact of smoking and diabetes // Ann. Vasc. Surg. - 1989. - N. 3. - P. 224-228.

29.Ciavarella A., Silletti A., Mustacchio A. et al. Angiographic evaluation of the anatomic pattern of arterial obstructions in diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia // Diabetes Metab. - 1993. - N. 19. - P. 586589.

30.Armstrong D.G., Lavery L.A., Harkless L.B. Validation of a diabetic wound classification system. The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation // Diabetes Care. - 1998. - N. 21. - P. 855-859.

31.O‘Hare A.M., Vittinghoff E., Hsia J. et al. Renal insufficiency and the risk of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) // J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. - 2004. - N. 15. - P. 1046-1051.

32.Diehm N., Rohrer S., Baumgartner I. et al. Distribution pattern of infrageniculate arterial obstructions in patients with diabetes mellitus and renal insufficiency - implications for revascularization // Vasa. - 2008. - N. 37. - P. 265-273.

33.Birkenstock W.E., Louw J.H., Terblanche J. et al. Smoking and other factors affecting the conservative management of peripheral vascular disease // S. Afr. Med. J. - 1975. - N. 49. - P. 1129-1132.

34.Smith I., Franks P.J., Greenhalgh R.M. et al. The influence of smoking cessation and hypertriglyceridaemia on the progression of peripheral arterial disease and the onset of critical ischaemia // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 1996. - N. 11. - P. 402-408.

35.Brand F.N., Abbott R.D., Kannel W.B. Diabetes, intermittent claudication, and risk of cardiovascular events. The Framingham Study // Diabetes. - 1989. - N. 38. - P. 504-509.

36.Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group // Lancet. - 1998. - N. 352. - P. 837-853.

37.Olsson A.G., Ruhn G., Erikson U. The effect of serum lipid regulation on the development of femoral atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemia: a non-randomized controlled study // J. Intern. Med. - 1990. - N. 227. - P. 381-390.

38.Duffield R.G., Lewis B., Miller N.. et al. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia retards progression of symptomatic femoral atherosclerosis. A randomised controlled trial // Lancet. - 1983. - N. 2. - P. 639-642.

39.Feringa H.H., Karagiannis S.E., van Waning V.H. et al. The effect of intensified lipid-lowering therapy on long-term prognosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2007. - N. 45. -

P. 936-943.

40.Salonen R., Nyyssonen K., Porkkala E. et al. Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS). A population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries // Circulation. - 1995. - N. 92. - P. 1758-1764.

41.Walldius G., Erikson U., Olsson A.G. et al. The effect of probucol on femoral atherosclerosis: the Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Trial (PQRST) // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1994. - N. 74. - P. 875-883.

42.Clifford P.C., Davies P.W., Hayne J.A. et al. Intermittent claudication: is a supervised exercise class worth while? // Br. Med. J. - 1980. - N. 280. - P. 1503-1505.

43.Patterson R.B., Pinto B., Marcus B. et al. Value of a supervised exercise program for the therapy of arterial claudication // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1997. - N. 25. - P. 312-319.

44.Regensteiner J.G., Meyer T.J., Krupski W.C. et al. Hospital vs home-based exercise rehabilitation for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease // Angiology. - 1997. - N. 48. - P. 291-300.

45.Spronk S., Bosch J.L., den Hoed P.T. et al. Cost-effectiveness of endovascular revascularization compared to supervised hospital-based exercise training in patients with intermittent claudication: A randomized controlled trial // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2008. - N. 48. - P. 1472-1480.

46.Janzon L., Bergqvist D., Boberg J. et al. Prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with intermittent claudication; effects of ticlopidine. Results from STIMS, the Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study // J. Intern. Med. - 1990. - N. 227. - P. 301-308.

47.Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. Antiplatelet Trialists’

Collaboration // Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.). - 1988. - N. 296. - P. 320-331.

48.Baumgartner I., Pieczek A., Manor O. et al. Constitutive expression of phVEGF165 after intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia //

Circulation. - 1998. - N. 97. - P. 1114-1123.

49.Baumgartner I., Isner J.M. Somatic gene therapy in the cardiovascular system // Annu. Rev. Physiol. - 2001. - N. 63. - P. 427-450.

50.Kranke P., Bennett M., Roeckl-Wiedmann I. et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. - 2004. - N. 2. CD004123.

51.Ubbink D.T., Vermeulen H. Spinal cord stimulation for non-reconstructable chronic critical leg ischaemia // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. - 2003. - N. 3. CD004001.

52.Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). Section B: intermittent claudication // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2000. - N. 19. - P. 47-114.

53.Tegtmeyer C.J., Hartwell G.D., Selby J.B. et al. Results and complications of angioplasty in aortoiliac disease // Circulation. - 1991. - N. 83. - Vol. 2. - P. 53-60.

54.Jeans W.D., Armstrong S., Cole S.E. et al. Fate of patients undergoing transluminal angioplasty for lower-limb ischemia // Radiology. - 1990. - N. 177. - P. 559-564.

55.Jorgensen B., Skovgaard N., Norgard J. et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in 226 iliac artery stenoses: role of the superficial femoral artery for clinical success // Vasa. - 1992. - N. 21. - P. 382386.

56.Johnston K.W. Iliac arteries: reanalysis of results of balloon angioplasty // Radiology. - 1993. - N. 186. - P. 207-212.

57.Colapinto R.F., Stronell R.D., Johnston W.K. Transluminal angioplasty of complete iliac obstructions // AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. - 1986. - N. 146. - P. 859-862.

58.Hausegger K.A., Lammer J., Klein G.E. et al. Percutaneous recanalization of pelvic artery occlusions - fibrinolysis, PTA, stents // Rofo. - 1991. - N. 155. - P. 550-555.

59.Blum U., Gabelmann A., Redecker M. et al. Percutaneous recanalization of iliac artery occlusions: results of a prospective study // Radiology. - 1993. - N. 189. - P. 536-540.

60.Gupta A.K., Ravimandalam K., Rao V.R. et al. Total occlusion of iliac arteries: results of balloon angioplast // Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. - 1993. - N. 16. - P. 165-177.

61.Palmaz J.C., Laborde J.C., Rivera F.J. et al. Stenting of the iliac arteries with the Palmaz stent: experience from a multicenter trial // Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. - 1992. - N. 15. - P. 291-297.

62.Strecker E.P., Hagen B., Liermann D. et al. Iliac and femoropopliteal vascular occlusive disease treated with flexible tantalum stents // Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. - 1993. - N. 16. - P. 158-164.

63.Wolf Y.G., Schatz R.A., Knowles H.J. et al. Initial experience with the Palmaz stent for aortoiliac stenoses // Ann. Vasc. Surg. - 1993. - N. 7. - P. 254-261.

64.Long A.L., Sapoval M.R., Beyssen B.M. et al. Strecker stent implantation in iliac arteries: patency and predictive factors for long-term success // Radiology. - 1995. - N. 19. - P. 739-744.

65.Henry M., Amor M., Ethevenot G. et al. Palmaz stent placement in iliac and femoropopliteal arteries: primary and secondary patency in 310 patients with 2-4-year follow-up // Radiology. - 1995. - N. 197. - P. 167-174.

66.Martin E.C., Katzen B.T., Benenati J.F. et al. Multicenter trial of the wallstent in the iliac and femoral arteries // J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. - 1995. - N. 6. - P. 843-849.

67.Vorwerk D., Gunther R.W., Schurmann K. et al. Aortic and iliac stenoses: follow-up results of stent placement after insufficient balloon angioplasty in 118 cases // Radiology. - 1996. - N. 198. - P. 45-48.

68.Murphy T.P., Webb M.S., Lambiase R.E. et al. Percutaneous revascularization of complex iliac artery stenoses and occlusions with use of Wallstents: three-year experience // J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. - 1996. - N. 7. - P. 21-27.

69.Tetteroo E., Haaring C., van der Graaf Y. et al. Intraarterial pressure gradients after randomized angioplasty or stenting of iliac artery lesions. Dutch Iliac Stent Trial Study Group // Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. - 1996. - N. 19. - P. 411-417.

70.Motarjeme A., Gordon G.I., Bodenhagen K. Thrombolysis and angioplasty of chronic iliac artery occlusions // J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. - 1995. - N. 6. - P. 66-72.

71.Gallino A., Mahler F., Probst P. et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the arteries of the lower limbs: a 5 year follow-up // Circulation. - 1984. - N. 70. - P. 619-623.

72.Krepel V.M., van Andel G.J., van Erp W.F. et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the femoropopliteal artery: initial and long-term results // Radiology. - 1985. - N. 156. - P. 325-328.

73.Hunink M.G., Donaldson M.C., Meyerovitz M.F. et al. Risks and benefits of femoropopliteal percutaneous balloon angioplasty // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1993. - N. 17. - P. 183-194.

74.Capek P., McLean G.K., Berkowitz H.D. Femoropopliteal angioplasty. Factors influencing long-term success // Circulation. - 1991. - N. 83. - P. 70-80.

75.Johnston K.W. Femoral and popliteal arteries: reanalysis of results of balloon angioplasty // Radiology. - 1992. - N. 183. - P. 767-771.

76.Rousseau H.P., Raillat C.R., Joffre F.G. et al. Treatment of femoropopliteal stenoses by means of selfexpandable endoprostheses: midterm results // Radiology. - 1989. - N. 172. - P. 961-964.

77.Zollikofer C.L., Antonucci F., Pfyffer M. et al. Arterial stent placement with use of the Wallstent: midterm results of clinical experience //

Radiology. - 1991. - N. 17. - P. 449-456.

78.Sapoval M.R., Long A.L., Raynaud A.C. et al. Femoropopliteal stent placement: long-term results // Radiology. - 1992. - N. 184. - P. 833-839.

79.Liermann D., Strecker E.P., Peters J. The Strecker stent: indications and results in iliac and femoropopliteal arteries // Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. - 1992. - N. 15. - P. 298-305.

80.Strecker E.P., Boos I.B., Gottmann D. Femoropopliteal artery stent placement: evaluation of long-term success // Radiology. - 1997. - N. 205. - P. 375-383.

81.White G.H., Liew S.C., Waugh R.C. et al. Early outcome and intermediate follow-up of vascular stents in the femoral and popliteal arteries without long-term anticoagulation // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1995. - N. 21. - P. 270-281.

82.Mouanoutoua M., Maddikunta R., Allaqaband S. et al. Endovascular intervention of aortoiliac occlusive disease in high-risk patients using the kissing stents technique: long-term results // Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. - 2003. - N. 60. - P. 320-326.

83.Laxdal E., Wirsching J., Jenssen G.L. et al. Endovascular treatment of isolated atherosclerotic lesions of the infrarenal aorta is technically feasible with acceptable long-term results // Eur. J. Radiol. - 2007. - N. 61. - P. 541-544.

84.De Vries S.O., Hunink M.G. Results of aortic bifurcation grafts for aortoiliac occlusive disease: a metaanalysis // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1997. - N. 26. - P. 558-569.

85.Lord R.S., Crozier J.A., Snell J. et al. Transverse abdominal incisions compared with midline incisions for elective infrarenal aortic reconstruction: predisposition to incisional hernia in patients with increased intraoperative blood loss // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1994. - N. 20. - P. 27-33.

86.Dion Y.M., Gracia C.R. A new technique for laparoscopic aortobifemoral grafting in occlusive aortoiliac disease // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1997. - N. 26. - P. 685-692.

87.Sicard G.A., Reilly J.M., Rubin B.G. et al. Transabdominal versus retroperitoneal incision for abdominal aortic surgery: report of a prospective randomized trial // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1995. - N. 21. - P. 174-183.

88.Roder O.C., Eickhoff J., Jorgensen S.J. Thromboendarterectomy vs. aortic bifurcation graft for unilateral iliac artery atherosclerosis // Acta Chir. Scand. - 1985. - N. 151. - P. 345-348.

89.Vitale GF, Inahara T. Extraperitoneal endarterectomy for iliofemoral occlusive disease // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1990. - N. 12. - P. 409-415.

90.Oskam J., van den Dungen J.J., Boontje A.H. Thromboendarterectomy for obstructive disease of the common iliac artery // Cardiovasc. Surg. - 1996. - N. 4. - P. 356-359.

91.Ascer E., Veith F.J., Gupta S.K. et al. Comparison of axillounifemoral and axillobifemoral bypass operations // Surgery. - 1985. - N. 97. - P. 169-175.

92.Rutherford R.B., Patt A., Pearce W.H. Extra-anatomic bypass: a closer view // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1987. - N. 6. - P. 437-446.

93.El-Massry S., Saad E., Sauvage L.R. et al. Axillofemoral bypass with externally supported, knitted Dacron grafts: a follow-up through twelve years // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1993. - N. 17. - P. 107-115.

94.Passman M.A., Farber M.A., Criado E. et al. Descending thoracic aorta to iliofemoral artery bypass grafting: a role for primary revascularization for aortoiliac occlusive disease? // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1999. - N. 29. - P. 249-258.

95.Hepp W., de Jonge K., Pallua N. Late results following extra-anatomic bypass procedures for chronic aortoiliac occlusive disease // J. Cardiovasc. Surg. (Torino). - 1988. - N. 29. - P. 181-185.

96.Chang J.B. Current state of extraanatomic bypasses // Am. J. Surg. - 1986. - N. 152. - P. 202-205.

97.Harrington M.E., Harrington E.B., Haimov M. et al. Axillofemoral bypass: compromised bypass for compromised patients // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1994. - N. 20. - P. 195-201.

98.McCarthy W.J., Mesh C.L., McMillan W.D. et al. Descending thoracic aorta-to-femoral artery bypass: ten years’ experience with a durable procedure // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1993. - N. 17. - P. 336-348.

99.Kalman P.G., Johnston K.W., Walker P.M. Descending thoracic aortofemoral bypass as an alternative for aortoiliac revascularization // J. Cardiovasc. Surg. (Torino). - 1991. - N. 32. - P. 443-446.

100.Passman M.A., Taylor L.M., Moneta G.L. et al. Comparison of axillofemoral and aortofemoral bypass for aortoiliac occlusive disease // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1996. - N. 23. - P. 263-271.

101.Lorenzi G., Domanin M., Costantini A. et al. Role of bypass, endarterectomy, extra-anatomic bypass and endovascular surgery in unilateral iliac occlusive disease: a review of 1257 cases // Cardiovasc. Surg. - 1994. - N. 2. - P. 370-373.

102.Perler B.A., Williams G.M. Does donor iliac artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stent placement influence the results of femorofemoral bypass? Analysis of 70 consecutive cases with longterm follow-up // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1996. - N. 24. - P. 363-370.

103.Ng R.L., Gillies T.E., Davies A.H. et al. Iliofemoral versus femorofemoral bypass: a 6-year audit // Br. J. Surg. - 1992. - N. 79. - P. 1011-1013.

104.Schillinger M., Sabeti S., Loewe C. et al. Balloon angioplasty versus implantation of nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2006. - N. 354. - P. 1879-1888.

105.Scheinert D., Scheinert S., Sax J. et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of stent fractures after femoropopliteal stenting // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2005. - N. 45. - P. 312-315.

106.Lenti M., Cieri E., De Rango P. et al. Endovascular treatment of long lesions of the superficial femoral artery: results from a multicenter registry of a spiral, covered polytetrafluoroethylene stent // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2007. - N. 45. - P. 32-39.

107.Kedora J., Hohmann S., Garrett W. et al. Randomized comparison of percutaneous Viabahn stent grafts vs prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral arterial occlusive disease // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2007. - N. 45. - P. 10-16.

108.Hunink M.G., Wong J.B., Donaldson M.C. et al. Patency results of percutaneous and surgical revascularization for femoropopliteal arterial disease // Med. Decis. Making. - 1994. - N. 14. - P. 71-81.

109.Pereira C.E., Albers M., Romiti M. et al. Meta-analysis of femoropopliteal bypass grafts for lower extremity arterial insufficiency // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2006. - N. 44. - P. 510-517.

110.Soder H.K., Manninen H.I., Jaakkola P. et al. Prospective trial of infrapopliteal artery balloon angioplasty for critical limb ischemia: angiographic and clinical results // J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. - 2000. - N. 11. - P. 1021-1031.

111.Dorros G., Jaff M.R., Dorros A.M. et al. Tibioperoneal (outflow lesion) angioplasty can be used as primary treatment in 235 patients with critical limb ischemia: five-year follow-up // Circulation. - 2001. - N. 104. - P. 2057-2062.

112.Danielsson G., Albrechtsson U., Norgren L. et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of crural arteries: diabetes and other factors influencing outcome // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc Surg. - 2001. - N. 21. - P. 432-436.

113.Brillu C., Picquet J., Villapadierna F. et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for management of critical ischemia in arteries below the knee // Ann. Vasc. Surg. - 2001. - N. 15. - P. 175-181.

114.Atar E., Siegel Y., Avrahami R. et al. Balloon angioplasty of popliteal and crural arteries in elderly with critical chronic limb ischemia // Eur. J. Radiol. - 2005. - N. 53. - P. 287-292.

115.Gargiulo M.C.T., Faggioli G.I. Outcome and prognostic factors of peroneal artery transluminal angioplasty in critical limb ischemia // J. Endovasc. Ther. - 2007. - N. 14. - P. 10-11.

116.Aulivola B., Gargiulo M., Bessoni M. et al. Infrapopliteal angioplasty for limb salvage in the setting of renal failure: do results justify its use? //

Ann. Vasc. Surg. - 2005. - N. 19. - P. 762-768.

117.Gargiulo M., Maioli F., Ceccacci T. et al. What’s next after optimal infrapopliteal angioplasty? Clinical and ultrasonographic results of a prospective single-center study // J. Endovasc. Ther. - 2008. - N. 15. - P. 363-369.

118.Kalra M., Gloviczki P., Bower T.C. et al. Limb salvage after successful pedal bypass grafting is associated with improved long-term survival //

J. Vasc. Surg. - 2001. - N. 33. - P. 6-16.

119.Tsiskaridze A., Devuyst G., de Freitas G.R. et al. Stroke with internal carotid artery stenosis // Arch. Neurol. - 2001. - N. 58. - P. 605-609.

120.Colgan M.P., Strode G.R., Sommer J.D. et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic carotid disease: results of duplex scanning in 348 unselected volunteers // J. Vasc. Surg. - 1988. - N. 8. - P. 674-678.

121.Kurvers H.A., van der Graaf Y., Blankensteijn J.D. et al. Screening for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: comparing the yield between patients with manifest atherosclerosis and patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis only //

J. Vasc. Surg. - 2003. - N. 37. - P. 1226-1233.

122.Adams R.J., Chimowitz M.I., Alpert J.S. et al. Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association // Circulation. - 2003. - N. 108. - P. 1278-1290.

123.Chambers B.R., Norris J.W. Outcome in patients with asymptomatic neck bruits // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1986. - N. 315. - P. 860-865.

124.Fisher E.S., Malenka D.J., Solomon N.A. et al. Risk of carotid endarterectomy in the elderly // Am. J. Public Health. - 1989. - N. 79. - P. 1617-1620.

125.Nederkoorn P.J., van der Graaf Y., Hunink M.G. Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review // Stroke. - 2003. - N. 34. - P. 1324-1332.

126.Nonent M., Serfaty J.M., Nighoghossian N. et al. Concordance rate differences of 3 noninvasive imaging techniques to measure carotid stenosis in clinical routine practice: results of the CARMEDAS multicenter study // Stroke. - 2004. - N. 35. - P. 682-686.

127.Rothwell P.M. For severe carotid stenosis found on ultrasound, further arterial evaluation prior to carotid endarterectomy is unnecessary: the argument against // Stroke. - 2003. - N. 34. - P. 1817-1819.

128.Kramer C.M., Budoff M.J., Fayad Z.A. et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical competence statement on vascular imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Clinical Competence and Training: developed in collaboration with the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology // Circulation. - 2007. - N. 116. - P. 1318-1335.

129.Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators // N. Engl. J. Med. - 1991. -

N. 325. - P. 445-453.

130.MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group // Lancet. - 1991. - N. 337. - P. 1235-1243.

131.Chambers B.R., Donnan G.A. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis // Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. - 2005. - N. 4. CD001923.

132.Sacco R.L., Adams R., Albers G. et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline // Stroke. - 2006. - N. 37. - P. 577-617.

133.Rothwell P.M., Eliasziw M., Gutnikov S.A. et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis // Lancet. - 2003. - N. 361. - P. 107116.

134.Rothwell P.M., Eliasziw M., Gutnikov S.A. et al. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery // Lancet. - 2004. - N. 363. - P. 915-924.

135.Hobson R.W., Mackey W.C., Ascher E. et al. Management of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2008. - N. 48. - P. 480486.

136.Halliday A., Mansfield A., Marro J. et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial // Lancet. - 2004. - N. 363. - P. 1491-1502.

137.Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study // JAMA. - 1995. - N. 273. - P. 1421142-8.

138.McPhee J.T., Hill J.S., Ciocca R.G. et al. Carotid endarterectomy was performed with lower stroke and death rates than carotid artery stenting in the United States in 2003 and 2004 // J. Vasc. Surg. - 2007. - N. 46. - P. 1112-1118.

139.Crisby M., Nordin-Fredriksson G., Shah P.K. et al. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization // Circulation. - 2001. - N. 103. - P. 926-933.

140.Naylor A.R., Rothwell P.M., Bell P.R. Overview of the principal results and secondary analyses from the European and North American randomised trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis

//

Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2003. - N. 26. - P. 115-129.

141.Rothwell P.M., Goldstein L.B. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: asymptomatic carotid surgery trial // Stroke. -

2004. - N. 35. - P. 2425-2427.

142.Bond R., Warlow C.P., Naylor A.R. et al. Variation in surgical and anaesthetic technique and associations with operative risk in the European carotid surgery trial: implications for trials of ancillary techniques // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2002. - N. 23. - P. 117-126.

143.Girn H.R., Dellagrammaticas D., Laughlan K. et al. Carotid endarterectomy: technical practices of surgeons participating in the GALA trial // Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. - 2008. - N. 36. - P. 385-389.

144.Byrne J., Feustel P., Darling R.C. Primary closure, routine patching, and eversion endarterectomy: what is the current state of the literature supporting use of these techniques? // Semin. Vasc. Surg. - 2007. - N. 20. - P. 226-235.

145.Schmidt A., Diederich K.W., Scheinert S. et al. Effect of two different neuroprotection systems on microembolization during carotid artery stenting // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2004. - N. 44. - P. 1966-1969.

146.Reimers B., Sievert H., Schuler G.C. et al. Proximal endovascular flow blockage for cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting: results from a prospective multicenter registry // J. Endovasc. Ther. - 2005. - N. 12. - P. 156-165.

147.Kastrup A., Groschel K., Krapf H. et al. Early outcome of carotid angioplasty and stenting with and without cerebral protection devices: a systematic review of the literature // Stroke. - 2003. - N. 34. -

P. 813-819.

148.Coward L.J., Featherstone R.L., Brown M.M. Safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment of carotid artery stenosis compared with carotid endarterectomy: a Cochrane systematic review of the randomized evidence // Stroke. - 2005. - N. 36. - P. 905-911.

149.Mas J.L., Chatellier G., Beyssen B. et al. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2006. - N. 355. - P. 1660-1671.

150.Ringleb P.A., Allenberg J., Bruckmann H. et al. 30day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial //

Lancet. - 2006. - N. 368. - P. 1239-1247.

151.Eckstein H.H., Ringleb P., Allenberg J.R. et al. Results of the Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy (SPACE) study to treat symptomatic stenoses at 2 years: a multinational, prospective, randomised trial // Lancet Neurol. - 2008. - N. 7. - P. 893-902.

152.Mas J.L., Trinquart L., Leys D. et al. Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) trial: results up to 4 years from a randomised, multicentre trial // Lancet Neurol. - 2008. - N. 7. - P. 885-892.

153.Safian R.D., Textor S.C. Renal-artery stenosis // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2001. - N. 344. - P. 431-442.

154.Bates M.C., Campbell J.E., Stone et al. Factors affecting long-term survival following renal artery stenting // Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. - 2007. - N. 69. - P. 1037-1043.

155.Lonn E.M., Yusuf S., Jha P. et al. Emerging role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiac and vascular protection // Circulation. - 1994. - N. 90. - P. 2056-2069.

156.Korner P.I. Cardiovascular hypertrophy and hypertension: causes and consequences // Blood Press. Suppl. - 1995. - N. 2. - P. 6-16.

157.Phillips P.A. Interaction between endothelin and angiotensin II // Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. - 1999. - N. 26. - P. 517-518.

158.Wollenweber J., Sheps S.G., Davis G.D. Clinical course of atherosclerotic renovascular disease // Am. J. Cardiol. - 1968. - N. 21. - P. 60-71.

159.Zierler R.E., Bergelin R.O., Davidson R.C. et al. A prospective study of disease progression in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis // Am. J. Hypertens. - 1996. - N. 9. - P. 1055-1061.

160.Cooper C.J., Murphy T.P. Is renal artery stenting the correct treatment of renal artery stenosis? The case for renal artery stenting for treatment of renal artery stenosis // Circulation. - 2007. - N. 115. - P. 263270.

161.Dworkin L.D., Jamerson K.A. Is renal artery stenting the correct treatment of renal artery stenosis? Case against angioplasty and stenting of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis // Circulation. - 2007. - N. 115. - P. 271-276.

162.Cooper C.J., Murphy T.P., Matsumoto A. et al. Stent revascularization for the prevention of cardiovascular and renal events among patients with renal artery stenosis and systolic hypertension: rationale and design of the CORAL trial // Am. Heart J. - 2006. - N. 152. - P. 59-66.

163.Ives N.J., Wheatley K., Stowe R.L. et al. Continuing uncertainty about the value of percutaneous revascularization in atherosclerotic renovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. - 2003. - N. 18. - P. 298-304.

164.Symonides B., Chodakowska J., Januszewicz A. et al. Effects of the correction of renal artery stenosis on blood pressure, renal function and left ventricular morphology // Blood Press. - 1999. - N. 8. - P. 141-150.

165.Harden P.N., MacLeod M.J., Rodger R.S. et al. Effect of renal-artery stenting on progression of renovascular renal failure // Lancet. - 1997. - N. 349. - P. 1133-1136.

166.Watson P.S., Hadjipetrou P., Cox S.V. et al. Effect of renal artery stenting on renal function and size in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease // Circulation. - 2000. - N. 102. - P. 1671-1677.

167.Korsakas S., Mohaupt M.G., Dinkel H.P. et al. Delay of dialysis in end-stage renal failure: prospective study on percutaneous renal artery interventions // Kidney Int. - 2004. - N. 65. - P. 251-258.

168.Zeller T., Frank U., Muller C. et al. Predictors of improved renal function after percutaneous stentsupported angioplasty of severe atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis // Circulation. - 2003. -

N. 108. - P. 2244-2249.

169.Radermacher J., Chavan A., Bleck J. et al. Use of Doppler ultrasonography to predict the outcome of therapy for renal-artery stenosis //

N. Engl. J. Med. - 2001. - N. 344. - P. 410-417.

170.Bavry A.A. Angioplasty and Stenting for Renal Artery Lesions (ASTRAL). Presented at SCAI-ACC i2 Summit/ACC 2008. - Chicago, USA, 2008.

171.Sapoval M., Zahringer M., Pattynama P. et al. Low-profile stent system for treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: the GREAT trial // J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. - 2005. - N. 16. - P. 11951202.

172.Grist T.M. Magnetic resonance angiography of renal arterial stenosis // Coron. Artery Dis. - 1999. - N. 10. - P. 151-156.

173.Van der Molen A.J. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and the role of gadolinium contrast media // J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol. - 2008. - N. 52. - P. 339-350.

174.Wittenberg G., Kenn W., Tschammler A. et al. Spiral CT angiography of renal arteries: comparison with angiography // Eur. Radiol. - 1999. - N. 9. - P. 546-551.

175.Zeller T., Rastan A., Rothenpieler U. et al. Restenosis after stenting of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: is there a rationale for the use of drug-eluting stents? // Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv. - 2006. - N. 68. - P. 125-130.

ГЛАВА 37. ВЕНОЗНАЯ ТРОМБОЭМБОЛИЯ

Sebastian M. Schellong, Henri Bounameaux

и Harry R. Büller

РЕЗЮМЕ

В этой главе тромбоз глубоких вен (ТГВ) и ТЭЛА рассматриваются как проявления одного патологического процесса. Несмотря на растущее использование препаратов для профилактики тромбообразования, ТЭЛА занимает третье место среди наиболее частых причин смерти при заболеваниях сердечно-сосудистой системы.

Согласно современным представлениям, венозная тромбоэмболия (ВТЭ) - многофакторное заболевание. Помимо возраста, существует несколько временных и постоянных факторов риска. Наиболее значимые в прежней группе - хирургические операции и травмы, тогда как в нынешней - онкологические заболевания и тромбофилия. Однако существенная часть случаев ВТЭ протекает без идентифицируемого фактора риска и потому классифицируется как "идиопатические" или "неспровоцированные" эпизоды. У таких пациентов, а также при наличии постоянных факторов риска ВТЭ носит характер хронического рецидивирующего заболевания.

Диагноз каждого конкретного эпизода заболевания необходимо устанавливать на основании визуализирующих методов исследования. За последние 10 лет компрессионное УЗИ и МСКТ показали себя как наиболее мощные диаг-ностические инструменты. Однако на этапе до инструментальных исследований, основываясь только на клинической вероятности и

изолированном определении уровня D-димеров, можно достоверно исключить диагноз в одной трети всех подозреваемых случаев.

Для большинства пациентов в острый период возможна только антикоагулянтная терапия. П/к введение низкомолекулярных гепаринов или фондапаринукса - в настоящее время стандарт лечения. Посттромбоэмболический синдром как отдаленное осложнение ТГВ можно эффективно предотвратить баротерапией. В случае гемодинамической нестабильности при ТЭЛА необходим системный тромболизис из-за риска смерти вследствие правожелудочко-

вой СН. Стандартным средством поддерживающей терапии служат антагонисты витамина K (антикоагулянты для приема внутрь), длительность применения которых определяется риском рецидива, с одной стороны, и обширного кровотечения, с другой.

ТЕЧЕНИЕ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ

Венозный тромбоз возникает вследствие формирования сгустка крови (тромба) в венозной системе. Признаки и симптомы заболевания вызываются тромбозом соответствующей вены и/или эмболизации частями тромба сосудов легких. Это определение относится только к венам нижних и верхних конечностей. Тромбоз церебральных и висцеральных вен не рассматривается в этой главе.

ТЭЛА - нередкое осложнение, обычно встречаемое у пациентов с ТГВ. При детальном исследовании признаки бессимптомной ТЭЛА могут быть найдены приблизительно у 70% пациентов с проксимальным тромбозом глубоких вен. По этой причине ТГВ и ТЭЛА рассматривают как две манифестации одного заболевания: венозной тромбоэмболической болезни или ВТЭ. Поскольку течение болезни, диагноз и лечение тромбоза глубоких вен и ТЭЛА сходны во многих аспектах, эти заболевания будут обсуждаться вместе.

ЭТИОЛОГИЯ

Причина образования тромбов - дисбаланс между местными и системными про- и антикоагулянтами, а также профибринолитической и антифибринолитической активностью. Согласно теории Вирхова, все патогенные факторы, отвечающие за этот дисбаланс, можно разделить на три категории: нарушения венозного кровотока, изменения сосудистой стенки и нарушения состава крови. В табл. 37.1 представлены примеры патогенных факторов каждой категории.

Таблица 37.1. Патофизиологические механизмы венозных тромбоэмболий в соответствии с триадой Вирхова