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Old World - the Eastern Hemisphere, especially Europe

Colonies - the thirteen British colonies that became the original United States of America

Jamestown - the first permanent English settlement in the New World, founded in 1607

call-and-response - a performance style widely practised by black Americans. In churches, response given by the congregation to the reading of each psalm, and singing of the psalms in alternation by the men and the women.

spiritual - a type of folksong which originated in American re­vivalist activity between 1740 and the close of the 19th c. The term is derived from the biblical "spiritual songs", a name used in early publications to distinguish the texts from metrical psalms and hymns of traditional church usage.

Fisk Jubilee Singers - eleven young Negro singers who made the first significant contribution to the popular dissemination of the Negro spiritual (see above)

Foster, Stephen (1826-1864) - American composer of songs.

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Wrote 200 songs, several of which have come to be regarded as American folk-songs.

verse-chorus song - a typical African musical form based on the alteration of stanza and chorus, with the quite common feature of the reappearance of the stanza refrain as part of the chorus

cake-walk. 1) Formerly, a promenade or walk in which those performing the most complex and unusual steps won cakes as prizes. 2) A strutting dance based on this promenade.

ragtime - type of popular 1920's jazz music first played by Blacks in the US, in which the beat of the melody just precedes the beat of the accompaniment

Sousa, John (1854-1932) - American composer and bandmaster best known for his superb marches, of which he composed nearly 100, among them The Stars and Stripes

Joplin, Scott (1868-1917) - Black American composer and ragtime pianist. Pianoforte rags include Maple Leaf Rag, The Entertainer., and Wall Street Rag.

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Copland, Aaron (b. 1900) - American composer, pianist, and con­ductor who has worked hard on the promotional side of the Ameri­can music as lecturer and teacher

Thomson, Virgil (b. 1896) - American composer, critic, and or­ganist. He lived in Paris in 1925-32, associating with "Les Six". He has written much incidental music.

Harris, Roy (1898-1979) - American composer, one of the most important figures in the establishment of an American symphonic music. He dedicated his Fifth Symphony, first performed in Boston in 1943, to "The heroic and freedom-loving people of the USSR".

Berlin, Irvin (b. 1888) - perhaps the most versatile and successful American popular songwriter of the 20th c. He wrote the words (lyrics) for almost all his songs.

Kern, Jerome (1885-1945) - American composer; wrote several popular musicals between 1917 and 1933

Porter, Cole (1893-1964) - American composer and lyricist, suc­cessful in a long series of Broadway musicals and films

Rodgers, Richard (1902-1979) - American composer of highly suc­cessful Broadway musicals. His most popular musicals Oklahoma (1943), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951) and The Sound of Music (1959) were written with Oscar Hammerstein II (lyrics).

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Tin Pan Alley - popular music business in the US from the late 19th c. through the 1950s; a district in New York City associated with musicians, composers, and publishers of popular music; also the style of US popular song of the period. Often sentimental in char­acter, such songs were at first usually in verse-and-chorus form.

hillbilly - a term used for country music until at least World War II. The term encompasses traditional songs, non-electric instruments, and rural imagery.

country and western - see note to p. 37

bluegrass music - see note to p. 40