Higher education in russia and great britain

Section I

Higher education in russia

Ex. 1 Grammar Focus 6. Modal verbs.

a) Модальные глаголы относятся к группе так называемых модальных глаголов. Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола:

Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? He ought not to help him. He need not do it.

Они обозначают возможность, способность , вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого:

He can do it himself. - Он может это сделать сам . They may come tonight . Они, может быть, придут сегодня вечером.

Глаголы «сan»и «may» имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени: can –could, may – might,глаголы «must», «ought to» и «need» – только форму настоящего времени.

Вопросительная и отрицательные формы модальных глаголов образуются без вспомогательного глагола: в вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, в отрицательных – после него ставится отрицание «not».

№ п\п	Глагол	Характерные оттенки значения	Пример
1.	MUST	Неизбежность совершения действия, обусловленная объективными причинами. Вынужденность совершения действия, обусловленная объективными причинами. Необходимость, обусловленная субъективным мнением говорящего.	He must understand it. Он обязательно должен понять это. You must not talk in class. Вы не должны разговаривать на занятии. I must be off as soon as I can. Я должен уйти, как только смогу.
2.	SHOULD OUGHT TO	Совет, рекомендация. Необходимость совершения действия, вызванного объективными причинами	You shouldn’t come here. Тебе не следует приходить сюда. Library books should be kept clean. Библиотечные книги должны храниться в чистоте. I ought to do all I can to help her. Я должен сделать все, что могу, чтобы помочь ей.
3.	NEEDN’T	Употребляется в отрицательных предложениях в значении предложения о необязательности действия.	We needn’t talk to each other about it. Нам не нужно говорить друг с другом об этом.
4.	TO HAVE TO	Эквивалент модального глагола «must». Вынужденность совершения действия.	I didn’t have to make any decisions. Мне не пришлось принимать решения.
5.	TO BE  TO	Эквивалент модального глагола «must» (должен, предстоит) Необходимость совершения действия согласно предварительной договоренности.	They are to begin this work at once. Им предстоит начать работу сразу же. He was to meet her yesterday. Он должен был встретить ее вчера.
6.	CAN (COULD)   TO BE ABLE TO	Возможность совершения действия в силу наличия условий для его совершения в настоящем и будущем. Возможность совершения действия, основанная на позволении, разрешении.	I can stay with them. Я могу остаться с ними. Can I see the director? Могу я увидеть директора?
7.	MAY (MIGHT)   TO BE ALLOWED TO	Возможность совершения действия, которое может осуществиться, но может и не осуществиться. Возможность осуществления действия, обусловленная разрешением, позволением. В этом значении вместо глагола «may» («might») могут использоваться эквиваленты – «to be allowed to do », «to be permitted to do».	It may make that man curious. Это может заинтересовать этого человека. It might make him curious. Это могло бы его заинтересовать. You may give me a call. Можете мне позвонить. You’ll be allowed to go out. Вам позволят выйти.

b) Choose the correct modal verb in each of the following sentences. Sometimes both are possible.

1. The lecture is over. You can / may go to the canteen to have a snack.

2. You didn’t answer well today. You should / ought to study better.

3. The students have to / are able to pass all tests and exams successfully to get grants.

4. The term / semester is over. The students are to / must take exams.

5. You need / ought to revise this subject not to fail the exam.

6. After getting the Master’s degree, the students should/ are able to continue to study towards the doctoral degree.

7. Postgraduates have to/ must carry out a year of research, prepare and defend a thesis.

8. On completing the education, our graduates are to/have to work in different law enforcement organs.

Ex. 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given to complete the sentence.

Model: It isn’t necessary for you to take part in this seminar.

needn’t You …….take part in this seminar.

You needn’t take part in this seminar.

1. I advise you to prepare for the exams more thoroughly.

should You…… more thoroughly.

2. It is possible that Ann is looking for a new job.

may Ann…… a new job.

3. You are not allowed to leave until the exam has finished.

mustn’t You ……the exam has finished.

4. I’d better start saving for my summer holiday.

have to I……for my summer holiday.

5. You mustn’t miss lectures.

are allowed to You…… lectures.

Ex. 3 Put wh-questions to the words given in bold type.

Model: The problem should be discussed again.

What should be discussed again?

1. Lomonosov may be considered as the founder of Russian science.

2. All the students will be able to take part in the conference.

3. The sitting was to take place at one o’clock.

4. We have to finish the translation by tomorrow.

5. They must still take their exam.

6. Can she speak Spanish?

7. She was to become a lawyer.

Ex. 4 Grammar focus 7. Simple Tenses (Passive Voice).

a)

Present	Past	Future
am, is, are + V I am often asked about it. Меня часто спрашивают об этом. Are you often asked about it? Yes, I am. Вас часто спрашивают об этом? Да. I am not often asked about it. Меня не часто спрашивают об этом.	was, were + V I was asked about it yesterday. Меня спрашивали об этом вчера. Were you asked about it yesterday? Yes, I was. Вас спрашивали об этом вчера? Да. I was not (wasn’t) asked about it yesterday. Меня не спрашивали об этом вчера.	will be + V I will be asked about it tomorrow. Меня спросят об этом завтра. Will they be asked about it tomorrow? Yes, they will. Их спросят об этом завтра? Да. They will not (won’t) be asked about it. Их не спросят об этом.

b) Read the sentences and identify the underlined tense-forms. Pay attention to the usage of Passive Voice.

Model: The academic year at Oxford University runs from October to June. (runs-Present Simple Active).

1. The Ural State Law Academy was founded in 1931.

2. The academic year is divided into 2 terms.

3. After graduating from our Academy the graduates will receive Bachelor’s degrees if they complete a four-year program successfully.

4. The Academy trains judges, prosecutors, jurisconsults, customs officials and other lawyers.

5. During the academic year the students are given lectures on different subjects.

6. At the end of the semester the students will have tests and exams.

7. The students who will complete a six-year program will be awarded master’s degree.

Ex. 5 Choose the correct grammar form of the verb.

1. Students (provide / are provided) with hostels, well-equipped laboratories and libraries.

2. The student’s progress (evaluates / is evaluated) by means of tests and examinations in each course.

3. Theory is usually (accompanies / accompanied) by practical training.

4. The programmes are (elaborated / elaborate) in accordance with the State Educational Standards.

5. The Bachelor’s Degree (awards / is awarded) after successful completion of 4 years’ full-time study.

6. Citizens of Russia have the right to education which (guarantees / is guaranteed) by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

7. The academic year at Oxford University (divides / is divided) into three terms.

Ex. 6 Make the sentences negative.

Model: They will translate this text in class. They will not (won’t) translate this text in class.

1. She liked to work in the evenings.

2. They finished their experiment yesterday.

3. He often works at the English laboratory.

4. The students attend lectures and seminars every day.

5. They will go on vacation to the Crimea.

Ex. 7 Put wh-questions to the words given in bold type.

Model: We discussed the plan for the second term at the meeting.

Where did you discuss the plan for the second term?

1. The best students receive scholarships.

2. He didn’t follow my advice.

3. They will play football after the classes.

4. The seminar will take place on Monday.

5. My friend works at the district court.

6. The students went to the canteen after the lecture.

Ex. 8 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present, the Past or Future Simple Tense Active(A) or Passive(B).

A. Model: We always consult a dictionary when we ( to translate ) texts.

We always consult a dictionary when we translate texts.

1. My friend (to pass) admission examinations to the University last month.

2. He ( to study) at the Law Department now.

3. She ( to graduate) from the University and become a lawyer in five years.

4. The meeting (to begin) at 10.00 a.m.

5. They ( to participate ) in a sport competition last week.

B. Model: He ( to invite) to our place yesterday.

He was invited to our place yesterday.

1. This article (to publish ) in the law journal some days ago.

2. The letter ( to post ) tomorrow.

3. The report (to deliver) by her next seminar.

4. He ( to ask) to come later.

5. English (to speak) all over the world.