1. Существительные:

a) -er /- or: a person who does something, eg: adviser / advisor, teacher, learner;

-ian, eg: optician, mathematician

b) -ment: result of action, eg: improvement, advancement

c) -ism: name of system or belief, eg: realism, optimism

d) –ion, eg: confusion, apparition

e) –ness, eg: happiness

f) –ship, eg: leadership

g) -ence / ance, eg: permanence, appearance

h) –age, eg: marriage

g) –y, eg: photography

i) –cy, eg: fluency

2.Глаголы:

a) –ify,eg: falsify, modify

b) –ise, eg: modernise

Ex. 21 a) Form adjectives from the nouns and find their derivatives in the text:

democracy, federation, republic, diplomat, execution.

b) Form nouns from the verbs and find their derivatives in the text:

to administrate, to approve, to adopt, to appoint, to elect,

to decide, to implement, to legislate, to represent.

Ex. 22 Grammar Focus 14. The Passive Voice (Revision). The Past Simple.

Positive	Negative	Question
I was invited to the party.	He wasn’t injured in the accident.	How was the window broken.

Open the brackets and remember what changes have taken place in the political system of the Russian Federation recently. Use the Passive Voice.

Model: The President (to be elected) for 4 years, now he (to be elected) for 6 years.

The President was elected for 4 years, now he is elected for 6 years.

1. The RF (to be composed) of 89 constituent entities, now it (to be composed) of 83 constituent entities.

2. The term of the State Duma (to be served) by its members for 4 years, now it (to be served) for 5 years.

3. The governors of the RF regions (to be appointed), now they (to be elected).

4. The Plenipotentiaries (полномочные представители) (not to be appointed), now they (to be appointed).

Ex. 23 Speaking

1. Compare the state power structure of Russia with that of Great Britain.

2. Find the information about the Chairman of the Federation Council and the State Duma and terms of their service. Make short reports.

Appendix Additional texts

Text 1 First Impressions

Pre-reading task:

1. What do you think your first impressions about a person are based on?

2. How do you form first impressions about a person?

3. Read the text and compare the analysis of psychologists to your answer.

1. According to psychologists, people form first impressions based first on how to look then on how you sound and finally what you say.

Your physical appearance – how you look makes 55% of a first impression. This includes facial expressions, body language, and eye contact, as well as clothing and general appearance.

2. The way you sound makes 38% of the first impression. This includes how fast or slowly, loudly or softly you speak, and your tone of voice. People listen to your tone of voice and decide whether you sound friendly or unfriendly, interested or bored, and happy or sad. What you say- the actual words you use-counts only 7% of the message.

3. People form their first impressions, within 10 seconds of meeting you. And first impressions don’t change easily. If someone gets the wrong impression of you, it can take a long time to change his or her mind.

4. Sometimes it is hard to make sure that you always give a good first impression. One problem is that in different parts of the world, the same behavior may give people a different impression. In some countries, looking directly at someone is polite. It shows you are alert and confident. In other countries, looking directly at someone is considered aggressive. It is more polite to look away. Standing close to someone is considered friendly and supportive in some countries. In others you are expected to keep your distance.

5. Giving a good impression depends on many things. Everyone behaves in different ways, but when you are not sure you are giving a good impression, the best thing to do is to ask yourself “What would I think of someone who acted this way”

Text 2 The American Family

Most American families consist of a mother, a father, and three or four children living at home. This familiar structure is known as the “nuclear family”. It is unusual for members of the family other than the husband, wife, and children to live together. Occasionally an aging grandparent may live with the family, but it is considered undesirable. Visiting between parents and their married children and between married sisters and brothers is frequent when they live close to each other. If they live in different communities, they keep in touch by writing letters and by telephone.

In American family the husband and the wife usually make important decisions together. When the children are old enough, they participate as well. Children are often allowed to do what they wish without strict parent control. The father seldom expects his children to obey him without question, and children are encouraged to be independent at an early age. Young people break away from their parental families in their late teens or early twenties.

This pattern of independence often results in serious problems for the aging parents of a nuclear family. The job-retirement age is 65. The children have left home, married, and set up their own households. Elderly couples feel useless and lonely with neither an occupation nor a close family group. Many communities and church groups sponsor centers for “senior citizens”. At these centers older men and women can make friends and participate in a variety of planned activities, including games, trips, lectures, and discussion groups. These programs may help some old people, but they do not provide the complete solution to the problem of old age.

Ex.1 Answer the questions:

1. Do you think it’s easier to be a father or a mother?

2. Do you think you could put an aging parent into an old-age house?

3. Do you think grown-up children and parents should live together?

4. What problems face single-parent families?

5. What are the main reasons for the conflicts between different generations?

6. Did you or any of your family have to be away from each other for any length of time? Did you miss each other?

Text 3 My Aunt Emily

Of all my relatives, I like my Aunt Emily the best. She’s my mother’s youngest sister. She has never married, and she lives alone in a small village near Bath. She’s in her late fifties, but she’s still quite young in spirit. She has a kind face, and when you meet her, the first thing you noticed is her lovely, warm smile. Her face is a little wrinkled now, but I think she is still rather attractive. She is a sort of person you can always go to if you have a problem.

She likes reading and gardening, and she goes for long walks with her dog, Buster. She’s a very active person. Either she’s making something, or mending something, or doing something to help others. She does the shopping for some of the old people in the village. She’s extremely generous, but not very tolerant with people who don’t agree with her. I hope that I am a happy and contented as she is when I’m her age.

Ex. 1 Write a similar description of a member of your family in about 200 words.

Include the following:

your opinion of the person

physical description

his/her character, habits, likes and dislikes.

Text 4 The Family

The family is the most basic and ancient institutions, and it remains the fundamental social unit in every society.

There are many different views on family life. Some people could not do without the support and love of their families. Others say it is the source of most our problems.

Sociologists divide families into two general types: the nuclear family and the extended family, which may include three or more generations living together.

There are people who say that the family unit is in crisis, that traditional family life is the thing of the past, and the family is in decline. The number of one-parent families increases; the current divorce rate is high; there is a lack of discipline within the family. Some politicians blame social problems, such as drug taking and juvenile crime.

There is no definition of a “normal” family. Broadly speaking, the family is a group of people related by blood or law, living together or associating with one another for a common purpose. That purpose is usually to provide shelter and food, and to bring up children. Now there are a number of types of family that exist in a society at any one time.

What characteristics are common to all family forms?

First, the family consists of a group of people who are in some way related to one another. Second, its members live together for long periods. Third, the adults in the group assume responsibility for the children. And forth, the members of the family form an economic unit – often for producing and for consuming goods and services. We may say, then, that the family is a relatively permanent group of people related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption, who live together, form an economic unit, and take care of their young.

Text 5 The System of Law in Russia

Pre-reading: Skim the text to complete the following statements:

1. This text considers the...

2. It discusses... (the categories of...)

3. It tells us how... (which...)

4. Each paragraph is about...

Law is a system of rules established by the state. The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.

One important distinction made in all countries is between private or civil law and public law. CIVIL LAW concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and PUBLIC LAW concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.

The system of law in our country consists of different categories of law.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW is a leading category of the whole system of law. Its principal source is the country's Constitution. It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with the legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of a government and ministries.

CRIMINAL LAW defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals. Crimes are wrongs, which, even committed against an individual are considered to harm the well-being of society in general. Criminal law takes the form of a criminal code.

INTERNATIONAL LAW regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

FINANCIAL LAW regulates the budget, taxation, state credit and other spheres of financial activity.

CIVIL LAW is connected with relations in the economic sphere of life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange. The right of property is the central institution of civil law.

The rules of EMPLOYMENT LAW include the legislation on the employment of industrial and office workers and regulate matters arising from employment relations.

Ex. 1 Read the text in detail to find the answers to the "What" -questions below:

1. What is law?

2. What is the main aim of law?

3. What categories of law does the system of law in Russia consist of?

4. What is the principal source of constitutional law?

5. What category of law is closely connected with constitutional law?

6. What is the central institution of civil law?

7. What does criminal law define?

h) What form does criminal law take?

I) What is civil law connected with?

j) What rules does employment law include?

Ex. 2 Scan the text and match these words and phrases with their definitions below:

civil law, criminal law, administrative law, law, financial law, the rules of employment law, constitutional law

1. is a system of rules established by the state.

2. is a leading category of the whole system of law.

3. deals with the legal forms of concrete administrative activity of government and ministries.

4. regulates the budget, taxation, state credit, ...

5. is connected with relations involving property...

f) include the legislation on the labour of industrial and office workers...

g) defines the general principles of criminal responsibility.

Ex. 3 Match these words & phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1. to establish a system 1. рабочие (служащие)

2. a category (of a law) 2. принимать вид кодекса

3. the principal source of law 3. применять наказание

4. to deal with 4. основной источник права

5. the right of property 5. отрасль (права)

6. rule of law 6.право на имущество

7. industrial (office) workers 7. иметь дело с, заниматься h) to arise from 8.общая (особенная) часть

i) individual types of crimes 9.устанавливать систем

j) to apply punishment 10.возникать и

k) to take the form of a code 11.отдельные виды преступлений

1) a general (special) part 12. норма права

Ex. 4 What does "it" in line 9 refer to?

1. constitution

2. constitutional law

3. principal source

What does "its" in line 8 refer to?

1. constitutional law

2. leading category

3. system of law

What does "it" in line 11 refer to?

1. law

2. constitutional law

3. administrative law

What does "its" in line 25 refer to?

1. relations

2. property

с) sphere of life

Ex. 5 Say if this is true or false:

1. In all countries there is no distinction between private and public law.

2. The main aim of law is to concern disputes among citizens and the state.

3. Criminal law deals with all forms of responsibility.

4. The right of property is the central institution of civil law.

5. Financial law concerns social structure and organization of state power. f) Law is a system of rules established by the state.

Ex. 6 Speaking. Make up a brief report about the main categories of law in Russia.

Part 2 Additional Exercises.