2. Adverbial Modifier

Participle II in this function is always preceded by a conjunction.

a) Adverbial modifier of time

In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, and once:

When given a chance he did his best. - Когда ему предоставили шанс, он проявил себя с лучшей стороны.

b) Adverbial modifier of cause

Both participle I (indefinite and passive) and participle II can be used in this function:

He changed his mind, realizing that the whole thing was useless.

Sentences with participle I as an adverbial modifier of cause belong to formal style:

Being tired (=as he was tired), he went home at once. - Будучи усталым (=т.к. он устал), он сразу же пошел домой.

c) Adverbial modifier of comparison

Both participle I indefinite and participle II are introduced by the conjunctions as if as though:

She ran to the house as if trying to escape. She nodded as if convinced by what was saying.

d) Adverbial modifier of manner/attendant circumstances

Participle 1 can have both functions, which sometimes combine:

She was busy cooking in the kitchen, (manner)

The girl was silting in the corner weeping bitterly, (attendant circumstances)

He came running to see what was going on. (manner)

She came knocking on the door, (manner or attendant circumstances)

Participle II denoting manner is introduced by as:

Fill in the application form as instructed.

Note that the verbs come and go are used with the infinitive to denote purpose:

She went/came to see the new house.

Come is used with the infinitive as object to denote a gradual change:

She came to like the song.

Come and go are used with participle I to describe manner or activity:

She came rushing.

He went hunting in the woods.

e) Adverbial modifier of condition

Participle II is used here after the conjunction if:

The thing is vety fragile. If dropped, it can break into very small pieces.

Participle I is used in this function only as part of an absolute participial construction.

f) Adverbial modifier of concession

Participle II and participle I as adverbial modifier of concession are introduced by the conjunctions while, whilst, though:

While liking dogs, he never let them come into his house.

Though discouraged by the lack of support, she went on trying.

3. Predicative

Both participle I and participle II can be used as predicatives:

The idea itself was disturbing. She was disappointed.

Note that with participle II the verb get can be used instead of be in Modern English:

They tell us that in the end the criminal always gels caught. The subject somehow got taught.

90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.

Parenthesis

Both participle I and participle II are used in parenthetical expressions: frankly/generally speaking, judging by appearances, stated/put bluntly:

Put bluntly, she had no chance of winning.

Dangling or Misrelated Participle

As has been said, we often use participles instead of finite clauses when the subject does not change. The normal attachment rule for both participle I and participle II is that their subject is assumed to be identical in reference to the subject of the finite verb.

Getting into the train, she remembered that she had forgotten the ticket. (=When she was getting ... she ... .)

Sometimes, however, ambiguous sentences may be found:

* Wait ing on the platform, a policeman arrested him.

In this case it is not clear who was waiting on the platform, he or the policeman. This participle is called "misrelated" or "dangling" and should be avoided. Sometimes misrelated participles occur in sentences with it as subject:

Having missed the train, it seemed wise to me not to go at all.

When using the device, it must be remembered that...

It is a formal subject in these sentences and cannot serve as a subject to the participial phrase. Possible variants here are:

As I missed the train, it seemed...

When using the device, you/one should remember...

Some participles {considering, regarding, speaking) are habitually used in sentences where they might be thought to dangle:

Speaking of fruit, does anyone want an apple?

Regarding of political authorities, the most obvious danger is of a change of government.

However, such sentences are quite acceptable, since the participles function here as prepositions or conjunctions.