1) The subject

For Mother to ask Philip for mercy meant that she was upset. - To, что мать просила милости у Филиппа, означало, что она расстроена.

But in this function the for-to-infinitive construction is usually found in sentences with the introductory subject it.

It is useless for me to interfere. - Мне бесполезно вмешиваться.

2) a predicative

That was for you to do. - Это ты должен был делать.

2а. part of a predicate.

The house was easy for us to find. — Нам легко было найти этот дом.

3) a complex object

She didn 't care for this to happen. - Она не хотела, чтобы это случилось.

4) an attribute

There was no chance for her to find a good job. – У нее не было шанса найти хорошую работу.

5) an adverbial modifier

a) purpose

Dorian stepped aside for the girl to pass. – Дориан отошел, чтобы дать девушке пройти.

b) result

He was done enough for me to hate him. – Он сделал достаточно, чтобы я его возненавидела.

They spoke too fast for us to understand. – они говорили так быстро, что мы не могли их понять.

86. Grammatical categories of the Gerund. What do they indicate? When may the active form of the Gerund be passive in meaning?

The Gerund has the grammatical categories of tense and voice.

Voice Tense	Active	Passive
Indefinite	asking	being asked
Perfect	having asked	having been asked

The active form of the gerund indicates that the doer of the action is denoted by the subject of the sentence, the passive form - that the doer of the action is not denoted by the subject.

I'm looking forward to sending my children to the country for the holiday. — Я очень хочу отправить детей в деревню на каникулы.

I'm looking forward to being sent to London on business. Я очень хочу, чтобы меня отправили в Лондон в командировку.

Note: In certain cases the gerund though active in form may be passive in meaning. It occurs when the gerund is used after the verbs "want", "need", "deserve", "require" and after the adjective "worth".

The house needs painting. — Этот дом необходимо покрасить.

This museum is worth visiting. — Этот музей стоит посетить.

The perfect form is used to present the event as prior to another event (expressed by the predicate verb).

I'm surprised at your having missed so many lessons this term. - Я удивлен, что ты пропустил ...

The non-perfect form is generally used to present the event as non-prior to another event (simultaneous, posterior or referring to no particular time).

I'm surprised at his missing lessons so often. - Я удивлен, что он пропускает ...

87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?

The Gerund is the non-finite form of the verb that combines features of both the verb and the noun. On the one hand, it expresses an action:

Running is my favourite sport. I like to hear good singing.

Besides, if it is formed from a transitive verb it can take object, as ordinary verbs.

I hate losing my temper.

On the other hand, the gerunds denote the names of objects or realia. We can put ordinary nouns instead of them.

You won't do any good by crying (by tears).

And the gerunds can be also followed by preposition, just as nouns do.

He is fond of swimming in deep water.

He crossed the room without looking at the people.

The Verbal Noun is formed with the help of an -ing ending which is added to a verb, possesses features of an ordinary noun, can be used in the singular or in the plural form and can be proceeded by an article (Participle I and Gerund never do that):

The sitting(s) of the committee will begin on Monday. Where did they get these findings?

The Participle I is the non-finite form of the verb which is partly a verb because it is formed of verbs and expresses an action, and partly an adjective because it denotes the quality or the feature of an object. It cannot be followed by prepositions and cannot be proceeded by articles.

The woman sitting there is our teacher.

The Gerund can be translated into Russian by:

• Noun

Reading English books every day will improve your knowledge of the language. – Ежедневное чтение английских книг улучшит ваше знание языка.

• Infinitive

Does you son like skating? – Ваш сын любит кататься на коньках?

• The Russian «деепричастие»

He left the room without saying good-bye. – Он вышел из комнаты, не простившись.

• Verb

I remember hearing this song in my childhood. — Я помню , что слышал эту песню в детстве.

• Subordinate clause

The patients' quick recovery depends on their following the doctor's advice. - Быстрое выздоровление больных зависит от того, будут ли они следовать советам врача.