- •Foreword
 - •Preface
 - •Acknowledgments
 - •Contents
 - •Contributors
 - •1.2 Forehead Augmentation
 - •1.2.1 Discussion
 - •1.3.1 Discussion
 - •1.4 Rhinoplasty
 - •1.4.1 Discussion
 - •1.5 Lip Augmentation
 - •1.5.1 Discussion
 - •1.6 Chin and Jaw Augmentation
 - •1.6.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Forehead Augmentation
 - •Rhinoplasty
 - •Lip Augmentation
 - •Jaw Augmentation
 - •2: Imaging the Postoperative Orbit
 - •2.1 Eyelid Weights
 - •2.1.1 Discussion
 - •2.2 Palpebral Springs
 - •2.2.1 Discussion
 - •2.3.1 Discussion
 - •2.4.1 Discussion
 - •2.5.1 Discussion
 - •2.6.1 Discussion
 - •2.7 Strabismus Surgery
 - •2.7.1 Discussion
 - •2.8 Glaucoma Surgery
 - •2.8.1 Discussion
 - •2.9 Scleral Buckles
 - •2.9.1 Discussion
 - •2.10 Keratoprostheses
 - •2.10.1 Discussion
 - •2.11 Intraocular Lens Implants
 - •2.11.1 Discussion
 - •2.12 Surgical Aphakia
 - •2.12.1 Discussion
 - •2.13 Pneumatic Retinopexy
 - •2.13.1 Discussion
 - •2.14 Intraocular Silicone Oil
 - •2.14.1 Discussion
 - •2.15.1 Discussion
 - •2.16 Orbital Tissue Expanders
 - •2.16.1 Discussion
 - •2.17 Orbital Exenteration
 - •2.17.1 Discussion
 - •2.18.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Eyelid Weights
 - •Palpebral Spring
 - •Frontalis Suspension Ptosis Repair
 - •Strabismus Surgery
 - •Glaucoma Surgery
 - •Scleral Buckles
 - •Keratoprostheses
 - •Intraocular Lens Implants
 - •Surgical Aphakia
 - •Pneumatic Retinopexy
 - •Intraocular Silicone Oil
 - •Orbital Tissue Expanders
 - •Orbital Exenteration
 - •3.1.1 Discussion
 - •3.2 Septoplasty
 - •3.2.1 Discussion
 - •3.3.1 Discussion
 - •3.4.1 Discussion
 - •3.5 Nasal Packing Material
 - •3.5.1 Discussion
 - •3.6 Rhinectomy
 - •3.6.1 Discussion
 - •3.7 Sinus Lift Procedure
 - •3.7.1 Discussion
 - •3.8 Caldwell-Luc Procedure
 - •3.8.1 Discussion
 - •3.9 External Ethmoidectomy
 - •3.9.1 Discussion
 - •3.10.1 Discussion
 - •3.11 FESS Complications
 - •3.11.1 Discussion
 - •3.11.2 Discussion
 - •3.11.3 Discussion
 - •3.11.4 Discussion
 - •3.11.5 Discussion
 - •3.11.6 Discussion
 - •3.11.7 Discussion
 - •3.11.8 Discussion
 - •3.11.9 Discussion
 - •3.11.10 Discussion
 - •3.11.11 Discussion
 - •3.12 Osteoplastic Flap with Frontal Sinus Obliteration
 - •3.12.1 Discussion
 - •3.13 Frontal Sinus Cranialization
 - •3.13.1 Discussion
 - •3.14 Paranasal Sinus Stents
 - •3.14.1 Discussion
 - •3.15 Frontal Sinus Trephination
 - •3.15.1 Discussion
 - •3.16.1 Discussion
 - •3.17.1 Discussion
 - •3.18 Maxillary Swing
 - •3.18.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Septoplasty
 - •Nasal Septal Button Prosthesis
 - •Nasal Packing Material
 - •Rhinectomy
 - •Sinus Lift
 - •Caldwell-Luc Procedure
 - •External Ethmoidectomy
 - •Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
 - •FESS Complications
 - •Osteoplastic Flap with Frontal Sinus Obliteration
 - •Frontal Sinus Cranialization
 - •Paranasal Sinus Stents
 - •Frontal Sinus Trephination
 - •Maxillectomy and Palatectomy
 - •Maxillary Swing
 - •4.1 Occipital Nerve Stimulator
 - •4.1.1 Discussion
 - •4.2 Tissue Expander
 - •4.2.1 Discussion
 - •4.3 Temporal Fossa Implants
 - •4.3.1 Discussion
 - •4.4.1 Discussion
 - •4.5.1 Discussion
 - •4.6.1 Discussion
 - •4.7 Scalp Tumor Recurrence
 - •4.7.1 Discussion
 - •4.8 Burr Holes
 - •4.8.1 Discussion
 - •4.9 Craniotomy
 - •4.9.1 Discussion
 - •4.10 Cranioplasty
 - •4.10.1 Discussion
 - •4.11 Autocranioplasty
 - •4.11.1 Discussion
 - •4.12.1 Discussion
 - •4.14.1 Discussion
 - •4.15 Box Osteotomy
 - •4.16.1 Discussion
 - •4.17.1 Discussion
 - •4.18.1 Discussion
 - •4.19 Subdural Drainage Catheters
 - •4.19.1 Discussion
 - •4.20.1 Tension Pneumocephalus
 - •4.20.5 Pseudomeningoceles
 - •4.20.6 Pseudoaneurysm
 - •4.20.7 Postoperative Infection
 - •4.20.8 Textiloma
 - •4.20.9 Sunken Skin Flap Syndrome
 - •4.20.10 External Brain Herniation
 - •4.20.11 Bone Flap Resorption
 - •Further Reading
 - •Occipital Nerve Stimulator
 - •Tissue Expander
 - •Temporal Fossa Implant
 - •Scalp Tumor Recurrence
 - •Box Osteotomy
 - •Absorbable Hemostatic Agents
 - •Duraplasty and Sealant Agents
 - •Burr Holes
 - •Craniotomy
 - •Cranioplasty
 - •Autocranioplasty
 - •Cranial Vault Reconstruction for Craniosynostosis
 - •Cranial Vault Encephalocele Repair
 - •Subdural Drainage Catheters
 - •Intracranial Pressure Monitor
 - •Cranial Surgery Complications
 - •5.1 Intraoperative MRI
 - •5.1.1 Discussion
 - •5.2.1 Stereotactic Biopsy
 - •5.2.1.1 Discussion
 - •5.2.2 Resection Cavities
 - •5.2.2.1 Discussion
 - •5.2.3 Ommaya Reservoirs
 - •5.2.3.1 Discussion
 - •5.2.4 Chemotherapy Wafers
 - •5.2.4.1 Discussion
 - •5.2.5 Brachytherapy Seeds
 - •5.2.5.1 Discussion
 - •5.2.6.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.1 Prefrontal Lobotomy
 - •5.3.1.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.2 Pallidotomy
 - •5.3.2.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.3 Cingulotomy
 - •5.3.3.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.4.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.4.2 Thalamotomy
 - •5.3.5 Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
 - •5.3.5.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.6.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.7.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.8.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.9.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.10 Corticectomy
 - •5.3.10.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.11.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.12.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.13 Callosotomy
 - •5.3.13.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.14 Anterior Temporal Lobectomy
 - •5.3.14.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.15.1 Discussion
 - •5.3.16 Hemispherectomy
 - •5.3.16.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Intraoperative MRI
 - •Brain Tumor Surgery
 - •Stereotactic Biopsy
 - •Resection Cavities
 - •Postoperative Hemorrhagic Lesions
 - •Ommaya Reservoirs
 - •Chemotherapy Wafers
 - •Brachytherapy Seeds
 - •GliaSite Radiation Therapy System
 - •Prefrontal Lobotomy
 - •Pallidotomy
 - •Cingulotomy
 - •Thalamotomy
 - •Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
 - •Epidural Motor Cortex Stimulator
 - •Neural Interface System (BrainGate)
 - •Corticectomy
 - •Selective Disconnection
 - •Callosotomy
 - •Anterior Temporal Lobectomy
 - •Hemispherectomy
 - •6.1 Types of Procedures
 - •6.1.1 External Ventricular Drainage
 - •6.1.1.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.2.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.3 Atypical Ventricular Shunts
 - •6.1.3.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.4 Ventriculosubgaleal Shunts
 - •6.1.4.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.5.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.6.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.7 Subdural-Peritoneal Shunts
 - •6.1.7.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.8.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.9.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.10 Lumboperitoneal Shunts
 - •6.1.10.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.11 Third Ventriculocisternostomy
 - •6.1.11.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.12.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.13 Aqueductoplasty
 - •6.1.13.1 Discussion
 - •6.1.14.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.1.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.2.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.3 Intraventricular Fat Migration
 - •6.2.3.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.4.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.5.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.6 Slit Ventricle Syndrome
 - •6.2.6.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.7.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.8 Shunt-Associated Infections
 - •6.2.8.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.9.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.10.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.11.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.12 Peritoneal Pseudocysts
 - •6.2.12.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.13.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.14 Tumor Seeding
 - •6.2.14.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.15 Shunt Catheter Calcification
 - •6.2.15.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.16.1 Discussion
 - •6.2.17.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Types of Procedures
 - •External Ventricular Drainage
 - •Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts
 - •Atypical Ventricular Shunts
 - •Ventriculosubgaleal Shunts
 - •Subdural-Peritoneal Shunts
 - •Lumboperitoneal Shunt
 - •Third Ventriculostomy
 - •Aqueductoplasty
 - •Fourth Ventricular Stenting
 - •Complications
 - •Intraventricular Fat Migration
 - •Slit Ventricle Syndrome
 - •Shunt-Associated Infections
 - •Shunt Malposition and Migration
 - •Pseudocysts
 - •Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Syndrome
 - •Tumor Seeding
 - •Shunt Catheter Calcifications
 - •7.1.1 Discussion
 - •7.2.1 Discussion
 - •7.3.1 Discussion
 - •7.4.1 Discussion
 - •7.5.1 Discussion
 - •7.6.1 Discussion
 - •7.7 Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas
 - •7.7.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Anterior Craniofacial Resection
 - •Transsphenoidal Resection
 - •Middle Cranial Fossa Reconstruction
 - •Surgical Approaches for Vestibular Schwannoma Resection
 - •8.1.1 Discussion
 - •8.2 Auriculectomy
 - •8.2.1 Discussion
 - •8.3 Auricular Reconstruction
 - •8.3.1 Discussion
 - •8.4.1 Discussion
 - •8.5 Atresiaplasty
 - •8.5.1 Discussion
 - •8.6.1 Discussion
 - •8.7.1 Discussion
 - •8.8 Ossicular Interposition
 - •8.8.1 Discussion
 - •8.9.1 Discussion
 - •8.10.1 Discussion
 - •8.11.1 Discussion
 - •8.12 Atticotomy
 - •8.12.1 Discussion
 - •8.13.1 Discussion
 - •8.14.1 Discussion
 - •8.15.1 Discussion
 - •8.16 Temporal Bone Resection
 - •8.16.1 Discussion
 - •8.17 Cochlear Implants
 - •8.17.1 Discussion
 - •8.18.1 Discussion
 - •8.19.1 Discussion
 - •8.20.1 Discussion
 - •8.21.1 Discussion
 - •8.22 Labyrinthectomy
 - •8.22.1 Discussion
 - •8.23 Vestibular Nerve Section
 - •8.23.1 Discussion
 - •8.24.1 Discussion
 - •8.25.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •BAHA Device
 - •Auriculectomy
 - •Auricular Reconstruction
 - •Canaloplasty and Meatoplasty
 - •Atresiaplasty
 - •Myringoplasty and Tympanoplasty
 - •Incus Interposition
 - •Ossicular Prosthesis Complications
 - •Transcanal Atticotomy
 - •Mastoidectomy Complications
 - •Lateral Temporal Bone Resection
 - •Cochlear Implants
 - •Cochlear Implant Complications
 - •Auditory Brainstem Stimulator
 - •Repair of Perilymphatic Fistula
 - •Labyrinthectomy
 - •Vestibular Nerve Sectioning
 - •Tube Drainage of Cholesterol Cysts
 - •9.1 Vertical Ramus Osteotomy
 - •9.1.1 Discussion
 - •9.2 Sagittal Split Osteotomy
 - •9.2.1 Discussion
 - •9.3 Genioplasty
 - •9.3.1 Discussion
 - •9.4.1 Discussion
 - •9.5 Mandibular Distraction
 - •9.5.1 Discussion
 - •9.6 LeFort I Osteotomy
 - •9.6.1 Discussion
 - •9.7 LeFort III Osteotomy
 - •9.7.1 Discussion
 - •9.8.1 Discussion
 - •9.9 Mandibulotomy
 - •9.9.1 Discussion
 - •9.10 Enucleation
 - •9.10.1 Discussion
 - •9.11 Cyst Decompression
 - •9.11.1 Discussion
 - •9.12 Coronoidectomy
 - •9.12.1 Discussion
 - •9.13.1 Discussion
 - •9.14.1 Discussion
 - •9.15.1 Discussion
 - •9.16.1 Discussion
 - •9.17.1 Discussion
 - •9.18.1 Discussion
 - •9.19.1 Discussion
 - •9.20.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Vertical Ramus Osteotomy
 - •Sagittal Split Osteotomy
 - •Genioplasty
 - •Mandibular Angle Augmentation
 - •Mandibular Distraction
 - •Lefort I Surgery
 - •Lefort III Surgery
 - •Fixation of Mandible Fractures
 - •Mandibulotomy
 - •Enucleation
 - •Cyst Decompression
 - •Coronoidectomy
 - •Eminectomy and Meniscal Plication
 - •10: Imaging the Postoperative Neck
 - •10.1 Reconstruction Flaps
 - •10.1.1 Discussion
 - •10.2 Neck Dissection
 - •10.2.1 Discussion
 - •10.3 Parotidectomy
 - •10.3.1 Discussion
 - •10.4.1 Discussion
 - •10.5 Facial Reanimation
 - •10.5.1 Discussion
 - •10.6.1 Discussion
 - •10.7.1 Discussion
 - •10.8 Transoral Robotic Surgery
 - •10.8.1 Discussion
 - •10.9 Sistrunk Procedure
 - •10.9.1 Discussion
 - •10.10 Laryngectomy
 - •10.10.1 Discussion
 - •10.11.1 Discussion
 - •10.12 Montgomery T-Tubes
 - •10.12.1 Discussion
 - •10.13 Salivary Bypass Stent
 - •10.13.1 Discussion
 - •10.14 Laryngeal Stents
 - •10.14.1 Discussion
 - •10.15.1 Discussion
 - •10.16 Arytenoid Adduction
 - •10.16.1 Discussion
 - •10.17 Arytenoidectomy
 - •10.17.1 Discussion
 - •10.18 Laryngeal Cartilage Remodeling
 - •10.18.1 Discussion
 - •10.19 Tracheotomy
 - •10.19.1 Discussion
 - •10.20 Thyroidectomy
 - •10.20.1 Discussion
 - •10.21.1 Discussion
 - •10.22 Brachytherapy
 - •10.22.1 Discussion
 - •10.23 Vagal Nerve Stimulation
 - •10.23.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Reconstruction Flaps
 - •Facial Reanimation
 - •Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy
 - •Transoral Robotic Surgery
 - •Neck Dissection
 - •Parotidectomy
 - •Salivary Duct Stenting
 - •Laryngectomy
 - •Montgomery T-Tubes
 - •Salivary Bypass Stents
 - •Laryngeal Stents
 - •Arytenoid Adduction
 - •Arytenoidectomy
 - •Laryngeal Cartilage Remodeling
 - •Tracheotomy
 - •Thyroidectomy
 - •Neck Exploration and Parathyroidectomy
 - •Sistrunk Procedure
 - •Brachytherapy
 - •Vagal Nerve Stimulation
 - •11: Imaging of Postoperative Spine
 - •11.1 Overview
 - •11.2 Spine Decompression
 - •11.2.1.1 Discussion
 - •11.2.2 Laminectomy
 - •11.2.2.1 Discussion
 - •11.2.3 Facetectomy
 - •11.2.3.1 Discussion
 - •11.2.4 Microdiscectomy
 - •11.2.4.1 Discussion
 - •11.2.5 Laminoplasty
 - •11.2.5.1 Discussion
 - •11.2.6 Vertebrectomy
 - •11.2.6.1 Discussion
 - •11.2.7 Cordectomy
 - •11.2.7.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.1 Halo and Traction Devices
 - •11.3.1.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.2 Bone Graft Materials
 - •11.3.2.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.3 Implantable Bone Stimulators
 - •11.3.3.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.4 Odontoid Screw Fixation
 - •11.3.4.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.5 Occipitocervical Fusion
 - •11.3.5.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.6 Anterior Cervical Fusion
 - •11.3.6.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.7.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.8 Posterior Fusion
 - •11.3.8.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.9 Scoliosis Rods
 - •11.3.9.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.10 Vertebral Stapling
 - •11.3.10.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.11 Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib (VEPTR)
 - •11.3.11.1 Discussion
 - •11.3.12 Interbody Fusion
 - •11.3.12.1 Discussion
 - •11.4.1 Total Disc Replacement
 - •11.4.1.1 Discussion
 - •11.4.2.1 Discussion
 - •11.4.3.1 Discussion
 - •11.4.4 Dynamic Facet Replacement
 - •11.4.4.1 Discussion
 - •11.4.5 Dynamic Rods
 - •11.4.5.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.1 Overview
 - •11.5.2.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.3.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.4.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.5 Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
 - •11.5.5.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.6.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.7 Surgical Site Infections
 - •11.5.7.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.8 Postoperative Neuritis
 - •11.5.8.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.9 Arachnoiditis
 - •11.5.9.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.10.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.11 Postoperative Synovial Cyst
 - •11.5.11.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.12 Residual/Recurrent Tumors
 - •11.5.12.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.13 Inclusion Cysts
 - •11.5.13.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.14.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.15 Retained Surgical Tools
 - •11.5.15.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.16 Gossypiboma
 - •11.5.16.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.17.1 Discussion
 - •11.5.18 Postoperative Deformity
 - •11.5.18.1 Discussion
 - •11.6.1 Discussion
 - •11.7 Spinal Cord Stimulators
 - •11.7.1 Discussion
 - •11.8 Filum Terminale Sectioning
 - •11.8.1 Discussion
 - •11.9.1 Vertebral Augmentation
 - •11.9.1.1 Discussion
 - •11.9.2 Kiva Device
 - •11.9.2.1 Discussion
 - •11.9.3 Sacroplasty
 - •11.9.3.1 Discussion
 - •11.9.4.1 Discussion
 - •11.9.5.1 Discussion
 - •11.9.6.1 Discussion
 - •Further Reading
 - •Overview
 - •Laminectomy
 - •Facetectomy
 - •Microdiscectomy
 - •Laminoplasty
 - •Vertebrectomy
 - •Cordectomy
 - •Bone Graft Materials
 - •Implantable Bone Stimulators
 - •Odontoid Screw Fixation
 - •Anterior Cervical Fusion
 - •Posterior Fusion
 - •Occiptiocervical Fusion
 - •Scoliosis Rods
 - •Vertebral Stapling
 - •Interbody Fusion
 - •Nucleus Pulposus Replacement
 - •Dynamic Facet Replacement
 - •Dynamic Rods
 - •Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
 - •Seromas and Hematomas
 - •Postoperative Infection
 - •Postoperative Neuritis
 - •Arachnoiditis
 - •Postoperative Synovial Cyst
 - •Residual/Recurrent Tumors
 - •Inclusion Cysts
 - •Retained Surgical Tools
 - •Gossypiboma
 - •Postoperative Deformity
 - •Intrathecal Spinal Infusion Pump
 - •Spinal Cord Stimulators
 - •Filum Terminale Sectioning
 - •Kiva Device
 - •Sacroplasty
 - •Percutaneous Spine Fusion
 - •CT-Guided Epidural Blood Patch
 - •12.1 Vascular Surgery
 - •12.1.1.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.2.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.3.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.4.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.6.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.7 Carotid Endarterectomy
 - •12.1.7.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.8 Carotid Body Stimulation
 - •12.1.8.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.9 Adjustable Vascular Clamp
 - •12.1.9.1 Discussion
 - •12.1.10.1 Discussion
 - •12.2 Endovascular Surgery
 - •12.2.7 Endovascular Reconstructive Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke Using Intra-arterial Thrombolysis or Embolectomy
 - •12.2.10 Endovascular Stent Reconstructive Treatment for Extracranial Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease
 - •12.2.11 Endovascular Reconstructive Treatment for Active Extracranial Hemorrhage or Pseudoaneurysm
 - •Further Reading
 - •Vascular Surgery
 - •Aneurysm and Hemostatic Ligation Clips
 - •Intracranial Aneurysm Muscle Wrap
 - •Vascular Malformation Surgery
 - •Carotid Endarterectomy
 - •Carotid Body Stimulation
 - •Adjustable Vascular Clamp
 - •Reconstruction of the Great Vessels
 - •Endovascular Surgery
 - •General Imaging Considerations Following Endovascular Cerebrovascular Procedures
 - •Endovascular Treatment for Aneurysms
 - •Endovascular Stent Reconstructive Treatment for Extracranial Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease
 - •Endovascular Reconstructive Treatment for Active Extracranial Hemorrhage or Pseudoaneurysm
 - •Endovascular Treatment for Intracranial Venous Stenosis and Occlusion
 - •Index
 
6 Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts, Drains, and Diversion Techniques  | 
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6.1.3\ Atypical Ventricular Shunts
6.1.3.1\ Discussion
Other parts of the body can be used as terminals for the distal portions of ventricular shunt catheters. Ventriculoatrial, ventriculopleural, ventriculovesical, and ventriculo-gallbladder shunts are plausible alternatives for diverting cerebrospinal fluid away from the ventricles in patients with hydrocephalus, particularly when ventriculoperitoneal shunts fail.
•\ Ventriculoatrial Shunts (Fig. 6.10): The distal tip of a ventriculoatrial shunt should terminate in the right atrium or even in the superior vena cava. Complications particular to ventriculoatrial shunts include pulmonary embolism and endocarditis.
•\ Ventriculopleural Shunts (Fig. 6.11): The terminus is within the pleural space. Variable amounts of cerebrospinal fluid may accumulate in the pleural space, in which up to 20% are symptomatic. This complication is more
a
Fig. 6.10 Ventriculoatrial shunt. Frontal radiograph shows a ventricular shunt tip (arrow) at the level of the atriocaval junction (arrow)
b
Fig. 6.11 Ventriculopleural shunt. Frontal radiograph (a) and axial CT (b) show a shunt catheter with distal end (arrows) located within the left pleural space, where there is cerebrospinal fluid
