3202

According to the sorption of fulvic acids, anionites form a row which is a reverse one: IА-1 > АNT-511 > АV-17-2P. This sequence is due to a growth of the diffusion coefficient of fulvic acids into an ionite (Fig. 6c) and thus an increase in the constant of the sorption rate as ionization of anionites drops (Fig. 6b).

7. Identifying the effect of рН on sorption of nekal

The dependence of sorption of nekal on рН was investigated using the example of anionite Wofatit AD-41 in the СI-form [11, 22]. Wofatit AD-41 is a weak-foundation anionite based on copolymer of styrolene and divinylbenzol manufactured by VEB Chemikombinat Bitterfeld. It has a porous channel structure (according to the production certificate). Tertiary dimethylaminegroups are ionogenic. They look like granulated solid sorbents of the identical granulometric, very even composition with the particle size of ~ 1 mm.

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For the experiment water solutions of NaОН and HCI were prepared with рН from 1 to 12. Then they were dissolved twice with a nekal solution with the concentration 1.17 mmole/l. That provided the equal content of nekal in both samples. Then in each flask identical weighed portions of the air dry anionite taken from the analytical weights with the accuracy of 0.0002 g were introduced and constantly stirred for 8 hours. After a day following the division of the phases the optical density of the original and equally weighing solutions for the identical original values of рН were measured as well as the concentration of nekal using the gradient graphs. The results of the absorption are given in Fig. 7.

It was experimentally shown that there is a drop in the sorption of nekal in both a strongalkaline as well as a strong-acid medium. A more distinct drop in the sorption is seen as рН increases, i.e. in an alkaline medium. This is due to the capacity of alkaline solutions to desorb nekal from anionite. We argue that a decrease in the sorption is accounted for by the properties of the anionite as in this range the effect of рН on the state of nekal is zero. In a strong-alkaline medium the anionite is squeezed, which makes it more challenging for the molecules to be transported into it.

Conclusions

1. A reaction of a medium was shown to have a great impact on sorption of water from natural and synthetic anionactive surfactants. The dependence of the organic capacity of anionites on рН has a complex nature. Within the system both reacting components (anionite and fulvic acid) change a degree of ionization of the functional groups. This affects the sorption mechanism of both surfactants that can be absorbed both as a result of dispersive interactions with an inert anionite matrix (physical absorption) and ion exchange. The latter takes place only if molecules of a surfactant are anions, i.e. are dissociated as well as the functional groups of a sorbent, which is not the case for all the values.

It is not only the state of a surfactant (cation, anion or zwitter-ion) that depends on ionization but also the moisture content of an anionite. It is determined by a proportion of ionized molecules as only an ion that is charged is hydrated by water molecules. A large water content of

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a sorbent in some systems increases the rate at which a substance being absorbed comes at its pores. Therefore for рН (3…5) the diffusion coefficients and sorption rate constants are high and water purification is thus extremely effective.

2. The experimentally found and theoretically proved range of рН of processed water allowed one to make recommendations as to the location of sorption filters in a technological chain depending on how water is processed prior to purification.

Hence water purification from surfactants is not likely to be effective following its softening using the soda, soda-alkaline, oxalate, natrium methods as well as ion-exchange Na-cation processing of water following which рН shifts into an alkaline medium.

However, bleached water following coagulation of impurities using aluminium and iron salts has a weakly acid reaction as the concentration of hydrocarbonates goes down as a result of their interaction with the resulting hydrochloric and sulphuric acids during hydrolysis of saltscoagulants, which ensures that water purification from surfactants is highly effective.

For water desalination systems it would be viable to place filters with anionite-absorbents of organic substances following H-cation exchangers to ensure рН of about 3, i.e. that of the maximum sorptive activity of anionites of any types.

References

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2.Ashirov A. Ionoobmennaya ochistka stochnykh vod, rastvorov i gazov [Ion exchange wastewater treatment, solutions and gases]. Leningrad, Khimiya Publ., 1983. 295 p.

3.Varshal G. M., Koshcheeva I. Ya., Sirotkina I. S. [The study of organic substances of surface waters and their interaction with metal ions in connection with the migration of polluting substances in environment objects].

Organicheskaya geokhimiya vod i poiskovaya geokhimiya [Organic Geochemistry of waters and search Geochemistry]. Moscow, Nedra Publ., 1982, pp. 202—212.

4.Gel'ferikh F. Ionity [Ion exchangers]. Moscow, IIL Publ., 1962. 490 p.

5.GOST 23732-2011. Voda dlya betonov i stroitel'nykh rastvorov. Tekhnicheskie usloviya [State Standard237322011. Water for concretes and mortars. Specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2012. 16 p.

6.Grebenyuk V. D., Mazo A. A. Obessolivanie vody ionitami [Desalination of water by ionites]. Moscow, Khimiya Publ., 1980. 256 p.

7.Danchenko N. N., Perminova I. V., Garmash A. V., Petrosyan V. S. [Determination of acidic groups of humic substances by titrimetric methods]. Referaty dokladov XVI Mendeleevskogo s"ezda. T. 3 [The abstracts of the XVI Mendeleev Congress. Vol. 3], 1998, p. 79.

8.Kas'yanenko V. I., Vakulenko V. A., Pashkov A. B., Prokhorova A. M. Issledovanie otravlyaemosti anionitov gumusovymi veshchestvami prirodnykh vod [A study of anion exchange resin travlemate humic substances of natural waters]. Teploenergetika, 1980, no. 6, pp. 25—27.

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9.Kovaleva O. V. [The calculation of the effective radius of ions and organic molecules via the concentration dependences of the density of the aqueous solution]. Trudy XI Vserossiyskoy nauchno-praktcheskoy konferentsii studentov i aspirantov «Khimiya i khimicheskaya tekhnologiya v XXI veke» [Proc. Xl all-Russian scientificprakticheskoy conference of students and postgraduates "Chemistry and chemical technology in the XXl century"]. Tomsk, Izd-vo Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2008, pp. 159—160.

10.Kononova M. M. Organicheskoe veshchestvo pochvy. Ego priroda, svoystva i metody izucheniya [Soil organic matter. Its nature, properties, and methods of study]. Moscow, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1963. 314 p.

11.Kurenkova O. V. Sorbtsionnoe izvlechenie anionnogo PAV dibutilnaftalinsul'fonata natriya iz podzemnykh i stochnykh vod. Avtoref. diss. kand. khim. nauk [Sorption extraction of anionic surfactants dibutyldithiocarbamate of sodium from groundwater and wastewater. PhD of chemical sci. abstract. diss.]. Moscow, 2011. 18 p.

12.Libinson G. S. Fiziko-khimicheskie svoystva karboksil'nykh kationitov [Physico-chemical properties of carboxylic cation-exchangers]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1969. 111 p.

13.I Lishtvan. I., Kruglitskiy N. N., Tretinnik V. Yu. Fiziko-khimicheskaya mekhanika guminovykh veshchestv

[Physico-chemical mechanics of humic substances]. Minsk, Nauka i tekhnika Publ., 1976. 264 p.

14.Mamchenko A. M., Novozhenyuk M. S., Kryzhanovskaya E. B. Ochistka pit'evoy vody ot gumusovykh soedineniy sil'noosnovnymi anionitami [Purification of drinking water from humic compounds by strong-base anion exchange resin]. Khimiya i tekhnologiya vody, 1997, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 136 —140.

15.Polyanskiy N. G., Gorbunov G. V., Polyanskaya N. L. Metody issledovaniya ionitov [Research methods of ion exchangers]. Moscow, Khimiya Publ., 1976. 208 p.

16.SanPiN 2.1.4. 1074—01. Sanitarnye pravila i normy kachestva pit'evoy vody [Sanitary rules and norms 2.1.4. 1074-01. Sanitary rules and norms for drinking water quality]. Moscow, Federal'nyy tsentr Gossanepidnadzora Publ., 2002. 103 p.

17.Slavinskaya G. V. Ekologicheskie aspekty sorbtsionnoy ochistki vody ot organicheskikh veshchestv gumusovoy prirody [Environmental aspects of sorption purification of water from organic substances of humus nature]. Sorbtsionnye i khromatograficheskie protsessy, 2003, vol. 3, iss. 2, pp. 232—237.

18.Slavinskaya G. V., Kuznetsova N. S. Sorbtsionnaya ochistka vody ot ful'vokislot sochetaniem anionitov raznogo tipa [Sorption purification of water from fulvic acids by a combination of anion-exchangers of different types]. Sorbtsionnye i khromatograficheskie protsessy, 2003, vol. 3, iss. 4, pp. 455—459.

19.Slavinskaya G. V. Konstanty ionizatsii ful'vokislot [Ionization constants of fulvic acid]. Pochvovedenie, 2004, no. 1, pp. 68—70.

20.Slavinskaya G. V. Fiziko-khimicheskoe obosnovanie i realizatsiya protsessov udaleniya gumusovykh kislot iz vodnykh rastvorov metodom preparativnoy khromatografii. Avtoref. diss. dokt. khim. nauk [Physico-chemical substantiation and implementation of the removal processes of humic acid from aqueous solutions by the method of preparative chromatography. Dr. of chemical sci. abstract. diss.]. Voronezh, 2003. 48 p.

21.Slavinskaya G. V. Raschet razmera ionov v vodnykh rastvorakh [Calculation of the amount of ions in aqueous solutions]. Sorbtsionnye i khromatograficheskie protsessy, 2007, vol. 7, iss. 5, pp. 774—779.

22.Slavinskaya G. V., Kurenkova O. V. Vyyavlenie mekhanizma sorbtsii nekalya anionitami v raznoy ionnoy forme [The identification of the mechanism of sorption of Nacala anion exchangers in different ionic form].

Sorbtsionnye i khromatograficheskie protsessy, 2010, vol. 10, iss. 5, pp. 695—703.

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23.Slavinskaya G. V., Kovaleva O. V. Vozmozhnost' sokrashcheniya raskhoda reagentov pri ochistke prirodnykh vod ot organicheskikh veshchestv v obessolivayushchikh ustanovkakh [The possibility of reducing the consumption of reagents during the purification of natural water from organic substances in bessolevaya installations]. Ekologiya i promyshlennost' Rossii, 2010, no. 1, pp. 26—29.

24.Slavinskaya G. V. Ochistka prirodnoy i obessolennoy vody ot organicheskikh veshchestv [Purification of natural and desalinated water from organic substances]. Nauchnyy Vestnik Voronezhskogo GASU. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 2010, no. 1(17), pp. 81—91.

25.Slavinskaya G. V. Starenie obessolivayushchikh ionitov [Aging bessolevaya ion exchangers]. Saarbrücken, Palmarium Academic Publishing, 2014. 104 p.

26.Shevchenko M. A. Organicheskie veshchestva v vode i metody ikh udaleniya [Organic matter in water and methods for their removal]. Kiev, Naukova dumka Publ., 1966. 135 p.

27.Brien E., Rahul К. Desalination Fulvosäurelösungen by gel filtration. Z. Analyte. Chem, 1968, vol. 234, pp. 124—125.

28.El-bassam N., Müller H. Charakterisirung der gelösten und kolloidal suspendierten organischen Substanzen im Wasser. Landbauforsch. Völkenrode, 1978, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 70—74.

29.Fu Paul L. K., Symons James M. Removing aquatic organic substances by anion exchange resins. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc, 1990, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 70—77.

30.Gjessing Е. T. Use of «Sephadex» Gel for the Estimation of Molecular Weight of Humic Substances in Natural Water. Nature, 1965, vol. 208 (5015), pp. 1091—1092.

31.Lefebyre E., Leguble B. Cagulation par Fe (III) de substances humiques extraites d’eaux de surface: effet du pH et de la concentration en substances humiques. Water. Res, 1990, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 591—606.

32.Naumczyk J. Organic Isobation from Fresh and Drinring Water by Macroporous Anion-Exchange Resins. Water Res, 1989, vol. 23, no. 12, p. 273.

33.Oberländer H. E., Stadler J., Roht K. Entsalzung von Fulvosäurelösungen durch Gelfiltration. Z. Analyt. Chem, 1968, Bd. 234, no. 2, pp. 124—125.

34. Prentiss J., Gooris C. Acrylic anion resin improves treatment of organic-laden water. Power, 1985, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 43—44.

35. Puri V. K., Costa S. T. Tread resins properly to derive full benefits of ion exchange. Power, 1986, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 43—47.

36. Randtke S. J. Predicting the removal of soluble organic contaminants by lime softening. J. Water Res, 1986, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 27—35.

37. Saint-Léon R. Pollution des échangeurs d’ions, restauration de leurs propertiétés. Terres et eaus, 1969, vol. 122, no. 60, pp. 28—30.

38.Schnitzer M., Barton D. N. A new approach to the humic acid problem. Nature, 1963, no. 198, pp. 217—219.

39.Slavinskaya G. V., Selemenev V. F. Acid-base function of colloid fulvic acids of natural waters. International Conference on Colloid Chemistry and Physical-Chemical Mechanics dedicated to the centennial of the birthday of P. A. Rehbinder. Moscow, 1998, p. PB53.

40.Slavinskaya G. V., Fomenko M. N. Studies in Sorption of Natural Inorganic Substances by AnionExchangers During Water Demineralisation. 100 Years of Chroma-tography: 3rd Int. Symposium on Sepa-rations in Bio Scie-ncies SBS 2003: Abstracts, Program, 13—18 May 2003. Moscow, 2003, p. 208.

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Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture

CITY PLANNING,PLANNING OF VILLAGE SETTLEMENTS

UDC711.4

A. G. Bol’shakov1

SPACE TOPOLOGY OF THE BELGOROD CITY

Irkutsk National Research Technical University

Russia, Irkutsk, tel.: (3952) 40-51-56, e-mail: andreybolsh@yandex.ru 1D. Sc. in Architecture, Prof., Head of the Dept. of Architectural Design

Statement of the problem. The challenge is to develop a method to identify the relationship of the urban topological aspects of the physical space layout and its social logic. The problem is solved by the example of the city of Belgorod.

Results. An approach to how to interpret qualitative social values of the urban community using the language of the urban space topological modeling is developed. The regularities of the urban network, central places and residential areas of Belgorod are revealed. The street network pedestrian movement intensity and its distribution are identified for the Belgorod city center conditions.

Conclusions. The division of the city in the places with their internal layout; multiplication of places tending to a closed cycle of life; establishing or breaking the link between the different urban networks elements and the formation of the network paths as enhancing traffic and control access are the topological transformations which create conditions for social efficiency increasing of the city. These transformations are the tool for addressing urban development conflicts.

Keywords: urban space, types of places, urban construction development, space topology, social efficiency, topological modelling, pedestrian traffic intensity.

Introduction

An urban space is home to residents as well as a business hub. Its capacity is a primary physical characteristics that describes this space as a place of residence. The capacity depends on the physical qualities of a landscape where a city is sprawling particularly on the shape of a relief and construction sites and business venues as well as water resources. Besides its capacity, an urban space has certain living standards, i.e. pertaining to urban lifestyles. Urban social values comprise the quality of a city’s environment, financial conditions, social activities, urban landscapes, privacy levels, information provision, historic heritage objects integrated into a modern city.

© Bolshakov А. G., 2017

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The methods of analyzing urban networks and theory of spatial syntax were set forth by Professor B. Hillier [12, 13] and his successors Sevchuk and Mekonnen [14]. An urban construction as such that complies with the above standards of sustainable development was proposed in [1]. What remains to be answered is how to make an urban space comply with the urban lifestyle values by means of a topological arrangement. The answer is as follows: 1) by comprehensive expansion of construction cells (quarters, districts) into more accessible spaces considering current restrictions, 2) by arranging built-in areas according to a city’s internal texture and aesthetic structure, 3) by physical growth and development of places according to emerging social needs, 4) building connections between places as parts of a network.

1. Types of urban networks

The overall urban network space is transformed in such a way that there are sets of specialized small areas that are rendered their own geometry and thus meet social needs. There are two moments arising through the course of this transformation: that of the original place of residence into a network cell as well as the development of a network of central areas. The second one is the spread of the urban texture, its expansion into the underlying surface of the landscape. In the second process the major role is played by expansion and branching of the main and local streets beyond the original construction site and inside it. Branching of these streets just as growth of blood vessels stimulates the growth of cells, i.e. quarters and small districts.

The original cell of a city’s growth (kremlin, burg, prison, fortress) is constantly transformed. Following the loss of its fortification purposes the cell more or less retains its administrative and trading value. A trading centre is a market and is essential in any historic centre. Examples are trading centres in Red Square, Moscow, trading centre “Mercury” in Speransky Avenue, Irkutsk, market quarter in the historic centre of Belgorod. Preservation of the Moscow Kremlin promotes the historic heritage of government. Even managing to preserve some parts of religious buildings might contribute to cultural functions of the historic centre (Irkutsk).

In Belgorod following the war the main administrative square (Sobornaya Avenue) is located in the geometric centre of the historic centre on site of a female monastery. The building of the region’s government is in conjunction with that of the Drama Theatre on the opposite side of the square. In Belgorod’s central network this square takes a vacuum space restrained with two streets going uphill (Popova Street and Teatralniy Drive) and two streets along the hill (Slava Avenue and Svyatotroitskiy Boulevard).

Public spaces spreading in all directions from the administrative centre within the network as well as the configuration and development of connections of these spaces are positively eval-

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uated. Down the hill from Sobornaya Avenue there is a range of parks towards Victory Park and Museum Square that are located along the Vezelka River embankment. Along the hill to the west of the administrative square there is the immense Svyato-Troitskiy Boulevard. It leads to the spiritual centre of the city. This is the site of the former Troitskiy Cathedral and Iosafovskiy Park where there are three operating churches (church quarter). Up the hill there are two parallel Popova and 50-letiya Belgorodskaya oblast streets lead to the market square. From the administrative square along the hill to the east along Grazhdanskiy Avenue we get to the railway station square.

Therefore the topological system of central spots is made up of: 1) the administrative square, 2) Museum Square, 3) Iosafovskiy Park with acting cathedrals and designated former Troitskiy Cathedral; 4) the market square and 5) Vokzalnaya Square with the railway station. They comprise the cross location with the centre in the administrative square.

A.V. Krashenninikov suggested an approach to structuring the spots according to their accessibility and connection with the division into such types of spaces as enclaves, districts and regions. An enclave is a place of restricted accessibility and a small population proportion to that of the surrounding area connected with event relations (quarter, park). A district is a location created by the influence zone of some central object along the traffic lanes. A region is a network structure joining groups of central spots or locuses of social activity [8].

Using the above definition, the connection “administrative square –– market square –– Museum square –– railway station –– cathedral square” as a network structure can be called a region. Apart from this location, there is the River Vezelka embankment and riverside park as well as Narodniy Boulevard –– the main shopping street of the historic network that is parallel to the embankment. There is also the main acting cathedral of the Belgorod denomination –– the Preobrazhenskiy Cathedral –– along the main axis of the cross that goes up the hill in the quarter between the administrative square and the market.

Note that this constellation of the central places expands into wide streets that run parallel to the hill and the river onto the city’s main road –– B. Khmelnitskiy Avenue that spreads up the mountain and the North. In 1650 on the hill up the street on the Belaya Gora in the area of the modern shopping centre “Slavyanskiy” and the apartment complex of the same name in B. Khmelnitskiy Avenue where there used to be Vezelitskiye Gates, a wooden prison was built. The southern wall of the prison was bordered with the Belgorod region. The northern wall of 350 metres in length had four towers. Through the main one, the Moskovskaya Tower [5], a road ran that led to Moscow. Nowadays this is B. Khmelnitskiy Avenue.

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Surface of the landscape subbase. The city of Belgorod is booming on the right bank of the valley of the Severskiy Donets River where it flows into the River Vezelka (Vezelitsa). The relief of the Belgorod area is prone to erosion and scarcely cut with a network of ravines with the average values reaching 1.5 km per square kilometer [6]. The city proper is made up of two hills divided by the valley of the River Vezelka: the northern hill (it was populated first) is called Belaya Gora, the southern one is Kharkovskaya Gora (it was mainly developed in the 1970s). The altitudes of both hills are no more than 200 m. The lower cut of the waters of the Vezelka and Severskiy Donets is 113 m. I.e. the relative height of the hills over the erosion foundation is significant. The width of the hills is about 3 km, the meridian width of each hill is about 6—7 km. The hills are restricted and cut by ravines, beams and river valleys from all the sides.

If one imagines the structure of an urban texture as a stretching of a network of streets onto a relief, some of its features can be accounted for in the following way. As a network is stretched onto the surface of a relief, it is as if it is partially torn. It is largely along the valley of the River Vezelka that is the major barrier that keeps the network from being integral. The major streets cut through the valley.

If the transformation of the city’s geometry and its street network is compared with manufacturing a fabric, the longitudinal streets, i.e. those with a meridian, are called the threads of the foundation. These are B. Khmelnitskiy –– Schors and Vatutin –– Nikolay Chumichov streets. The threads are longitudinal streets as well as six wide ones in the historic centre as well as those crossing both hills along their width. The fabric is not torn but the city’s network rather consists of two layers of fabric. One lies in Belaya Gora and the other one in Kharkovskaya Gora. The edge of these layers is Levoberezhnaya and Poedby streets along the left bank and Suprunovskaya street along the right one. The right bank edge in Belgorod is not developed. There is currently a problem of designing high-rise residential buildings in the riverside area. Along the valley of the River Vezelka there are railways. It was already mentioned that the valley along with the railroad bed is crossed with two major threads. As these major connecting streets go up the right and the left bank of the valley, they are parts of the corresponding districts and make up portals, i.e. special nodes that are internal passageways from one district (the central, historic one) to the other (the southern one with more recent construction).

The city’s texture is mainly composed of residential urban units, i.e. quarters and microdistricts. They lie to the North and South of the central historic core. The residential urban unit as a place is characterized with the composition of populated cells. There are four

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types of them: labyrinths, lines, quarters and mansions. Labyrinths have houses as brackets that are all composed so that an open space of one bracket becomes an internal one of the other bracket. The axis of the brackets can change their directions. Lines have houses as parallel plates with their longitudinal axis coinciding some directional axis. They are a group of parallel lines. They typically contain communicating doors. There are no isolated cells but a continuous space between the parallel plates running through the houses. Quarters have houses along the perimeter of isolated polygons that are mainly rectangular quadrangles.

Detached houses along small spots (parcels) with the area of 6 or 8 square meters have the quarters filled with parcels of individual houses. They are located in two major streets of the quarter. The remaining two sides of the quarter are restricted with lanes.

Labyrinth planning structure is typical of the southern microdistricts in Kharkovskaya Gora. Closer to the centre there is a microdistrict with the line planning structure in this district. The first microdistrict to the North from the centre in Belaya Gora is arranged as a quarter. At the northern end of the city there is a mansion planning structure. It is also found in the valley of the River Vezelka on its right bank.

The above types of a planning structure for the residential cores, i.e. yards and streets, are classified as follows.

A mansion planning structure, i.e. detached housing, a house with a small land plot, is mostly typical of a Russian city. A house overlooks a street with the main façade and the yard is entered through the street into the plot. They are blocked with the front borders further into the quarter. Two rows of the plots are between the main streets. The lanes divide the long row into smaller parts. A public (or rather a transit) space is a street. Plots are private spaces. The mansion interacts with the rest of the world through the façade.

The quarter along the perimeter followed the mansion as the population became more dense and the properties within the quarter were joined. I.e. the forms of property impact the structure of the land property within the quarter [15]. The land plots within the mansions were now owned by neighbours as properties adjoining the house. The perimeter of the quarter is isolated. In this case the proportion and division of the forms of property as well as of the behavior in the urban space is best achieved. The public space of the street commonly belongs to the municipal authorities. The yard space belongs to the community of the property owners. The private space is protected from trespassers with the wall. There are public forms of urban activities sprawling in the street. In the yard there are semi-private (collective) forms of activities.

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