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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Z. Ye. Fomina: Inroductory Remarks of Editor-in chief of the Scientific Newsletter

«Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches»

Issue 1 (12) of the linguistic Series of Scientific Newsletter contains the following sections: ”Linguistics”, “Methods and Didactics of Teaching Foreign Languages”, “Intercultural Communication”, “Theory and Practice of Translation”. The twelth Series involves 12 papers.

THE LINGUISTIC SECTION reflects theoretically and practically important results of the researches of scientists on the up-to- date problems of studying of mythopoetics, onomastics studies, karmic linguistics, metaphor theory, cognitive linguistics and others.

The section "LINGUISTICS" presents articles by Doctor of Philology, Professor T.V. Toporova, Doctor of Philology, Professor Z.Ye. Fomina, Doctor of Philology, Professor Bhuvaneswar

Chilukuri, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor M.V. Subbotina, PhD of Philology, Associate Professor V.I. Chechetka.

The article of Leading Research Officer of the German Sector of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor T.V. Toporova (Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences) shows "textocentric" approach on the material of to the Old Icelandic epos – "The Elder Edda". The main aim Tatyana Vladimirovna sees in the study of the designations of water in anthropocentric aspect, that is from the point of view of the native speaker. The research of the epic word is carried out in three directions – mythological (the description of the origin of a denotat in the eddic myth of creation), perceptual (the description of the object from the point of view of its perception by adepts of the archaic mythopoetic tradition) and axiological (the description of the value of object in an eddic universum). Tatyana Vladimirovna emphasizes that the anthropocentric approach to studuing the epic word allows us to consider the identity of the native speaker, that is to get into depths of forming the concept of the archaic mythopoetic model of the world. Professor B. Chilukuri (India, Hyderabad University) continues to present karmic linguistics, being developed by him. In the frame of his theory he analyses proverbs and their definitions. The Indian collegue substantiates advantages of karmic approach to studying and comprehension of proverbs essence in comparison to traditional linguistic approach to their analysis.

The object of investigation of Z.Ye. Fomina (Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering) concerns Slavic toponymy in ranges of modern Germany, considered in lingvo-cultural and linguo-historical aspects. On the example on the vast body of the Slavic names of cities, villages, fortresses in the territory of modern Germany the author illustrates the earliest contacts between Germans and Slavs. The inner form of the Slavic place-names is studied, their semantic and etymological analysis is held, types of Slavic place names are identified, describes the basic models word formation of Slavic placenames, etc. The names of Slavic settlements in Germany are seen as signs of material and spiritual culture of the Slavs, that contributed greatly to the further formation of an extensive toponymy landscape of Germany.

Of scientific novelty is research material in the work of Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor M.V. Subbotina (Yakovlev Chuvash State Pedagogical University, Cheboksary city) that considers distributive metaphor as research method for works of philology. The discussed method of research of semantic structures is determined by the method focus at the explication of author’s intention, the process of author’s writing. Marina Valentinovna gives the approximate analysis of revealing a distributive metaphor as exemplified in A.A. Blok and A.S. Pushkin poems and concludes that the formation of a metaphor being the result of

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Series «Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches» Issue № 1 (12), 2016

author’s stylistic efforts conforms with a specific algorithm which implies the following stages: from prosaic prototype/philosophical notion, including several stages, to reality.

The research of PhD of Philology, Associate Professor V.I. Chechetka is accomplished in line with the actual problems of modern cognitive linguistics (Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering). V.I. Chechetka focuses her attention on dominant concepts in ancient Germanic heroic epic considered by the author on the example of medieval German epic poem "The Song of the Nibelungs". According to observations of the researcher, such anthropomorphic concepts as "man," "woman" and others, define mythopoetic picture of the world in ancient Germany and belong to basic ones. They correlate, in turn, with a wide range of other concepts, in particular, with "wealth", "clothing", "gold", "gems", etc. The said (peripheral) concepts relate to macroconcept "Man" and are symbols of high social status and power.

The results of the actual methods-and-didactic researches are represented in the section of the similar name “METHODS AND DIDACTICS OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES”. The section contains three articles: by Doctor of Philology, Professor N.A. Fenenko in collaboration with PhD of Philology, Associate Professor S.Y. Bulgakova, by Aliye Zairovna Abdurakhmanova and by Z.S. Gandaloyeva. The article by Natalia Aleksandrovna Fenenko (Voronezh State University) and Svetlana Yurievna Bulgakova

(Voronezh State University) points out the specificity of teaching French in the blended learning format via the virtual learning environment Moodle. The article describes the structure of the module Professionally-oriented communication in the second foreign (French) language" taught in the framework of the master's program "Teaching languages with the use of online technologies" in the direction of education 44.04.01. The authors conclude that besides developing the ICT-competence blended learning contributes to the development of other key skills for the future careers, including planning their own activities, analysis, and presentation of information in accordance with the set objectives.

The scientific field of Aliye Zairovna Abdurakhmanova (Simferopol city, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University) includes investigation of complex frame model of subject field “Civil engineering” as the way of domain-specific knowledge representation.

The terminological domain «Civil engineering» is analyzed for the purpose of the formation of the subject field’s frame model. Different approaches of the term system modeling are considered, besides, the frame modeling importance and necessity for the term system systematization and knowledge regulation of the subject field being studied is discussed. Frame model / schema «Civil engineering» is presented by means of five basic frames. the frame structure of the civil engineering terminology is represented by means of the complex hierarchical system of concepts that reveals the fundamental and essential features of the studied subject area and makes it possible to find its optimal lexicographical representation.

Applicant student Zita Savarbekovna Gandaloyeva (Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University) analyses peculiarities of derivational models of the english-language perfumery and cosmetics terminology system. In the author`s opinion syntactical term derivation is the predominant way of term formation in the sphere in question within the bounds of which there are mainly different combinations of nouns, nouns and adjectives, including prepositions.

The section “INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION” includes two articles: by Post-graduate student N.E. Parieva (Applicant student of the Philosophy Department of Moscow State University of International Relations (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia) and by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor N.V. Merkulova (Voronezh GASU). The subject matter of investigation of Natalya Yevgenyevna Parieva is the problem of perception of “time” in the classical Japanese literature. The author points out that during thousand years of Japanese classical literature forming Japanese prosaic literature did not remain indiscrete because it reflected these or those changes relevant for the corresponding historical formation. As the research of Natalya Yevgenyevna shows, texts with references

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

to Buddhism, temple writings, confluence of Buddhist mythology acquire historic narration features. They are narrated in accordance with historical and calendar time. However, as the author mentions, with “author’s consciousness in Japanese fiction” transition from historical time towards brightly expressed author’s consciousness is observed. N.E. Parieva`s view it indicates the tendency towards introvertivity and contraction of time perception in the works of Japanese authors.

The subject matter of the research of PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Nadezhda Vyacheslavovna Merkulova (Voronezh GASU) is the investigation of the aesthetic onymy invention process in the novel «Madame Bovary» by G. Flaubert as a means of the art images expressiveness. Nadezhda Vyacheslavovna reveals the symbolic correspondences between the onomastic units and the referred art images within the fiction. The author analyses the names of the minor characters, as well as some of the place names of the novel. N.V. Merkulova reveals the correlation of aesthetic onymy with overall ideological-and-factual canvas of the work that/ as the author assumes, is conditioned on combination of the sounds and the semantic associations which have some symbolic value in the novel.

The section “THEORY OF TRANSLATION” contains the articles of PhD of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor N.V. Shuldeshova (Prioksky State University/ Orel State Institute of Culture) and Postgraduate Student J.M. Tayavi (Iraq, Voronezh State University). The subject matter of Natalia Valerievna Shuldeshova is motivated by the necessity of describing electronic dictionary as one of the means of formation the multilingual competence. Pointing out the significance of computer lexicography and corpus linguistics the author turns to the investigation electronic versions of multilingual dictionaries. As an example, N.V. Shuldeshova chose the electronic multilingual dictionary ABBYY Lingvо, based on the analysis of which Natalia Valerievna finds out that, firstly, the spectrum of its using is extensive, secondly, electronic multilingual dictionary can become a link on the way of formation the multilingual competence.

The research of Jessine Mohammed Tayavi (Iraq, Bagdad, Voronezh State University) is focused on French tourism terms and their Russian equivalents. The article discusses the problems of the French tourism terminology translation into Russian. The results of the research helped J.M. Tayavi to reveal both formal correspondences and text equivalents created by the translator. In the author`s opinion The priority of choice in the translation process is determined by a "hybrid" nature of tourism-reated text, which integrates the elements of such genres as information text and advertising text.

The section “SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION” contains the reports of Doctor of Philology, Professor Z.Ye. Fomina and PhD of Philology, Associate Professor N.V. Merkulova. Professor Zinaida Yevgenyevna Fomina informs us about international conference International Conference "The Language of Linguistics-and-Culturology: Theory vs. Empiria", organized and held by the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, by the Problem Group" Linguoculturological Researches" on 19 – 21 November, 2015. The report of Nadezhda Vyacheslavovna Merkulova gives the overview of the results of the E.S. Otin I (IX Svyatogorsk) international onomastic readings held by Donetsk onomastic school on 16–25 October, 2015.

This issue contains the scientific works of Russian scientists, working in scientific academic organizations in different Universities of our country, particularly in Moscow (Institute of Linguisticsof the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University of International Relations (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Pyatigorsk, Orel, Simferopol, Cheboksary, Voronezh, foreign scientists (India, Hyderabad, Hyderabad University), Iraq (Bagdad) and the others.

The scientific researches represented in the articles of this issue are conduced on the materials of English, German, French, Russian, Japanese, Arabic languages as well as on the material of Indian dialects. Scientific subject matter of the honorable authors demonstrates

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topical tendencies of the modern linguistics, methods and didactics of foreign language teaching, international communication, theory and practice of translation.

This issue of Scientific Newsletter contains the results of scientific researches, carried out with the support of the Russian and foreign scientific funds. The research of Professor Natalia Aleksandrovna Fenenko and Associate Professor Svetlana Yurievna Bulgakova is carried out within international project Tempus 544161-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-UK-TEMPUS-

JPCR Aston University «Developing the Teaching of European Languages: Modernising

Language Teaching through the development of blended Masters Programmes».

We believe that the twelth Series of Scientific Newsletter will be interesting and useful for a huge range of philologists, foreign language teachers, experts in literature and culture, philosophers, post-graduates and students, as well as for all our respected native and foreign readers.

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

LINGUISTICS

UDC 82.091

Institute of Linguistics

of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Doctor of Philology, Leading Research Officer of the German Sector of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tatyana Vladimirovna Toporova

e-mail: t1960@list.ru

T.V. Toporova

ON THE ANTROPOCENTRIC CHARACTER OF THE EPIC

WORD

The present article shows "textocentric" approach on the material of to the Old Icelandic epos – "The Elder Edda". The main aim is to study the designations of water in anthropocentric aspect, that is from the point of view of the native speaker. The research of the epic word is carried out in three directions – mythological (the description of the origin of a denotat in the eddic myth of creation), perceptual (the description of the object from the point of view of its perception by adepts of the archaic mythopoetic tradition) and axiological (the description of the value of object in an eddic universum). The significance of the anthropocentric approach to studuing the epic word allows us to consider the identity of the native speaker, to recreate the process of his cogitative activity, to realize his intensions, to understand his interpretation and semantization of language units, that is to get into depths of forming the concept of the archaic mythopoetic model of the world.

Keywords: epic word, textocentric approach, mythopoetic model of the world, perception, axiology.

One of V.M. Alpatov`s articles is devoted to the two principles of the language research – s y s t e m o c e n t r i c principle and a n t h r o p o c e n t r i c one [1]. In the first case, the linguistic facts are considered by themselves isolated from their carriers, the emphasis is made on their interpretation by recipients. In the second case, the emphasis is made on "human" evaluation of the language, i.e. the analysis of various phenomena from the position of native speakers is supposed. As rightly was pointed out, "this approach changes the position of the researcher: there takes place the transition from a contemplative study of language elements by their inventory and classification to the study of linguistic phenomena from the standpoint of anthropocentrism" [2, p. 183]. V.M. Alpatov, as well as a number of other experts believe that the anthropocentric approach is primary. "Any linguistic description is based on the intuition of a native speaker, but a native speaker and a researcher are not necessarily the one and the same person. In this sense, any study of language is deeply anthropocentric" [4, p. 20-21]. V.M. Alpatov believes that "one can go to the description of the language system from the intuition of a native speaker checking it, if necessary, by texts, and from texts, checking their data through intuition" [1, p. 25].

____________________

© Toporova T.V., 2016

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Our intention is to demonstrate "the textocentric approach1 based on the material of the one of the ancient Germanic areas, namely, the Old Icelandic one. The main aim of this article is to study the designation of water in the Old Icelandic epos reflecting mythopoetic model of the world - in "The Elder Edda" (the manuscript of the late 13th - the beginning of the 14th centuries), containing the songs of mythological and heroic cycles in the anthropocentric aspect. Such a formulation of the goal suggests the investigation of Eddic material in three directions:

m y t h o l o g i c a l one treating the concept of the origin of the denotate within the Old Icelandic mythopoetic model of the world;

p e r c e p t u a l one describing the object in terms of its perception by carriers of a mythopoetic archaic tradition;

a x i o l o g i c a l one interpreting the value of the object in the Eddic universum.

§ 1

M y t h o l o g i c a l one treating the concept of the origin of the denotate within the Old Icelandic mythopoetic model of the world

The factor of a n t h r o p o c e n t r i s m is very essential for Eddic view of water, as well as for other objects of cosmogenesis (earth, sky, mountain, tree, and others) according to which they arose from the parts of the body of the first man Ymir, cf. Ór Ymis holdi var iorð um scöpuð, // ... enn ór sveita siór (Vm. 21; Grm. 40) "From Ymir's flesh the earth was created, // ... and from the blood - the sea." In other words, the microcosm was changed into

the macrocosm, i.e. in the Eddic world model the corresponding denotates were treated as the most important objects of the prime-creation having arisen as the result of a n t h r o p o g e n e s i s. However, in relation to the nominations of water there has been also noted the opposite tendency, namely, the origin of human being and other living beings (as the incarnations of the microcosm) from the water element (of the macrocosm). In the"Elder Edda" water is treated as the source of life, a creative substance: cf. myths about the origin of the first man Ymir from "The Stormy Waves" and about the origin from the moisture of dwarfs.

Of particular interest is also the derivative name from the Old Icelandic Brimir playing the role of the toponym (one of the mythological halls) and anthroponym (heiti of the first man Ymir), the derivative word from the Old Icelandic brim 'sea'. Thus, the very archaic idea of s y n c r e t i s m of microand macrocosm is implemented by the example of the designation of water in The Elder Edda.

§ 2

P e r c e p t u a l one describing the object in terms of its perception by carriers of a mythopoetic archaic tradition

As is known, all the information, which a man uses in the process of cognition, can be obtained through the sensory processes arising from the direct interaction of the organs of sense with the objects of the environment. In accordance with the kinds of feelings representing a sensual reflection of the objective reality, a number of nominations of water is singled out; in this case, a comprehensive analysis of the Eddic data is carried out: there are taken into account the attributes and predicates of the corresponding lexemes, their associations, the etymology, as well as the poetic organization that can actualize certain images. In

1 As applied to the Old English poetry his principles were elaborated by N.Y. Gvozdetskaya, believing that "in the historical semasiology, as well as in the other areas of linguistics, there was the clear superiority of the" language "over the" speech ", which led to the neglect of the speech activity and its works (texts)" [3, p. 28]. Recently, however, the neglect of the synchrony is obviously overcome, and there appear more researches, in which the word is studied in the immediate medium of its existence – in the particular work. In this case, the object of the analysis was the semantics of the individual wordusage, established on the basis of the c o n t e x t which is understood very broadly as "all the categories of the literary text that influence the formation and actualization of the lexical-and-semantic identities and differences in it [3, p. 29].

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

other words, a standard scheme of describing an epic word is being developed according to several parameters characterizing it in the aspect of interest to us.

V i d e o c o d e is used in the following designations of water appearing in " The Elder Edda":

a) etymology:

Old Icelandic aurr 'moisture; liquid substance – dirt', literally 'brilliant', cf. «Das wort wird auch gedeutet als 'glanz' und in diesem fall entweder aus urgerm. * auzom 'glanz, glänzende flüssigkeit', verwandt mit lat. aurum 'gold' ... oder entlehnt aus lat. aurum "[8, S. 20];

Old Icelandic haf 'sea', literally 'rising', 'high', cf .: "haf n. 'Meer', nisl. haf, nnorw. fär. schw. dä. hav. - ae. hæf, afr. hef, mnd. haf, mnl. haf 'meer', mhd. hap 'hafen, meer'. - Mit hinsicht auf -haf in Zss. wie upphaf 'meer' und haf 'das aufheben', nnorw. hav 'aufziehen des netzes' wohl zu deuten als bezeichnung der wellenbewegung und also zu hefja 'heben' "[8, S. 201];

Old Icelandic vágr 'sea', literally, 'rising', 'high', cf .: "vágr m. 'Meer, see; bucht; flüssigkeit; eiter; feuer (poet.) ', nisl. vogur 'meer, eiter', fär. vágur 'bucht, eiter', nnorw. vaag

'bucht, meer, eiter', nschw. våg 'woge', ndä. vove 'woge'. - Got. w egs 'bewegung, brandung', pl. 'wogen', ae. wœg 'welle', afr. w eg 'woge, wasser', as. w ag 'woge, flut', mnd. w ach m., w age f. 'Wogende bewegung, woge', mnl. w age f. 'Hohe wellen, flut, strom', ahd. w ag m. 'woge, meer'. - vgl. vega 1 'schwingen, heben, wiegen, wagen' "[8, S. 639];

b) composite:

Old Icelandic hvíta-aurr 'white moisture', liquid washing the world tree – Yggdrasil ash tree (Vsp. 19);

c) attributes:

Light: eiðar ... // þeir er Helga hafðir unna, // at ino liósa Leiptrar vatni (HH. II 31)

"oaths // ... that you once gave to Helga // on the light moisture of Leyftr" *;

black era svá brattr breki né svá blár unnir (Sd. 10), "no matter how high was the surf and waves black ";

Old Icelandic aurr 'moisture; liquid substance - dirt 'implicitly contains antithesis white - black: ... inn hvíta hadd Svanhildar: // auri tröddo und ióa fótom (Ghv. 16) "... fair hair Svanhild // trampled with (black) mud under the hooves of the horses' *;

High: hána muno hefia hávar báror (Sg. 62), "she will be raised by high waves" *; hófo mic ... hávar báror (Ghv. 13) "... I has been raised … by high waves"; ríða þar Rævils hestom // hávar unnir (Rm. 16), "Revilla horses are rushing //on high waves";

steep: fellr brattr breki (Rm. 17) " steep surf falls"; era svá brattr breki né svá blár unnir (Sd. 10), "no matter how steep was the surf and the waves - black *;

growing: vaxanda vági ... trúi engi maðr (Háv. 85) "... the growing wave … nobody believes";

deep: kalla dvergar diúpan mar (Alv. 24)”dwarfs name the deep sea"; d) predicates:

to shine: lýsto ... // alt lopt oc lögr (Skm. 6), "shone... // the whole sky and the sea" *; to sparkle (lýsaz) - water (vatn: sparkle in the water) to sparkle: í veltanda vatni

lýsaz valbaugar (Akv. 27) "in seething water Valsky rings sparkle ";

to fall: Á fellr austan um eitrdala (Vsp. 36) " The river falls from the East into the valley of poison"; fallandi báro ... // ... trúi engi maðr (Háv. 86-88) «falling wave ... // ...

should not be believed" *; fellr brattr breki (Rm. 17) "falls high surf"; falla forsar (Vsp. 59)"waterfalls fall "; hnigo heilog vötn af Himinfiöllom (HH. I 1) "sacred waters fell from the heavenly mountains" *; Þriár þióðar falla þorp yfir (Vm. 49) "Three streams fall over the housing ';

to raise: hána muno hefia hávar báror (Sg. 62), "she will be raised by high waves" *; hófo mic ... hávar báror (Ghv. 13) "... I was raised by high waves"; (hefia) - wave (bára);

d) associations:

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river – to fall: Á fellr austan um eitrdala (Vsp. 36) "River falls from the East into the valley of poison"; Þriár þióðár falla þorp yfir // meyia Mögþrasis (Vm. 49 RA) «Three powerful streams fall over the housing // of Mёgtrasira`s daughters";

Wave - High: hána muno hefia hávar báror (Sg. 62), "she will be raised by high waves" *; hófo mic ... hávar báror (Ghv. 13) "... I was raised … by high waves";

surf -high: fellr brattr breki (Rm. 17) " high surf falls "; era svá brattr breki né svá blár unnir (Sd. 10), "no matter how high was the surf and the waves - black"*;

wave – to raise: hána muno hefia hávar báror (Sg. 62), "she will be raised by high waves" *; hófo mic ... hávar báror (Ghv. 13) "... I was raised high waves";

sea - mountain (an implicit antithesis low - high): biörg oc brim ec veit at brenna scolo (Grm. 38) "the mountains and the sea must burn" *; sem biörg eða brim brotna myndi (HH. I 28) "as if the mountains or the sea must be broken." *

Judging by the Eddic data, the video-code presented in the designations of water marks contrastingly and minimalistically the denotates - water objects - in terms of color palette (black, white, light), with color can acquire an axiological meaning (cf. the interpretation of white (liquid washing the world tree) and light (Leyftra`s liquid by which oaths are sworn as sacred) and in the v e r t i c a l view: the sea, the wave, the surf and the river are represented as the mass of water that can rise and fall, have a height, with dominating the highest quality index (high) and the opposite sign (low) was recorded only once (implicitly in the attribute deep); downward direction also dominates among the predicates (cf. the occurrence of the verb to fall (6) against to raise (2).

The a u d i o-c o d e is represented in the following nominations of water, found in "The Elder Edda":

a)etymology: -;

b)composite:

Old Icelandic Vað-gelmir 'in the water sounding' hydronym <Old Icelandic vað (n.

'furt, untiefe stelle', nisl. fär. vað, nnorw. schw. dä. vad. - ae. wæd 'wasser, see', mnd. mnl. wat 'durchwatbare stele, watt', ahd. wat 'furt'. - lat. vadum 'furt', vgl. vaða 2 'waten, sich vorwärts bewegen; im gebrauch sein' "[8: 637] & -gelmir (<gjalla, gella 'to sound loud ' (st. v. 'laut tönen, schreien', nisl. gjalla, fär. gella, nschw. gälla, ndä. gjalde. - ae. gjellan, ahd. gellan. - russ. galit'sja 'verspotten' [7: 428]. Die eig. bed. dieser wortgruppe ist nicht 'schreien, gellen, tönen', denn schon das verwandte gala weist auf zaubergesang hin ... eine weiterentw. von 'lob, preis', weil aus dem kultischen preislied hervorgegangen "[8, S. 169170] ;

c) attributes:

Noisy: Hverir ríða þar Rævils hestom // hávar unnir, haf glymianda? (Rm. 16), "Whom are Revilla horses rushing // along high waves, along noisy sea?"; in the Eddic model of the world the sea (Old Icelandic haf) is described as rising waves;

c) predicates:

to beat: barði bára við borðþili (Gðr. I 7) " the wave beat on the board of he ship" *; d) association:

wave – to beat: ormr knýr unnir (Vsp. 50) "the dragon beats the waves"; enn aðra siau unnir kníðom (Gðr. II 34) "the other seven days of the wave beat";

e) poetics:

the noise, the crash, cf. sound repetitions ABC-ABC: barði bára við borðþili (Gðr. I 7) " the wave beat on the board of the ship" *; AB-AB: fellr brattr breki bröndom hæri (Rm. 17) "a high surf falls above the boards"; era svá brattr breki (Sd. 10), "no matter how high was the surf '* s r, imitating features of destructiveness (thunder crash), AB-AB: ...

brim ec veit at brenna scolo (Grm. 38)" ... the sea must burn "*; ... brim brotna myndi (HH. I 28) "... the sea must be destroyed" * where the sound repetition bracts in the pair with verbs describing the end of the world.

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