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but complement each other. So, let us consider etymological interpretations of the Slavonic toponyms, presented in the works by German scientists.

5.Etymological analysis of the names of cities of Slavonic origin in Germany

Berlin — there are three versions of this toponym origin. According to the first version, the name «Berlin» (as all the others with the – in stressed – Schwerin, Schtettin) has the Slavonic origin and dates back to Polab berl-/birl- («swamp»). The names of many European towns and cities originate from the similar Indo-European root wern-/werl (that also means «marsh area») [15]. According to the second standpoint, the word berli meant a kind of a protective grate built under the water, which was used for fishing [16]. The opinion was also widespread that the toponym Berlin dates back to the more ancient Slavonic word

«BER» that meant a beast of prey (a bear). Cf: in this connection the Russian word

«berloga» - lair [17].

Dresden — from the Slavonic word «dredzane» («drezhdane») → (dryazga → forest

→tree → «people who live in the forest» [16].

Leipzig — the name Leipzig originates not from the German noun «Leib» (body, corps) but from the Slavonic word «Linden tree» («Linde»). In the VI-th century the Serbs settled the territory at crossing of the most important ways of communication. As far back as 920 here not far from the linden tree grove there was a small village of fishers, that was called by its inhabitants as «Lipsk» (lipzi), i.e. «the place among the linden trees» («Ort bei den Linden») [16].

Kopenick — Copnic is the word of the Slavonic origin and means «hilly place» (Hugel – ort) [16].

Compare one more interpretation:

The name «Kopenick» has Slavonic roots and means «islands place» (Copnic). Fortresses were built in this territory at a period when the Slavs lived there. Here, in the middle of the XII-th century there was the main fortress and the main settlement of the Slavonic Schprevyane tribe who was ruled by the prince Yaksa from Kopanitsa (Yaksa from Kopanitsa up to 1130 – February 1176) – the Slavonic prince of the gavelyans tribe (selfdesignation – stodoryane). In the Velikopolskaya chronicle he is named as the prince of the Serbs [18].

Stieglitz is the name of the settlement of Slavonic origin, which means: «The place where there are goldfinches». [16].

Bautzen — the city (Budyshin or Budishin (upper-luzh. Budysin ([‘budıʃın]) was founded by the Slavs as Budysin (by old-luzhitskiy name – Budych [16].

Gorlitz was founded by the Slavs as Gorelitz (from gora – «mountain» that shows its high 200 metres location in the Luzhichi valley [16].

Lubek is an adapted name (the Germanized form in 1143) of the Slavonic (vend) settlement «Liubitsy (from the Slavonic liubak: graceful, delightful), when the count Adolf II founded the German merchant city there [16].

Celle is called as Kellu in the chronicle in 990, being formed from the Slavonic “settlement on the river”. This name was originally used as «Zelle», but later, it was latinized and became Celle [16].

Meißen is the name of the Slavonic origin and is correlated with the name of fortress Misni (Mischno) (from the word misni – locality, place) where in 920 the king Henrich I laid the imperial fortress in the then Slavonic-and-Serbian territory. Meißen is rightly considered as «the cradle of Saxony» [16].

Plauen means «the place of floods» in the old-Slavonic language, simultaneously informing about water richness of this region. [16].

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Chemnitz — in upper-Luzhich: Kamjenica: is called by the name of small river Chemnitz, the tributary of river Zwickauer-Mulde (German Zwickauer Mulde). The word

«chemnitz» itself originates from «Kamjenica» of the language of the luzhits Serbs and means «stony stream/river». In Czechia the town is called Saská Kamenice – «Saxon Kamjenica» [6].

Lausitz, Luzhitsa — from upper-Luzh. Łužica (Louzhitsa), originally means «swampy region». Luzhitsa is a historical region in Germany where up to now Slavonic people – luzhichans – live. In Poland and Czechia the region is named Luzhitse – Polish

Łużyce, Chech – Lužice [6].

Rostock — «Rostock» means the place where water flows in different directions [6].

Ratzeburg is the city of knights-warriors, Ratibor is first mentioned as Racesburg in the documents of German king Henrich IV in 1062. The name originates from the name of the Obodrits prince Ratibor (abbreviated German Ratse). This interpretation is giver in

«Lexicon des Mittelalters» (Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages). Scientists note that this Slavonic name widespread in the Middle Ages also occurs in the Russian chronicles. Thus, for example, in «The First Chronicle of the Oldest Text of Novgorod,1270, we read: «The leader Ratibor, Gavrilo Kyjaninov and his friends ran to the prince to the Gorodische (large town)» «pobegosha k knyazu na Gorodishe rysyachskiy Ratibor, Gavrilo Kyianinov I inii priyateli ego» [6].

Ratibor (Ratzeburg) is a shlezwig-golshtein town in the centre of lake Ratzeburg, which appeared in the place of the ancient Slavonic settlement formed around the fortress where there was a residence of Polab prince Ratibor [16].

Prenzlau - upper-Luzh. Prenzlawj [Prentslav] (see: the examples of the Slavonic toponyms in Germany [6]).

Zossen – Sosny [pine-trees] [6].

Brandenburg — in Slavonic Branibor. Now it is called Braniboŕ pši Habolu in low- er-Luzhits. The city Noibrandenburg is also named New Branibor in Slavonic (from the book 'Atlas nazw geograficznych Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej Kozierowski S. Kozierowski, 1934. Poznań: Nauka i Praca') [6]. Brandenburg owes its name to the Brenn fortress, which was the main fortress of Slavonic Stodorans and in 928 it was seized by Henrich I [16].

Schwerin — originates from the old-Slavonic word «horse enclosure» (Old-Polab

Zverin, «farm-yard/enclosure for cattle») [16]. Also see: Schwerin – Bodrich Zverin;

Usedome is the town on the island of the same name in Meklenburg – Front Pomerania. It owes its name to the Slavonic word «usnam» («Mouth») [16].

Cottbus [kɔtbᴜs], lower-Luzhich. Chóśeburb [ˈχɛɕɛbus]/[ˈχɨɕɛbus], upper-Luzhich

Choćebuz, [ˈkʰɔtʃɛbus], Polish Chociebuż. The above forms go back to the pra-Slavonic form *Xotěbud’ь – Hotebuds which is the possessive adjectives of the proper name

*Xotěbud’ь [19].

Compare also other known Slavonic toponyms in today’s Germany:

 Stolpen is formed from the Slavonic «pole». The Slavs fenced their settlements in high poles made of plates of volcanic rock.

 Mecklenburg was earlier called Rarog (Rerick), later – Mickulin Bor;  Oldenburg is Slavonic Starograd (Starigrad) = Old City;

 Breslau — Breslavl;

 Regensburg — Rezno;

 Roslau — Rusislava;

 Merseburg — Mezhibor and many others [6].

«Ancient names of these modern German cities do not need any explanations: Liubec,

Bremen, Weiden, Liubben, Torgau, Kliutz, Ribnitz, Karov, Teterov, Malhin, Mirov, Rossov, Kiritz, Beskov, Kamentz, Lebau, Zebnitz and so on» [6].

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As is seen from the examples given, toponyms of the Slavonic origin are used not only in the territory of eastern, northern Germany, but also in its western part. According to the research data, presented in Wikipedia, Slavonic toponyms are widespread in the following modern lands of Germany:

1.Lands with the universal using of Slavonic toponyms: Mecklenburg – Front Pomerania, Brandenburg, Saxonia-Anhalt, Lower Saxonia, Thiuringia;

2.Lands with numerous toponyms of Slavic origin (for example, in the city of Berlin);

3.Lands with using of Slavonic toponyms in definite parts of Germany; the territories more eastern from Hamburg, so-called “Vendland” (Vends was the name of the Slavs); SchleswigGoldstein (its eastern part); Bavaria (eastern, central and northern parts of the land) [6].

One’s attention is also attracted by the fact that the names of the German cities with the

Slavonic roots are mainly connected with either cities of Germany, including the capital Berlin, or with very famous German cities, the historical past of which is apriori connected with the language, history and culture of Slavonic people.

Thus, the inner form of Slavonic toponyms is conditioned by diverse motivation – semantic signs, among which there dominate:

1)hydronymic signs being the basis of the slavonic toponyms: Berlin – marsh; Rostok – water dividing into two branches; Usedom (mouth); Lausitz – luzhitsa (a small pool); Plauen – the place of flood; Celle – on the river;

2)phytonymical signs: Drezden – people from forest; Zossen – pine-trees; Leipzig – linden trees;

3)antroponymical ones: Bautzen – bydishin; Merseburg – mezhibor; Brandenburg – branibor; Ratseburg – ratibor; Cottbus – Xotěbudъ;

4)zoonymical ones: Shverin – zverin;

5)sensational ones (emotional): Liubec – beloved;

6)mineralogical ones: Camnits – stone;

7)oronymical ones (from the word oronym – the name of the high forms of relief (mountains, ranges, peaks, hills); (cf. Gorlits-gora – mountain; Kerpenic – holm – hill);

8)ornithonymical ones (Stieglets – goldfinches);

9)spatial ones (Meissen - Mishno) and so on.

It is important to emphasize that the German toponyms include not only Slavonic horonyms (names of the territories, regions, districts), astionyms (the names of the cities), oikonyms (the names of settlements, fortresses), but also a great number of the so-called Slavonic drimonyms (designations of forests and meadows), hydronyms (the names of rivers, lakes), oronyms (the names of mountans, ranges, peaks, hills). So, in the XIX-th century the Czech scientist A.V. Shember discovered 1000 Slavonic names of rivers, mountains, forests, valleys and small towns on the map of Austria [10].

German scientists show a great interest in the study of the Slavonic toponyms concerned with the Slavonic settlements, situated between large rivers of Germany. In particular, a detailed research was performed by Inge Bily who devoted her work to the study of geographical names between the rivers Elbe and Zaale in the West and the river Neise in the East of Germany [3].

6. Slavonic toponyms between the Zaale and Neise Rivers in linguoculturological aspect

As Inge Bily emphasizes, the research of the proper names (macrotoponyms, microtoponyms, surnames) began in the territory of Saxonia and neighbouring regions even at the beginning of the 50-ies of the XX-th century under the supervision of Rudolf Fischer

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and Theodor Frings. They set up the serial publication of books within the project “Ger- man-and-Slavonic Researches in Onomastics and History of Settlements” („Deutsch-

Slawische Forschungen zur Namenkunde und Siedlungsgeschichte”). “An important result of treating extensive toponymic material is the publication of 38 volumes of the above series that describe the toponymy of Saxonia, Thürighiya and neighbouring parts of SaxoniaAnhult. These results were simultaneously of great significance for the history of the language and the study of local lore (https : // www. Saw -leipzig. de/ de/ projekte /beendete - forschungsvorhaben. The project was completed in December 31, 2003).

Inge Bily notes that at the beginning of the XXӀ-st century there started the compiling of the Atlas of old-Serbian toponyms that presents the structure of Slavonic (old-Serbian) toponyms in the area of Slavonic settlements between the Zaale/Elbe rivers and Bober/ Queis rivers.

The results of the project “German-and-Slavonic Onomastic Researches(Deutschslawische Namenforschung (Deutsch-slawische Namenforschung) being performed under the supervision of Inge Bily, are presented in a number of works of Saxonian Academy of Sciences in Leipzig:

Atlas altsorbischer Ortsnamentypen. Heft 1. Hrsg. v. Ernst Eichler. Unter der Leitung v. Inge Bily bearb. v. Inge Bily, Bärbel Breitfeld u. Manuela Züfle (2000);

Atlas altsorbischer Ortsnamentypen. Heft 2. Hrsg. v. Ernst Eichler. Unter der Leitung v. Inge Bily bearbeitet v. Inge Bily, Bärbel Breitfeld und Manuela Züfle (2003);

Atlas altsorbischer Ortsnamentypen. Heft 3/4. Hrsg. v. Ernst Eichler. Unter der Leitung v. Inge Bily bearbeitet v. Inge Bily, Bärbel Breitfeld und Manuela Züfle (2003);

Atlas altsorbischer Ortsnamentypen. Heft 5. Hrsg. v. Ernst Eichler. Unter der Leitung v. Inge Bily bearbeitet v. Inge Bily, Bärbel Breitfeld und Manuela Züfle (2004) and others. Cf.: Inge Bily. Ortsnamenbuch des Mittelelbegebietes (Deutsch-slawische Forschungen zur Namenkunde und Siedlungsgeschichte) (1996).

Studying geographical names in the territory between the Elbe and Zaale rivers in the West and the Neise river in the East of Germany, Inge Bily came to the conclusion that in this territory of Germany old-European / Indo-German and German geographical names are presented only in minor amounts. Phonological, typological and semantic-and-lexical analysis of the toponyms was performed considering the results of the researches of the history of settlements and archeological data. In Inge Bily’s opinion, it proves that the territory between the Zaale and the Neise rivers had Slavonic names for geographical objects, water massives and landscape which is explained by the result of Slavonic colonization from the VII-th century, i.e. by the end of the people migration [3].

Based on the structural-and-morphological study of Slavonic toponyms in the territory between the Elbe and Zaale rivers and the Neise river, among other types of the Slavonic toponyms Inde Bily singled out the toponyms consisting of personal names, and the toponyms with the diminutive-and-affectionate suffixes (diminutes) as well.

According to I. Bily’s observations, Slavonic toponyms containing personal names, more often consist either of two full Slavonic names: e.g. Bogomil, Dalimir, L’uborad, Miroslav, Radogost, Slavomir, etc., or of one short Slavonic name: L’ubaš, Milich, Miloš, Trebuch and so on.

Among the abovementioned Slavonic toponyms, analyzed by Inge Bily, she notes an extensive use of Slavonic names with the diminutive-and-affectionate suffixes. The most widely used suffix is the suffix -chen the Russian equivalents of which are the suffixes: -ok (gorodok), -chik (stulchik), -ic (stolbic) and others. In her work Inge Bily gives the following Slavonic names:

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Stölpchen from the name of the city Stolpen (Stolpen → Stolpichin (Stolbichik) → to old – Serbian main form Stob’pno (Stolbno);

Skäßchen → Skashen: Scassowchin (Skazovhin) from Skassaw (Having said);

Dobritzchen – Dobritshen: Döbritchen → Dobirwicz parvum, etc.

Performing semantic names, Inde Billy singles out two groups of Slavonic toponyms in the context of Slavonic macrotoponomy and microtoponomy:

1)Slavonic toponyms presenting the names of natural realias (Naturnamen) (our term is naturems) and

2)The names of cultural realias (Kulturnamen) (culturems).

NATUREMS show the location of the settlement (on the mountain, on the hill and so on), the peculiarities of the landscape and soil, and the flora and the fauna, as well. For example:

upper-Serbian name of the Jězor settlement is connected with the lake (See);

Slavonic toponym Guhra [Harz(gartz), Hora (gora), Gora (gora) – Gory (mountains)] shows the risen the space. The case in point is that of settling on a mountain;

just the same: the name of the Belgora settlement originates from old-Serbian word combination “Bela gora” (“Belaya gora” = “white mountain”). Belgern is the settlement on a white mountain;

the Slavonic name of the Kollm settlement dates back to the name Chot’mno

(Holmno) or Chołmina (old-Serbian word chołm / chułm) - “settlement on a hill”.

If toponyms point to the type of man’s activity as a whole, and have the information on fortifications (fortresses), on doing management, handicraft, religious and social life, etc.

,then in this case we deal with culturems, as Inge Bily emphasizes.

So, culturems may point to the kind of inhabitants activity, for example: the name of the “Sedlitz” settlement dates back to the old-Serbian word Sedliśćo (Sedlitsko) (from sedło

(saddle)). The toponym Sedliśćo (Sedlitsko) can be correlated not only to the word “sedlo”, but to the word “settlement”, too (Ct. the Russian word osedlost = settled way of life).

The toponym “Starczedel” (Starsedel) originates from the word combination “stare sedło” (“old saddle”).

Inge Bily considers the toponym “Gävernitz” (“Gevernits”) dating back to the oldSerbian word gruš (v)a (grush(v)a) – grusha = pear, as an example of the Slavonic name with the component flora.

According to Inge Bily’s observations, some Slavonic names of settlements contain indications of a religious status of man. For example, the name of the Biskopicy (Biskopitsy) city (today it is the Bischofswerda city) is connected with the upper-Serbian word Biskop that in the germanlanguage sounds as Bischof and means episkop= bishop.

Ethnocultural specific feature characterizes not only the conceptual-and-ontological essence of the Slavonic toponyms in Germany but also the word formation means, being the basis for their formation [3].

7. Dominant Suffixes in Slavonic Toponyms in the Territory of Germany

German scientists refer the following suffixes which are used for forming Slavonic toponyms to the dominant ones:

-in, for example, in astionyms (names of cities): Berlin, Shweren, Vitzin, Devin, AltTeterin, Karpin. In Inge Bily’s opinion, usually this is stressed –in in contrast to the german toponyms having their stress on the first syllable [6];

-en is used in the East of Germany, this fact is explained by scientists as a result of germanization of Slavonic suffixes: with [-n] (-in, -ina, -n, -yane) [6];

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-its (-itz) – Jausitz (Jyzhitsa), Kemnits. “The endings” –its, -ts, as a rule, correspond to the Slavonic endings -its/-itsa (-ic/ -ica) or –itsy (-icy). For example, Dobranits (german – Dobranitz), from Lurhich –Dobra- netsy (upper fuz. Dobranecy), Dobershiuts (germanDoberschutz)- Dobroshitsy (upper Luzh. Dobrosicy);

-ov (-ow is phonetically [o]) for example, Lubov, Teterov, gustrov, Treptow, Lutow, goltsov, Mirow, Burov [6];

-au in the east of Germany these are –Lubbenau, Shpandau, Torgau [6].

Inge Bily says that Slavonic names of settlements, formed through Slavonic toponymical suffixes are more often used as compared with the simple formation of Slavonic toponyms consisting of common names. Thus, for example, the toponym Lauschutz (lowerSer- bian Łužyca (Luzhitsa) is formed by means of the Slavonic suffix –ica and is mentioned in the chronicles of 1416 – 1426). The name dates back to the old Serbian word łuža (luzha/ - itsa).

The name of the Slavonic settlement Žitawa ( Zhitava) is formed by means of the Slavonic suffix –ava (today it is the Zittau (Tsitau) city. The name dates back to the oldLerbian word Žito (cereals, grain, rye). Therefore, the case in point is the settlement with the name “Zhitnitsa” (granary) [3].

“Toponyms sound differently in the East of Germany. Many of them are ended in –in, -ow, -au, -itz. Slavonic toponyms are characterized by the same information essence as German names of localities. For example, they are correlated to the space men or designation of property. In the Slavonic language there are used the same means of word formation, but in contrast to the German language, which is characterized by the formation of compound words (composites), in the Slavonic languages the names are formed by means of derivation [4].

In Inge Bily’s opinion, the derivatives are the following:

1)Proper names of possessive and patronymic character;

2)appellatives (names formed from the nouns with the suffixes: -sk, -n, -ov, -jane, -ica. Slavonic toponyms of the possessive type point to the possession of something and

have the endings -j, -in, or -ov. Appellatives or proper names (personal names, geographical names and so on) may be used as the derivative base.

Cf.: Mühlrose (Minlrose) → Miloraz/Milorats (in the chronicles of1536 it was Milleros) → Müllrose (in the chronicle of 1285 the name was retained as Melraze (Melratse). Both of the names mean “settlement of Milorad”. These formations are connected with the Slavonic name Milorad, the components of which date back to the Slavonic mily (miliy = nice, dear) and rad (glad) [3].

The example with the suffix -ov: Reppichau is mentioned in the chronicles of 1159 as Ripechove (Ripehove). The Rěpechov form is used, which dates back to the Slavonic name

Repech. Thus, the case in point is “the settlement of Repeh” (see Slavonic “repa = turnip”, “repnya = turnipia”, “repui = turnipuy”).

Slavonic toponyms with the suffix -in are less common. Bily gives the example of the Slavonic name of the Budysin city (Budishin) (today it is Bautsen, the capital of Zuzhichi Serbs in Germany). Toponym Budysin is mentioned in the chronicles of 1012-1018 as the old-Serbian word Budusin and Budisin. The name originates from personal name Budych or Budys (Budish). Thus, the settlement is called as “the settlement of Budych/Budish.” Cf. also: Berlin, Schwerin, Fehrbellin, and others.

In the territory of today’s Germany Slavonic patronymic – type toponyms (- ici/- ovici) – are the toponyms which point to the inhabitants’ belonging to the patrimony. Their basis was the following structure: “the locality of the people of somebody… For example:

Drognitz (Dregnitz) (in the chronicle of 1142 it is mentioned as Drogenize (Drogenitse) →

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Serbian Droganici (Droganitsi) → “settlement of people of Drogan”). So, the name Drogan

[3].

Toponym Dobernitz (Dobernits), mentioned in the chronicle of 1236 as

Doberdanuwiz (Doberdanuvits), also belongs to the old-Serbian word Dobrodanovici (Dobradonovichi), whose base is the name Dobrodan. Thus, the toponym means: “Settlement of the people of Dobrodan.”

Inge Bily gives one more example: the Slavonic toponym Guben/Gubin, mentioned in the chronicles of 1211 and 1222, dates back to the old-Serbian Guba (lip). This word has also the other meaning: “place in the mouth”, as the appellative Guba also means “mouth”.

Slavonic toponyms are used not only in their initial (directly in Slavonic) form, but also in other linguistic variants, for example, in Eastern-Central Germany. So, Germanized forms of Slavonic names also occur, (for example, Leipzig is initially in Serbian: Lipsko (LIPSKO)).

Besides, there are combined forms, consisting of German and Slavonic variants:

1)German main word + Proper noun (for example, Bogumilsdorf).

2)German personal name + Slavonic toponymical suffix (Arntitz), Arndtitz (Arnoltitz)

→Arnoltici: Arnolt + ici (-itsi), etc.

During the process of Germanizing Slavonic names there was inevitably traced the change of the suffixes. The example is today's German suffix -ig (for instance, in Coswig), the basis for which is the Slavonic suffix -k- [3].

The Slavonic trace is vividly manifested in the names of Stötteritz, Dönitz, Saßnitz, Wörlitz. The suffixes often used in German are: -itz, -litz, -nith and -ritz, they date back to the suffixes of the type [-c], in particular: -ici, -ica, -ec [4].

In some researches the subject of the study is etymological content of the most frequent suffixes of Slavonic toponyms in the territory of Germany. Among these widespread suffixes are the following: -ow, -itz, -witz, -gast and others (see above) [20].

As noted above, the suffix -ow is a patronymic suffix. It is widely used in Slavonic toponyms in Eastern Germany. Cf.: Buckow, Ducherow,Finow, Gatow, Güstrow, Lüchow, Lützow, Kummerow, Pankow, Rathenow, Strehlow, Strelow, Stresow, Teltow, Treptow [20].

Toponyms with the suffix -itz were formed on the basis of different types of Slavonic toponyms: Putdargoniz →Poddargonici (Podarnonitsy); Biskupitz→Biskupici (Biskupitsy); Brüsewitz→Brusovici; Gnewitz→Gněvici (Gnevitsi); Dölitz→ Dolbcъ (Dolbts);

Görnitz→Gornica (Gornitsa), etc. [20].

The Slavonic suffix -witz is used in Slavonic names and refers to the patronymic suffixes. In points to the fact than the name, being before it, is the name of the settlement founder or, at least, it is a significant figure in this locality. Cf.: Beckerwitz (Бекервиц), Jannowitz (Яновиц), Kattowitz (Катовиц), Zinnowitz (Зиновиц), Bannewitz (Баневиц), Dresden-Wachwitz (Дрезден-Вахвиц) und –Wurgwitz (Вургвиц), Czernowitz (Черновиц), Neschwitz (Нешвиц) and others [20].

In our opinion, from the linguoculturological standpoint, of special interest is the suffix -gast in Slavonic toponyms, which dates back to the Slavonic word "guest" (-gost'). So, the name of the Radegast city, situated in the region of Rostok, Shwerin and Bleked, was formed on the basis of Slavonic toponym Radogost (Radogost) was the name of Slavonic settlement “RADOGOST”. Cf. also the examples from the Serbian region of Germany:

Audigast (Аудигаст), Badegast (Бадегаст), Dobergast (Добергаст), Gadegast (Гадегаст),

Liebegast (Либегаст); from the region of Front Pomerania – Wolgast [20].

One of the ancient Slavonic peoples who retained his language and culture in today’s

Germany are Luzhits Serbs. Their capital is the Budyshin city (Bautzen), which has a special place in the study of Slavonic toponymy.

8. Slavonic toponym “Bautzen” – the Capital of Luzhits Serbs in Germany

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As S. D. Pryamchuk writes, Luzhich people call themselves “Serbian people” – Serbia, - Serbs and Germans call them “Sorbs” twisting the Slavonic words. They were retained as ethnos in the territory of a fine Slavonic land Luzhitsa and in Dresden and Leipzig (Lipsk). Serbs live on the land of the former GDR on the Shpree river (on the right) [21]. In his article “luzhits Serbs – Slavonic People in Germany” S. D. Pryamchuk presents interesting data on the interaction of Serbs, Germans and Russians. In particular, he emphasizes that Catherine II has Slavonic (Serbian – and – Luzhitsian) roots. Before her adopting Christianity Catherine’s II name was Sophia Anhalt-Tserbsthaya, i. e. Serbian one. Apparently, Catherine knew about her Slavonic roots/ She might also know the local Slavonic language, especially, as among the German aristocracy it was popular to engage local Serb – and Luzhitsi women as nurses and wet – nurses [21]. It is believed, as S. Pryamchuk notes, that

”the Slavonic origin allowed Catherine to easily and successfully join the Slavonic surroundings of the Russian aristocracy and to bring great benefits to Russia.''

Studying the Slavonic toponymy, associated with Luzhits Serbs in the territory of Eastern Germany, the meeting of the Russian soldiers and Cossacks with Luzhits Serbs, after a crushing defeat of Napoleon's army near Leipzig in October 1813 deserves attention, about which S.D. Pryamchuk writes in his abovementioned article. Both of them were surprised at the similarity of their languages. ''Russian Cossacks were also glad to hear the names of Serbian-and-Luzhits cities and villages sounded as the native ones: Slubitse, Miloraz, Emelnitsa, Most, Verbio, Bukov, Rusitse, Kamenitsa, Bela, Voda (Write Water), Gorka (Itihl lock), Pnew (Prerv), Psovie, Priluk, Tserkvitse, Zly Komorov...'' [21].

And at last, the quotation of I.S. Turgenev who travelling in Germany admired the Luzhitsi Serbs' languages and culture, deserves attention: ''Here, in Luzhitsi everything breathes Slavonism, there, too, we find the traces of the ancient ancestors of ours and in the descendants of theirs, Luzhiches, we see some remains of ancient Slavonic manners and customs'' [21].

Thus, the study of the Slavonic toponymy in the territory of Germany shows how deeply and many-sidedly the history, culture, and language of Germans and Russians are got mixed up. It becomes evident that to study the interaction of German and Russian ethnoses is impossible without considering their historical, intercultural interrelation. Germans and Russians became acquainted with each other not at a distance, as it was with other ethnoses and cultures, but during their long joint historical living vs. location in the same territory which always was the mother-country-Slavia for the one people (Slavs) beginning from the VI-th century (in today's territory of Germany) and further becoming / having become the mother - country - Germany for the others (Germans). From the 18-th up to 20-th century Russia became the common Motherland for thousands of Germans. A close acquaintance with Germans who arrived in Russia according to the Manifesto of Catherine II (July 22, 1763) played a great role in forming the attitude to Germans in general and appeared decisive one in creating the image of German in the Russian collective world vision " [22]. In modern Germany the Slavonic toponyms are a living and convincing evidence of interinfluence of German and Russian ethnoses, their languages and cultures, the ontological sign of their common complex history and rich culture. '' Names are inseparable components of our spatial continuum (Walter Sperling ) and it is on this basis, as Inge Bily rightly stresses, they should take their firm place in the linguoculturological researches [3]. In conclusion it is important to pay attention to the topical call of the German researchers of Slavonic toponymy in the territory of today's Germany to its fellow-citizens: to more attentively look at the names of Germany regions in order to open many new things in the relations of Germans with other cultures. To cite the full quotation:

''Whether the name of the locality is of Slavonic or German origin, it, first of all, presents a part of the language history, being kept in the historical and local lore books and

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Scientific Newsletter of Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

geographical maps. Each settlement name has a certain meaning. If you drive a car and see the name of the locality well-known to you, then display your interest in their meanings "[4].

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