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16. Livre d'or. Département prenoms, 20, rue J.-J.-Rousseau, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine. URL: Regim dostupa: quentindelatourprism.free.fr›histoireprenoms1.htm (vremja obrashhenija - 07.02.2016).

Analyzed sources

1*. Madame Bovary - Liste des noms propres établie par Nicole Caron et Danielle

Girard [1100 noms environ]. URL : liste des noms propres flaubert.univrouen.fr/bovary/.../noms_propres/... Madame Bovary - Liste des noms propres établie par Nicole ... Les personnages - Les lieux - Littérature - Arts - Histoire - Religion - Science - Journaux – Divers. (vremja obrashhenija - 01.02.2016).

2*. Pankol' K. / Pancol K. Muzhchina na rasstojanii / Un homme à distance: roman / K. Pankol'. – M.: AST, 2011. – 188, [4] s.

3*. Correspondance. Lettres de Flaubert [édition électronique de la Correspondance de

Flaubert]. URL: http://flaubert.univ-rouen.fr (vremja obrashhenija - 25.01.2016).

4*. Flaubert G. / Flober G. Madame Bovary / Gospozha Bovari. URL: lingvo.asu.ru/france/texts/bovary/00index.html (vremja obrashhenija - 02.02.2016).

5*. Flaubert G. Bouvard et Pécuchet. Gustave Flaubert - Œuvres - Bouvard et

Pécuchet. URL : flaubert.univ-rouen.fr/.../bouvard_et_pecuchet.... (vremja obrashhenija - 02.02.2016).

6*. Sju Je. / Sue E. Parizhskie tajny / Les Mystères de Paris. – M.: Jeksmo, 2014 URL: https://advodka.com/.../jezhen%20sju%20parizhskie%20tajny%20skachat'... (vremja obrashhenija - 02.02.2016).

7*. Leclerc Y. Plans et scénarios de Madame Bovary. URL: Yvan Leclerc - Site du

Cérédi - Université de Rouen ceredi.labos.univ-rouen.fr › ... › G – L Plans et scénarios de Madame Bovary, transcription du manuscrit et présentation, CNRS ... Correspondance, édition de Jean Bruneau et Yvan Leclerc, avec la ... (vremja obrashhenija - 01.02.2016).

8*. Voragine J. de La Légende dorée, Paris, Editions «Classiques Garnier», Collection «Textes littéraires du Moyen Age», n° 4, Paris, 2010.

9*. Les lieux réels: la Normandie et Rouen. URL: http://flaubert.univrouen.fr/bovary/atelier_lycee/itineraire_visite.html (vremja obrashhenija - 02.02.2016).

Dictionaries used

1**. Dictionnaire étymologique et comparatif des langues teuto-gothiques de Heinrich Meidinger, Francfort, 1833. URL: https://books.google.com/books?id... (время обращения - 01.02.2016).

2**. Dictionnaire du Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (CNRTL) en ligne: URL: http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/ (vremja obrashhenija - 01.02.2016).

3**. Sajt slovarej i jenciklopedij Akademik. URL: dic.academic.ru/ (vremja obrashhenija - 01.02.2016).

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THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION

UDC 811

Prioksky State University PhD in Pedagogical Sciences,

Associate Professor, Associate Professor

of the Chair «Intensive Studying of Foreign Languages».

Orel State Institute of Culture Associate Professor of the Chair of Foreign Languages. Natalia Valerievna Shuldeshova e-mail: fnatalja@yandex.ru

N.V. Shuldeshova

ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY

AS A MEAN OF FORMATION THE MULTILINGUAL COMPETENCE

Keeping pace with the times, computer lexicography and corpus linguistics provide society new opportunities for the compilation and using of electronic dictionaries. The article is sanctified to the research of electronic versions of multilingual dictionaries. To help the user, the author identifies and describes their characteristics. As an example, the author chose the electronic multilingual dictionary ABBYY Lingvо created by Russian company. Based on the analysis it was found that the spectrum of its using is extensive: the system of automatic translation, and informative system, and clarifying grammatical information, and reference material for creation, updating of dictionaries, etc. The author comes to the conclusion, that electronic multilingual dictionary can become a link on the way of formation the multilingual competence.

Keywords: electronic multilingual dictionary,corpus linguistics, computer lexicography, Lingvо ABBYY, Lingvo Tutor, Russian National Corpus, British Na-

tional Corpus (BNC), multilingual competence.

Computerization is one of the leading links of the educational process. Today, the computerization process is deeply embedded in the studying and teaching [1] native and foreign languages. Multimedia technologies help to diversify the educational process, add creativity, provide the improved actual material for students of every level in native and foreign languages and improve arts of control.

Computer technologies can improve the communicative preparation of students on language disciplines. The requirements of new state programs and standards are the arguments in favor of using the latest computer technologies. Real practical tasks are often realized only with their help, and the most percent of individual work in out-of-class time is also subordinated to the computerization.

___________________

© Shuldeshova N.V., 2016

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The purpose of the article is to reveal the importance of learning and using electronic dictionaries as a link for formation the multilingual competence. The tasks of the article consist of the following: identification of the main direction of lexicographic research to examine various types of print and electronic dictionaries, to distinguish the most actual among them, to explore and describe the features of electronic dictionary, to define their main advantages, to express the hypothesis of the positive role of multilingual electronic dictionary in the formation of multilingual competence. The methods of realization of tasks are the following: the method of the complex description including methods of supervision, generalization, comparison, interpretation; method of hypertext search; the analysis of the earlier researches on the topic of the article.

The actuality of the article reveals that the author underlines the possibility to effective use a computer lexicographic base, on which basis different types of electronic dictionaries are created. The relevance is also shown in the fact that the computerization of data on lexical units allows you to archive and update multifaceted information about the word in general, being the main link on the way of formation of multilingual competence.

The object of the research within the article is an electronic multilingual dictionary, and the subject – the possibility of describing lexical units by means of electronic resources of the new type

The scientific novelty consists in an exposure and generalization of the grounds for the research of electronic dictionaries, their advantages and disadvantages; one of the popular electronic dictionaries is analysed here – ABBYY Lingvо.

The theoretical significance consists in the perspective development of theoretical positions of lexicography in justifying the necessity to develop a single multilingual lexicographical data base, which will be one of the links in the process of formation a multilingual competence.

The practical significance extends to the teaching activity of such disciplines as lexicography, computer lexicography, lexicographic constructing, linguistics, corpus linguistics. Article materials can be used in scientific and research purposes for students, graduates, teachers, specialists.

According to the Federal state standards of the higher professional education of the third generation, students must master a complex of competences that act as indicators of the education quality. In connection with the allocation of a number of key competences, general competence (GC), professional competence (PC), it is necessary to form the culture of linguistic conceptology as an integrative personal education, providing a high level of personal willingness and ability to the continuous linguistic conceptology. [2, p. 95]

Computer lexicography and corpus linguistics provide new opportunities for it. Increasingly, electronic versions of dictionaries are not limited to one or two languages, and contain many languages, much more expanding use borders. They are easy to use, have a fast search engine, and their makers often offer the reference material on grammar, phonetics and other supplements. To help the user the dictionary can provide translation, interpretation, terminological phrases, popular sayings, variety of phrases, usage examples, brief information about the author`s aphorisms, etc. The dictionary base of electronic dictionaries of new generation has got a strict selection vocabulary, constantly updating and renewing, following the innovations that appear in language. The presence of a section on training can contribute to a better studying of foreign languages. The program keeps statistics showing the number of memorized words and words that still need to learn.

Multilingual dictionaries become more popular, among them there is the family of electronic dictionaries ABBYY Lingvо, created by the Russian company ABBYY.[1*] This dictionary is functional for 15 languages: Russian, English, German, Chinese, Ukrainian, Spanish, Italian, Turkish, etc. Available platforms for this dictionary: Windows, Windows

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Touch, Windows Phone, Mac OS, iOS, Android. Versions in English, German and French languages have a professional pronunciation of words sounding by native speakers. The latest version of the dictionary has a huge vocabulary content of many prestigious publishers. The dictionary has many entries, examples of their use. ABBYY Lingvо is created for reading, interpretation, translation and training. A considerable disadvantage of this dictionary, in our opinion, is the lack of full text translation. But there are a lot of advantages The included software system Lingvo Tutor offers reference material on grammar, phonetics and the application for learning words. Electronic program Lingvо 11 has got a great potential – over 13 million translations in all editions. ABBYY Lingvо includes more than 150 professional dictionaries, it is a good indicator of the work of experts and employees of the Russian company ABBYY. This dictionary has a good number of free user versions. Initially, all dictionaries those are included in the ABBYY Lingvo, are rigorously tested and are publicly available on the website of the Association of lexicographers Lingvo [1*]. The latest publications contain 18 general dictionaries by such authors as Gak V., Ganshinka, G. Dawn V. Kovalevenko, E. Leping, O. Moskalskaya, B. Narumovo, Turoverov G., M. Zwilling.

Lingvo dictionary has accumulated a large number of diverse terminology to describe the different spheres of human activity. Lingvo 11 has authoritative dictionaries of different industries. To help the user, dictionary provides translation, terminology phrases, popular sayings, variety of phrases, usage examples and even a brief information about the authors of aphorisms, and the index of Russian translations [3, p. 5]. Among them there is the Russian explanatory dictionary by the publisher T. F. Efremov. A function of Lingvо 11 extends to the search of the main meaning of the word, and the meaning of words from the context.

If readers are carried away by language customs, traditions, mentality, characteristic national qualities of residents of the USA, Great Britain, Austria, Germany and other countries, encyclopaedic dictionaries ABBYY Lingvo will help to expand such vocabulary. They will open an access to the source of information about the civilization, way of life, history and culture of these nationalities.

The previous version of the dictionary ABBYY Lingvo 10 is one of the most popular electronic dictionaries, which have found a consumer niche in electronic and book stores.

Language in its development is not static, new words and their meaning appear, and the individual values in the national lexicography appear for the first time and are assigned to national or international vocabulary. And these processes are directly reflected in updating of vocabulary in any ABBYY Lingvo version. The greatest help to lexicographers of the company is given by translators, teachers and ordinary users who send own critical remarks and requests, take part in discussions at forums. Once a year the lexical database is maintained and updated, following the innovations that appear in the language, all these modifications are reflected in ABBYY Lingvo. Today Lingvo has more than 113 types of dictionaries, which were produced for 10 years [4, p. 57].

Use of the electronic dictionary ABBYY Lingvo can easily maintain and personal life, and life at work: for example, processing a Word document or corresponding with the foreign friends. The spectrum of application the automated systems is extensive: automatic translation systems, information systems, computer communication systems in native and foreign languages, and reference material for the formation, updating dictionaries, grammatical information and clarification of information in the system and others.

Using the electronic version of the dictionary, we can understand the meaning of the text, translate the words that are not clear. The work with the dictionary is simple: you need to allocate an unknown word, press Ctrl Ins Ins, and there will be a detailed interpretation on display. Lingvo program recognizes the word in any form. If there is doubt in writing of a word, press the button F7 and the dictionary software will offer the correct writing.

ABBYY Lingvo has a new function that allows you to translate word for word. If you make a phrase selection in a single text you need to press Ctrl Ins Ins combination, the new

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window opens, which reflects the most popular translations for the selected word and its meaning becomes clear. For every translated word there is a card of a semantic row with usage examples, transcription and pronunciation. All word units in the system ABBYY Lingvo have a set of admissible variants of translation.

An English word unit «accumulation» was taken to research ABBYY Lingvo. [2 *]

The results orient us on 13 dictionaries: Lingvo Universal, Learning, Financial Management, Financial Markets, Law, Patents, Biology, Psychology, Lingvo Computer, Telecoms, Engineering, Building, Electronics. ABBYY Lingvo has in its arsenal, the transcription of the

word accumulation [ ] Brit. / Amer., British and American pronunciations, 51 variants of translation.

Thus, the dictionary user has the possibility of receiving information for translation in different directions: linguistic, economic, legal, medical, scientific, linguistic and others. Studying some variants of translation, there is the possibility of some analysis and comparison

Besides the translation, we can examine the form of the word "accumulation" Noun

Common case - accumulation (Singular), accumulations (Plural). Possessive case - accumulation's (Singular), accumulations' (Plural).

So a user gets information about the grammatical part of speech of the word «accumulation», its number and voice.

It is possible to introduce examples and translations, in which the word «accumulation» has 96 variants. We present only some of them:

1)I knew that he had an accumulation of anxieties, but it was revolting that I didn't know more than a tenth part of them--the rest had been kept so far a dead secret from me.

A RawYouth / Dostoevsky, Fyodor

Мне известно было, что у него накопились разные беспокойства, но гадко было то, что я знал лишь десятую долю их - остальное было для меня тогда крепким сек-

ретом ←( Mne izvestno bylo, chto u nego nakopilis' raznye bespokojstva, no gadko bylo to, chto ja znal lish' desjatuju dolju ih - ostal'noe bylo dlja menja togda krepkim sek-retom)

Подросток / Достоевский, Фёдор ←( Podrostok / Dostoevskij, Fjodor).

2)There is a patented technique for diagnosis by the cardio-rhythm using the ECG for recording and accumulation of cardiointervals for a certain time epoch with their subsequent analysis.

Известен запатентованный способ диагностики по кардиоритму, использующий ЭКГ для регистрации и накопления кардиоинтервалов за определенный промежуток времени с последующим их анализом. ←( Izvesten zapatentovannyj sposob diagnostiki po kardioritmu, ispol'zuju-shhij JeKG dlja registracii i nakoplenija kardiointervalov za opredelennyj prome-zhutok vremeni s posledujushhim ih analizom).

3)reception, record, accumulation and saving of the information objects incoming in real time and/or in session time from the automated system elements;

прием, запись, накопление и сохранение объектов информации, поступающих в реальном масштабе времени и/или во времени сеанса от элементов автоматизиро-

ванной системы; ← ( priem, zapis', nakoplenie i sohranenie ob#ektov informacii, postupajushhih v real'nom masshtabe vremeni i/ili vo vremeni seansa ot jelementov avtomatiziro-vannoj sistemy).

4)The maximum allowable liquid accumulation-in-well duration will be equal to

(F).

Максимально допустимая продолжительность накопления жидкости в сква-

жине будет равна (F). ← Maksimal'no dopustimaja prodolzhitel'nost' nakoplenija zhidkosti v skva-zhine budet ravna (F).

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5)The accumulation of funds in general government accounts, resulting above all from the expansion of the Stabilisation Fund, had a restraining effect on money supply growth in January-March 2007.

6)One cannot exclude that the addition to the growth medium of some ingredients conserving the cell phenotype could increase the number of passages applicable for the accumulation of the vaccine antigens. - При этом не исключается, что добавление в ростовую среду тех или иных ингредиентов, сохраняющих фенотип клеток, может увеличить количество пассажей, пригодных для получения антигенов вакцины. ← Pri jetom ne iskljuchaetsja, chto dobavlenie v rostovuju sredu teh ili inyh in-gredientov, sohranjajushhih fenotip kletok, mozhet uvelichit' kolichestvo passazhej, prigodnyh dlja poluchenija antigenov vakciny.

7)Its disadvantages are: the laboriousness of preparative producing and purification, high hydrophoby and, as a consequence, slow accumulation in tumour and low stability of water solutions of medicinal forms at storage. - Его недостатком является трудо-

емкость выделения и очистки в препаративных количествах, высокая гидрофобность и, как следствие, медленное накопление в опухоли и низкая стабильность водных растворов лекарственных форм при хранении. ← Ego nedostatkom javljaetsja trudoemkost' vydelenija i ochistki v preparativ-nyh kolichestvah, vysokaja gidrofobnost' i, kak sledstvie, medlennoe nakoplenie v opuholi i nizkaja stabil'nost' vodnyh rastvorov lekarstvennyh form pri hranenii.

Thus, as examples quotes by famous authors, newspaper and magazine notes, scientific articles and others were chosen. Based on the context of these examples, the user can easily find a reliable interpretation and translation of the required word.

Word combinations with the word "accumulation" are presented in the system as 188 variants, for example:

accumulation account – счет накопления← (schetnakoplenija);

accumulation area – область накопления←(oblast'nakoplenija);

accumulationbond - облигация, по которой процент уплачивается по истечении срока вместе с погашением основного долга ←(obligacija, po kotoroj procent uplachivaetsja po istechenii sroka vmeste s pogashe-niem osnovnogo dolga);

accumulationcontinuum - предельный континуум ←(predel'nyj kontinuum);

accumulationcurve - кумулятивная кривая ←(kumuljativnaja krivaja);

accumulation cycle - циклнакопления←(ciklnakoplenija);

accumulation electrode – мишень. ←(mishen'); [2*].

So, it is possible to trace not only the transfer of the required units, but also to clarify the interrelation in different word combinations.

So, the translation of a term in a text starts with the pre-translation text analysis, which involves the stratification of vocabulary in the text, the consistent implementation of linguistic (word-formation, morphological) and logical-conceptual (definitional of generic, categorical, contrastive) analysis of all the terms [5, p. 11]. According to the author`s opinion, the multilingual electronic dictionary ABBYY Lingvo is quite effective in terms of its functionality that was illustrated by the examples before.

The dictionary tasks include also grammatical comments, interpretation, transcription, synonyms and antonyms, a set of useable examples. Many lexical units describe lexical translations of phrases, for example, with the word "drive". In transfer to the printing mode the lexical unit "drive" will be three pages long in the printed dictionary version. The word

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"drive" is displayed in the general program of twelve dictionaries that allows you to find an exact meaning on the certain topic.

By language studying or knowledge improvement the program will give a greater effect. For replenishment of the dictionary a new Lingvo Tutor program appeared [1 *]. This program is based on the method of memorizing words on cards.

Lingvo Tutor dictionary includes 6 topics:

1."Year" - characteristics of natural phenomena and weather conditions.

2."Interview" - vocabulary, which is necessary to a potential employment for a job.

3." In hotel " - words and expressions that can be required in hotels.

4."In restaurant" - everyday vocabulary of menu and table layout.

5."Tourism" - vocabulary connected with sights, cultural monuments, parks and other vacation places.

6."Clothes and shopping" – vocabulary which is necessary for shopping.

These topics are first of all of interest for students, because they are the most widespread and frequent in everyday life.

The LingvoTutor program can be started manually or automatically after a certain period of time while working on the computer. During training the statistic shows the number of memorized words and words that still need to teach. Cards can be printed at the same time and be in front of you as a visual support for easy repetition of vocabulary.

The ABBYY Lingvo program has an option to add the author's additional units. These units are also included in the dictionary and can be used for search and translation. For this purpose there is the Lingvo association where in a free access constantly appear dictionaries of the same format, as well as ABBYY Lingvo. Any ABBYY Lingvo dictionary can be downloaded for use and connected to the common system of ABBYY Lingvo.

The ABBYY Lingvo system offers the possibility of creation of dictionaries "for every taste", for example simple dictionaries for translation; this system has also in its arsenal the built-in language for special purposes DSL (Dictionary Special Language) to create special dictionaries. Cards of such dictionaries will be similar on structure to "original" cards of ABBYY Lingvo. They can store all necessary elements of registration, links, besides, marking of cards contents according to the translation and explanations of usage examples. Other machine funds are also actual now, they contain various databases of languages in the world. One of these funds is the Corpora.

Corpus lexicography was a new starting point for lexicography in general. This new direction plays an important role in the field of language studying, is based on the application of computer technologies for analysis, processing and storage of language data bases.

Though corpus lexicography is a rather new direction in the world of lexicography, it has its own history. Back in 1956 in America the first database and dictionaries appeared which were created on the basis of corpus lexicography. These are such bases as Georgetown University Machine Translation Researchand Language Projects.

Electronic databases became a basis for widely known dictionaries, such as

Random House Dictionary (1966),

American Heritage Dictionary (1969),

Webster's Eighth Dictionary (1973),

Collins COBUILD Dictionary (1979).

The last of them is the grandiose work of Collins publishing house and Birmingham University. Besides the called there is a set of examples of electronic dictionaries of English language. Often used among them is English MultiLex (MultiLex). This dictionary represents the free version of known dictionaries in electronic form, which contains the basis of modern lexical dictionaries of general subject. They are suitable for people starting to learn a

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foreign language. The dictionary isn't oversaturated by the translations, but incorporates often used vocabulary with variants of its translation. Electronic MultiLex has the ability to use the virtual keyboard that includes automatic switching of different languages, a table of irregular verbs. Electronic MultiLex has two components: The New English-Russian dictionary - 48229 units and the Big Russian-English dictionary - 51197 units.

In 1983, the work on creating a program for the formation of machine funds started in Russia. This state task was the beginning of development the Russian corpus linguistics. Corpus linguistics is closely interconnected with computer lexicography, saturating it and using each other's achievements. The case linguistics is a component of computer linguistics which develops basic principles for formation of linguistic (text) corpora, using computer technologies.

According to the scientist`s opinion M.V. Kopoteva and A. Mustajoki who worked on the creating the corpus, the term "corpus linguistics" conceals two meanings. On the one side - it is the theory and the technique of creating corpus and, on the other side – it is a language research on the corpus-based methods [6, p. 7]. Corpus methods are used in researches, which are connected with linguistics and language teaching. An extensive spectrum of functions and variety of search engine allow working with large amounts of linguistic and statistical materials, which contributes to an intensive analysis and the release time for the researcher.

Corpus linguistics has theoretical bases and practical mechanisms, forming and using massive layers of linguistic data intended for public use, studying and teaching languages.

The definition “corpus” isn't unambiguous. The definition given by E. Finegan says that "the corpus is representative collection of texts, as a rule, in a machine-readable format, it includes information on a situation where the text is produced, there are such data as information about speaking, the author, the addressee or audience" [7, p. 17]. Also, " under linguistic / language corpus of texts one understand a large, standardized, structured, marked, philological competent array of language data, which is represented in machinereadable form, and it is intended to resolve certain linguistic tasks" [8, p. 117].

The compilation of linguistic corpus involves quite extensive work: special selection, linguistic annotation by special parameters and software search system. Formation of any corpus should have a specific purpose for its further use. But the principles of its creation have to follow the general parameters: first it is a massive volume of corpuses which open the fullness of the language, secondly it is a typicalness of the corpus data. The natural context of the corpus has to possess the information of different types, providing the possibility of many-sided and full research; once the created corpus has to possess a possibility of reusable use of various researchers with various purposes [9, p. 7].

The practical corpus linguistics consists of at least two types of text corpora. The first type is universal and reveals all the variety of speech activity. The second type of text corpora reflects a linguistic or cultural phenomenon of society speech and is created for a special purpose, for example, the corpus of the national language, folk proverbs and sayings, political expression etc. [4, p. 79]

The main objective of corpus linguistics, in our opinion, lies in informatization of the academic and applied researches that means:

-consistent with modern equipment for the formation of a unified information network

-consistent computer storage and accumulation in the databases of the main sources which are necessary for language researches,

-creation of software developments, which are necessary for preparation and performance of scientific and practical researches in the field of philology,

-formation of applied directions in the sphere of lexicography, terminology, machine translation, etc.

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For the implementation of the program for the formation machine funds of Russian language 9 constituent elements are developed:

1.general vocabulary,

2.vocabulary,

3.text,

4.grammar,

5.terminology,

6.lingua-geographical,

7.history,

8.phonetic,

9.linguistic software sources fund of Russian language [10, p. 25].

On the one hand, this program connects results of theoretical researches with practice, and on the other hand, is a generator of new ideas and perspectives for the basic science.

There was always obligatory program system - linguistic, generic and software UNILEX package. Linguistic and software packages of source - a software systems that manage large linguistic sources. An example of such a complex - automatic dictionaries.

Work from 1985 to 1996 was carried out on creation of information base of the Russian language and the accumulation of the sources of this database on the basis of Russian literature ΧΙΧ-ΧΧ centuries and preserve this information in electronic form. So in 1989 "Short Russian grammar", main dictionaries of Russian, many reference books were created. In the same way textual corpora of fiction, poetry, technical and other topics were created.

In the same period of time software UNILEX package for PC was developed, which contains 5 subsystems:

1)the subsystem of processing of linguistic information of general purpose

2)text-aware subsystem,

3)dictionary subsystem,

4)telecommunicate subsystem

5)editorial and publishing subsystem [6, p. 8].

This package combines in itself multifunctionality thanks to a saturation of a single system, but each subsystem is separately and independent in use.

Corpus linguistics develops in Russia. Many institutes are engaged in creation and development of corpuses: Institute of linguistics of Russian Academy of Sciences, the Center of linguistic documentation by Independent Moscow university, Department of Experimental lexicography of Institute of Russian named V. V. Vinogradov, Institute of linguistic researches in St. Petersburg, Institute of information transfer problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, the All-Russian institute of scientific and technical information of Russian Academy of Sciences and many others.

As a result of the state task of creating electronic corpuses many texts were translated. Following the British National Corpus (BNC), which is located on the web site; http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk [3] * was created by Russian National Corpus, which is presented on the web site http://ruscorpora.ru. [4]*. Electronic Russian National Corpus has a rather big base of texts in Russian and is positioned as an information system that can provide in-

formation about the language at any stage of its development.

Although the "Russian National Corpus" provides only a certain version of the language, but according to tradition it is transferred to the representative corpuses of other languages. We will mark out features of this corpus:

-representativeness (the content of a large amount of text, sufficient to reflect a language of the particular period of language development);

-balance (in the corpus the text of all oral and written types submitted in the Russian language are provided; different text genres: art educational, publicistic, academic, business, training, scientific, dialect, colloquial, etc.). These texts occupy a certain niche of their con-

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tents in the language according to the corresponding period of existence and development of language;

- linguistic marking: words and texts are attributed to linguistically relevant information [7, p. 17].

The state task on formation of the Russian National Corpus started in the framework of the project "Philology and Informatics", but continues today the mentioned by participants of this project in Moscow, in St. Petersburg, in Voronezh, and also many academic collectives of other Russian cities. Well-known computer company "Yandex" carries out information support of the Russian National Corpus.

The volume of the corpus of Russian language unites a number of text corpora and involves two hundred million uses of dictionary units: hundred million – texts of the beginning of the XIX century and the first half of the XX century, and hundred million of them – texts of the second half of the twentieth century. The development of language of certain periods reflect the Corpus of early texts and the Corpus of modern texts, they are available in Internet. Cooperation in creating the Russian National Corpus is manifested both in the universities of specialists in Moscow and with the support of higher education institutions in St. Petersburg and Voronezh.

Search in the corpus consists of over fifty million word usages. The Russian National Corpus comprises syntactic planned corpus (about five hundred thousand word usages) and the parallel corpus with the corresponding translations of texts from Russian into other language.

The relationship between the original texts and translating texts is done in the alignment to get aligned texts. The result of this labor - aligned parallel corpus that is a multifunctional element in studying not only Russian, it is a source of rich language information for the fundamental research, for example in the field of the theory and practice of translation. The main participants of this project were specialists of the Institute of Russian language named V. V. Vinogradov, of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Voronezh and St. Petersburg universities.

But the work on the project is continued. The Voronezh university together with Institute of Russian language named V. V. Vinogradov the Russian Academy of Sciences publish an aligned parallel English-Russian corpus (about one million word usages in each part) and put it on Internet pages. Priceless works of the Russian classics "Andrey Yurodivy's Life", "Vasily Novy's Life", "Bee", etc. were a part of the Old Russian corpus of the XI-XIV centuries. The Old Russian corpus contains texts with rich lexical and morphological marking and search organization of the necessary information. The publication of this great historical piece of culture of the Russian language was conducted by the Institute of Russian language named V. V. Vinogradov of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow in 2005. The Russian National Corpus was used at creation of various types of lexicographic works. Thus, for example, was formed on the basis of the texts of the years 1950-2007 the Modern frequency Russian dictionary under the editorship of O. N. Lyashevskaya and S. A. Sharov, which reflected the amount of textual base of about 100 million usage words [3, p. 5].

The dictionaries published in Detroit in 1953 by G. H. Josselson, in Tallinn in 1963 by E. A. Steinfeldt, in Moscow in 1977 by L. N. Zasorina became the predecessors of this dictionary. They characterized by themselves Russian language of the XIX-XX centuries [11, p. 14].

The need to create a new dictionary was undeniable. The new frequency dictionary of Russian language would take over the function of the periodic changes of actual usage and reflect the chronology of changes in Russian from the middle of the twentieth century. And such a dictionary was published in the early nineties and was called the Universal frequency dictionary of Russian. The differences from the previous dictionary editions were essential. First of all, the authors of the dictionary based on a much larger 100 millionth corpus in

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