m0938
.pdf–It requires the delivery of fuel and lubricants.
–The run is limited in terms of fuel provision.
–There is a fire risk.
–A diesel engine produces a lot of noise.
The diesel locomotives excel in shunting where intensity of use is high.
Diesel trains. A diesel train is formed of motor coaches and three or more trailers used to transport passengers on non-electrified sections.
Railcars. A single self-propelled carriage is called a railcar.
Locotractors. A locotractor is a locomotive with a 150 kW carburetor engine.
Gas turbine locomotives. A gas turbine locomotive is a locomotive that uses a gas turbine to drive an electrical generator or alternator. The electric current thus produced is used to power traction motors. After the 1973 oil crisis and the subsequent rise in fuel costs, gas turbine locomotives became uneconomical to operate, and many were taken out of service.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct word to fill in the gaps.
1)A diesel locomotive has …………. advantages …………. disadvantages.
a)either ... or
b)neither ... nor
c)both ... and
2)A …………. locomotive is now rare.
a)diesel
b)electric
c)gas-turbine
3)…………. is particular suitable for switching services.
a)diesel traction
b)electric traction
c)steam traction
4)The use of two-unit diesels provides …………..
a)greater cleanliness
b)higher power
c)less damage to the track
5)Because high horsepower is required for high-speed operation, the diesel is …………. the electric for high-speed passenger services.
a)less desirable than
b)more desirable than
c)as desirable as
6)A trailer is a passenger vehicle in a multiple unit train which ………….traction power equipment.
a)has
b)has no
c)has a lot of
7)…………. transmission is by far the most common.
a)Electrical
b)Mechanical
c)Hydraulic
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8) The high capital costs required for substations and electrical-distribution networks
………….the electrification of all railroads.
a)have hindered (препятствовать)
b)have stimulated
c)have provided
Exercise 3. Find synonyms in the text to the following English words.
1) energy |
6) EMU |
|
2) drawback |
7) DMU |
|
3) to draw trains |
8) |
DC |
4) to produce power |
9) |
AC |
5) 6-wheeled bogie |
10) |
GTEL |
|
|
|
Exercise 4. Find English equivalents in the passage from Exercise 1 to the following Russian words and phrases.
1) |
подразделяются на |
7) |
тяговые подстанции |
2) |
вырабатывают энергию |
8) |
источник питания |
3) |
по роду работы |
9) |
двигатель внутреннего сгорания |
4) |
в любых климатических условиях |
10) |
ряд недостатков |
5) |
более продолжительный срок службы |
11) |
ограничен пробег по запасу топлива |
6) |
большие капиталовложения |
12) |
вывести из эксплуатации |
|
|
13) |
неэлектрифицированные участки |
|
|
|
|
Exercise 5. Decide if the sentences are true or false.
1)The diesel locomotive is a self-sufficient unit.
2)Electric trains and locomotives are capable of higher performance and lower operational costs than diesel power.
3)Diesel-electric locomotives, because they tend to be less technically complex than electric locomotives, are both easier and cheaper to maintain and have extremely long working lives.
4)It is not necessary for every single coach in an MU set to be motorized.
5)The capital cost of electrifying track is not high.
6)A motor coach is a powered rail vehicle able to pull several trailers and at the same time transport passengers or luggage.
7)Electric locomotives differ from steam and diesel ones being simply power-converting, rather than power-generating, devices.
8)Diesel traction can be used on the lines where the traffic is sufficiently dense (интенсивный) and high capital investment can be repaid.
Exercise 6. Explain the following statements.
1)The electric traction is desirable for high-speed passenger services.
2)The diesel locomotives excel in railroad switching.
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Exercise 7. Rewrite this passage about a switcher into British English. Translate it into Russian. Work with a dictionary.
A switcher is a small railroad locomotive intended not for moving trains over long distances but rather for assembling trains ready for a road locomotive to take over, disassembling a train that has been brought in, and generally moving railroad cars around – a process usually known as switching. They do this in classification yards.
L i s te ni n g
Exercise 1. You are going to watch a video about BNSF Locomotive Technology. The BNSF Railway is one of seven North American Class I railroads and the second-largest freight railroad network in North America.
Before you watch answer the following questions.
1)What is technology?
2)What advances in locomotive technology do you think this video is about?
Exercise 2. Watch the video. Which words from the box do you hear?
1) look for way |
5) electric traction |
2) medium-distance transportation |
6) technological innovation |
3) low emission |
7) switch locomotive |
4) technical developments |
8) industry leader |
|
|
Exercise 3. Watch again and complete the sentences.
1)……………, fewer emissions, and reduced highway congestion make rail the most environmentally-friendly form of land transportation.
2)In addition, BNSF has introduced more efficient and cleaner operating diesel engines to yard ……………, the ultra low-emission jet set locomotives at three fuel efficient engines that start and stop …………… to match operating power …………….
3)BNSF is also testing several locomotives that use alternative fuels including liquid
…………… and biodiesel.
4)The latest concept locomotive is the …………… fuel cell switch locomotive.
5)BNSF plans to continue to be an industry leader in ……………, ……………, and implementing green technology, not just for its locomotives but across all parts of its operations.
Exercise 4. Choose the correct variant to complete the sentence.
The testing helps identify …………… of the new technology.
1)the profits as well as the losses
2)the advances as well as the pitfalls
3)the benefits as well as the challengers
Exercise 5. Is this exactly what you hear? Mark Yes or No.
1)BNSF railway can move one ton of freight from Los Angeles to Chicago on more than 5 gallons of diesel fuel. (yes/no)
2)And BNSF continues to look for way to reduce its locomotive fleet to become more fuel efficient and environmentally-friendly. (yes/no)
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3)BNSF is retiring older less efficient locomotives while adding more than 1600 new switch locomotives. (yes/no)
4)These locomotives are up to 15% more fuel efficient than the units they replaced and are the cleanest-burning locomotives available for heavy-haul freight movement. (yes/no)
5)BNSF believes it is in the best interest of our company and our nation to look at sustainable alternative technologies and fuels. (yes/no)
Language spot
Relative clauses
Exercise 1. Put in who/that/which/whose/where to fill in the gaps.
1)A driver is a person …………… job is to control the movements of the train.
2)We had no difficulty finding the railway station. We asked a policeman …………… was very helpful.
3)Electric traction can be used on the lines …………… the traffic is sufficiently dense and high capital investment can be repaid.
4)Stone and brick buildings replaced the wooden sheds, …………… often caught fire from the sparks of a passing steam locomotive.
5)At locations …………… it is desired to have trains pass each other, a passing siding is constructed.
6)The railroad industry has a safety record …………… is the envy of many other industries.
Exercise 2. Sometimes the preposition comes at the beginning of the relative clause before which in formal English. Complete the sentences using a preposition at the beginning of the relative clause. Use the information in brackets.
1)(In Russia, 43,100 km of track are electrified.) Russia has the second largest network in the world with 85,200 km of track, 43,300 km of which are electrified.
2)(Vehicles are joined together into trains by different means.) The means …………… are of two kinds – automatic and nonautomatic.
3)(Communities are frequently proud of their passenger stations.) Passenger stations are frequently civic centres…………….
4)(In the highway system signs and signals what the driver sees.) Unlike the highway system,
…………… the rail control system must provide the driver with information beyond the immediate visual scene.
5)(The rails are laid with a small space between the ends since rails expand and contract a little with changes of temperature.) Since rails expand and contract a little with changes of temperature, a small space is left between rail ends in relation to the temperature …………….
Exercise 3. You must use that when it is the subject of the relative clause. When it is the object, you can leave it out. Choose the sentences in which you don’t need that.
1)Safety is an issue that pervades the entire railroad industry.
2)Millions of American people reached the new territories with the help of the railroads. Later, trains transported the goods that they produced.
3)Most of the states that entered the US after the Civil War owed their rapid growth to the railroads.
4)The safety systems that railroads have developed continue to be improved.
5)The US railroads and Federal Railroad Administration work hand-in-hand to improve the safety of the cars, the locomotives and the trains that they make up.
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6) Speaking of the £5bn investment programme, CEO David Higgins said that the investment would turn the Great Western into “the most advanced intercity railway in Britain.”
Exercise 4. When that is the object of the relative clause, you can leave it out. Find the place of the word that.
1)A passenger locomotive needs to provide electrical power for light and heating or air conditioning for the entire train it is pulling.
2)Customers can complain about the service they receive.
3)The points he stressed in his report were very important.
4)Federal standards are based upon the speed and tonnage any line is designated to carry.
5)The global effort is being made to improve the efficiency of transportation vehicles, such as automobiles, buses, trucks and trains, and to reduce the massive amounts of pollutants they emit.
6)A typical cause of delays on some railways sometimes stems from the fact that dispatchers may not be aware of how the decisions they make affect the overall transport plan.
7)Neither the report nor the comment it elicited in press gave any indication of the number of inspectors railroads themselves have, or the body of rules railroads live by to provide the safety of people and avoid damage to goods railroads transport.
8)Before a railroad is built there are usually several alternative routes to be considered. Experts choose what they consider to be the best route. The choice they make has much to do with the success or failure of the new railroad line.
9)A route, though less expensive to build, may run through unsettled country. Hence it may be wiser to build the more expensive line for the sake of the greater local business it can get.
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with a relative clause.
1)Tom recommended a train to us. We took a train Tom recommended to us.
2)Railways have safety inspectors. What is the number of safety inspectors ……………?
3)Railways live by rules. What are the rules ……………?
4)Railways transport various goods. What are the goods ……………?
W r i t i n g
Exercise 1. Read the passage about the electric power used in railroad application and answer the following questions in writing.
1)Why has AC become the favored means of electrical power for electrified railroads?
2)What components are required for electric traction?
3)Where is third rail used?
4)Do American railroads use American-built electric locomotives?
5)Which traction (steam, diesel or electric) is mostly used in the USA?
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES, THE EPITOME OF EFFICIENCY
The electric power used in railroad applications was initially provided via direct current, or DC. DC has fundamental drawbacks such as providing relatively low voltage, usually no higher than 3,000 volts, requires large amounts of equipment to properly retain power throughout the system because of the current’s considerable size, and needs power supplies (i.e., substations) located at regular intervals along the line to likewise maintain sufficient power as the high currents result in tremendous power losses across the system.
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Instead, alternating current, or AC, has become the favored means of electrical power for many systems worldwide since the 1930s. AC has none of the inherent drawbacks of DC systems, requires relatively cheaper overhead wires (or catenary), and can employ thousands of volts of power (although AC’s significant drawback is lower traction in comparison to what DC allows).
To operate electric locomotives, energized systems require a number of components, of which result in much of the tremendous expensive involved to employ electrification. For overhead systems, these components include the trolley pole; a simple support system that holds the bow collector; the bow collector in turn holds the overhanging catenary which in turn holds the actual energized wires, catenary. To pick up the electricity electric locomotives are equipped with pantographs, booms that extend above, and over the locomotive with “shoes” to collect the electricity and then convert it into whatever horsepower the locomotive is rated for.
The other type of system is called third rail and is very effective in subways.
Aside from traditional electric locomotives, which pick up electricity using an overhead or third-rail application, other types include dual-powered locomotives and AC rectifiers. Dualpowered locomotives can operate using either electricity or a traditional diesel engine. This system is very efficient in territory that is both electrified and non-electrified as the same locomotive can be used in both territories without having to switch the motive power. AC rectifiers are a truly exceptional and an efficient type of motive power. Since by the 1930s AC was the preferred method of electrification most new electric locomotives were likewise built to AC specifications. However, AC, again did not provide quite such high tractive efforts as could be achieved with DC systems.
To counter this railroads, particularly those which found high tractive efforts very beneficial in mountainous territory like the Great Northern, Virginian Railway, Pennsylvania Railroad, and the Norfolk & Western Railway, needed a new locomotive that operated on AC power but could use DC traction motors to gain the best of both worlds. What resulted were the very successful AC rectifiers in versions such as Virginian’s EL-2B and EL-C; Pennsylvania’s E44s; and New Haven’s EP5s.
Today, while electric locomotives in our country are used solely for passenger service the technology has come a long way, even since the AC rectifiers of the 1950s and 1960s. Types like AEM-7s, ALP-44s, and HHLs provide over 4,000 horsepower, operate using three-phase traction systems, provide tractive efforts over 150,000 pounds, and are no longer built by American firms with most manufactured in Europe by firms such as ASEA, Alstom, and Siemens.
While electric locomotives may no longer be used in the U.S. to haul freight trains their reliability and efficiency in passenger service will likely keep them operating for decades to come, particularly as oil prices continue to rise. Extremely quiet and fast, electric locomotives are a very unique and interesting aspect of our nation’s rail system, even if they are somewhat rare in comparison to the U.S. railroad industry as a whole, and other systems around the world.
http://www.american-rails.com/electric-locomotives.html
Exercise 2. Write a plan of the passage. Start with its main idea, and then give several specific ideas to support the main one.
Exercise 3. Write 7-9 key words for this passage.
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WebProject
Make a short presentation about locomotive production in Russia (3 minutes). These sites may help you
http://www.alstom.com/transport/about-us/alstom-TMH-alliance/ http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2009/3/alstom-and-the-russian-rail-manufacturer- transmashholding-sign-a-strategic-partnership-agreement/ http://www.alstom.com/Global/Transport/Resources/Documents/Panorama%20sheet%20on% 20Russia.pdf
http://4rail.net/reference_russia_main.php http://4rail.net/reference_russia_locos_electric1.php http://4rail.net/reference_russia_main.php#modernizing
UNIT 7. GOODSWAGONS
Reading and translation
Exercise 1. Read the passage and ask five questions (general, special, alternative,disjunctive and subject) to it.
§1. Early wagons were made largely of wood. All-steel wagons were introduced in the late 1890s and within 30 years had almost completely replaced the wooden ones. Today there is a wide variety of goods wagons. They include covered wagons, flat wagons, open wagons, tankers, refrigerator vans, and special wagons.
§2. A covered wagon is a closed box with roof and side doors for transporting valuable goods and goods requiring protection from the weather.
Flat wagons have no walls or have low walls and are used to transport large and heavy loads. They can haul anything from farm equipment and containers to industrial parts and rails. Timber or wood products are also an example of what these wagons carry.
An open wagon is a railway wagon with sides and ends but no roof. It is used to carry bulk commodities such as coal, ore, coke, crushed rock and gravel.
Open wagons have hatches in the floor for discharging or they are emptied by being tipped. A hopper is a type of an open wagon. The ends of a hopper are sloped to the hatches through which the commodity is unloaded. Covered hoppers are used to carry cement, grain, fertilizers and sand.
§3. Refrigerator vans transport perishable goods (meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, milk, mineral water, etc.). They are fitted with refrigeration equipment to keep perishable items fresh in transit.
Tank wagons are used to transport liquids such as paints, varnishes, petrol, kerosene, oil, acids, ethanol, ammonia, and other chemicals. The interior of tanks designed to transport acids is lined with rubber or lead. The product is usually labelled on the tank wagon along with other reporting marks.
Goods wagons for special purposes are used to transport specific products. Transporter wagons are 12-, 16-, 20-axle platform wagons with the capacity of 130, 180, 230 and 300 tonnes. An autorack usually with two levels are another special railway wagon used to transport motor vehicles. Stock wagons are designed to carry livestock. Works wagons include repair wagons and wagons of wrecking and fire trains.
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Exercise 2. Find synonyms to the following English words:
to transport, goods, to discharge, to mark, an auto carrier, cars (UK)
Exercise 3. Find the words in the passage that mean:
1)a wagon used to haul materials that can self-unload by means of the wagon’s sloped sides, hoppers, and hatches;
2)a wagon designed to transport liquids;
3)a closed wagon built with insulation in the floor, sides, ends, roofs, and doors, and some form of refrigeration equipment designed for cooling during transit;
4)a wagon having a flat floor, with no sides, ends or roof.
5)a fully enclosed wagon for weather-sensitive goods;
Exercise 4. Translate the first paragraph of the passage into Russian. Work with a dictionary.
Exercise 5. Make a summary of the second and third paragraphs of the passage in Russian. Work without a dictionary.
L i s t e n i n g
Exercise 1. Watch the video. What words in the box below do you hear?
traffic |
driver |
customer |
service |
safety |
types |
trains |
transport |
machinery |
|
transportation |
number |
amounts |
|
safely |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise 2. Name the types of freight cars that are mentioned in the video.
Exercise 3. Which freight do these cars transport?Add some other types of freight cars. Exercise 4. Speak about freight cars and freight that you heard from the video.
W r i t i n g
Exercise 1. Read the passage and render it in Russian. Use the appropriate clichés. Work with a dictionary.
Super Low45 (SL45) is the newest product, which comes under Rail Freight Wagon products. SL45 is a permanently-coupled, twin-platform, low height container carrier capable of conveying 45ft (13.6m) x 9ft in x 2500mm containers or swap-bodies within the Network
Rail static Loading Gauge designated ‘W8’. SL45 can also transport 40ft, 30ft or 2 x 20ft containers, if required. The company W.H. Davis studied the UK-market for container movements by rail and for that the requirement for movement of ‘deep-sea’ 20ft, 30ft or 40ft x 8ft in high containers was generally satisfied by the use of existing ‘standard’ 60ft flat deck container carrying wagons, supported by a number of low-deck/small wheel wagons together with a quantity of ‘pocket’ or ‘well’ wagons to cater, where necessary, for 40ft x 9ft in high boxes on restricted-gauge routes.
However, the survey noted that major global shippers were becoming concerned about a continuing inability to move (from ports), the newer 45ft x 9ft in high containers which were
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increasingly becoming the dominant box-size, particularly on ‘short-sea’ routes to/from mainland Europe.
W.H. Davis design-engineers evaluated several possible solutions and eventually concluded that the most appropriate way forward lay in a wagon designed with a full-length, low-height deck. Such a design would be capable of transporting various permutations of 9ft 6in high containers within the Network Rail ‘universal’ UK gauge designated ‘W8’.
Project SL45 called for a radical new design of bogie and W.H. Davis became aware of the development by Standard Car Truck Europe (SCTE) of such a new track-friendly, smallwheel design. W.H. Davis entered into negotiation with SCTE for the procurement of four bogies to be used with a prototype SL45.
The superstructure design and technical working drawings of SL45 were duly completed and this allowed W.H. Davis to confirm to interested operators (and end-users), that when compared with existing wagons/routes (on average) a train composed entirely of SL45 would convey an additional 4 x 45ft containers within permitted Network Rail Train Lengths.
Four new design, track-friendly bogies were received from SCTE which W.H. Davis to complete manufacture of the prototype SL45.
Network Rail had been commissioned to undertake the lengthy process of statutory static and dynamic testing which is required to gain approval under the new EU Directive ‘Technical Standards for Interoperability' (TSI). During this time, a temporary certificate was issued which allowed the prototype to accumulate over 30,000 miles of operational running completed. Final approval was given by the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) in December 2010.
Even today (2011), all movements of 45ft containers to destinations served by rail routes designated ‘W8’ are still moved by road, as prior to the ‘approval’ (Regulatory Certification) of SL45 in December 2010, no wagon design existed to cater for these restricted UK gauges.
SL45 thus provides an ‘instant’ solution to move these ‘High Cube’ containers by rail within the UK (W8 gauge) and so provides the means of removing significant road journeys/miles to enable a reduction in the UK carbon footprint.
With regard to the cost of maintenance (always a concern for operators when small diameter wheels are offered), after 30,000 miles of operational service, prototype SL45 displayed no measureable wheel wear.
Additionally, subject to ‘mainland European’ regulatory certification/approval, SL45 would provide significant additional rail volume through the Channel Tunnel direct to the end-user terminal or distribution centre, without the need to tranship containers upon entry to the UK.
http://www.whdavis.co.uk/index.php/products/rail_freight_wagons/superlow_45/
Exercise 2. Write an abstract of the passage (4-5 sentences) with7-9 key words.
W e b P r o j e c t
Make a short presentation about containerization and international logistics companies (3 minutes). The following links may help you:
editorialexpress.com/cgibin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=res_phd_2012&paper_id=61 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21432226 http://www.shipping-worldwide.com/
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UNIT 8. CARRIAGES
R e a di n g a n d tr a ns l a t i o n
Exercise 1. Read the passage below and answer the questions.
1)Who uses commuter service?
2)What is an interior layout of a coach?
3)What are vehicles for overnight travel called?
4)What is its interior layout?
§1. Railway rolling stock must provide safe and smooth running of trains at higher speeds. A piece of rolling stock which is designed to carry passengers is known as a carriage or coach and has individual seats or benches for daytime use. A sleeping car also called a sleeper or Pullman car (after the American inventor) is divided into compartments with berths for overnight travel. Passenger cars (USA) are equipped with heating, lighting and air-conditioning for passenger comfort. Automatic couplers, automatic air brakes and many other improvements help make train operation safe. Restaurant cars (UK)/dining cars or diners (USA) provide meal service on long-distance routes. Long-distance trains often require baggage cars for the passengers’ luggage.
§2. Commuter service, also called suburban service, is provided for people who live in suburbs and work in nearby cities or live in cities and go to suburbs in summer. Commuter trains have coaches designed to carry as many people as possible. The interior layout is the open saloon with the bench seats on either side of a central aisle. This arrangement maximises passenger capacity per coach. Intercity trains usually run between two large cities, called end points. Some local trains stop at all or most of the stations between the end points, but most intercity trains stop only at the larger cities on the route. An intercity coach seats fewer people than a short-haul commuter coach and has soft reclining seats for greater comfort on long trips. Many long-haul intercity trains have sleeping cars, which have compartments (small rooms) with berths (beds) for use on overnight runs, and dining cars to provide passengers with meals during the trip. Passenger cars have an entrance at both ends of the car. Flexible connections between cars give passengers access to any car of a moving train.
Exercise 2. Find English equivalents to the following Russian phrases in the passage.
1) |
единица подвижного состава |
6) |
как можно больше людей |
2) |
ночная поездка |
7) |
с каждой стороны центрального прохода |
3) |
воздушное кондиционирование |
8) |
вместимость пассажирского вагона |
4) |
поезда дальнего следования |
9) |
поезд местного сообщения |
5) |
пригородное сообщение |
10) |
во время поездки |
Exercise 3. Express the main idea of the passage in 5-6 sentences.
Exercise 4. Translate the first paragraph of the passage into Russian. Work with a dictionary.
Exercise 5. Make a summary of the second paragraph of the passage in Russian (in 8- 10 sentences). Work without a dictionary.
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