3G Evolution. HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband
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List of Acronyms |
CODIT |
Code-Division Testbed |
CP |
Cyclic Prefix |
CPC |
Continuous Packet Connectivity |
CPICH |
Common Pilot Channel |
CQI |
Channel Quality Indicator |
CQICH |
Channel Quality Indication Channel (for WiMAX) |
CRC |
Cyclic Redundancy Check |
CS |
Circuit Switched |
CTC |
Convolutional Turbo Code |
DCCH |
Dedicated Control Channel |
DCH |
Dedicated Channel |
DFE |
Decision Feedback Equalization |
DFT |
Discrete Fourier Transform |
DFTS-OFDM |
DFT-spread OFDM, see also SC-FDMA |
DL |
Downlink |
DL-SCH |
Downlink Shared Channel |
DPCCH |
Dedicated Physical Control Channel |
DPCH |
Dedicated Physical Channel |
DPDCH |
Dedicated Physical Data Channel |
DRX |
Discontinuous Reception |
DTCH |
Dedicated Traffic Channel |
DTX |
Discontinuous Transmission |
D-TxAA |
Dual Transmit-Diversity Adaptive Array |
E-AGCH |
E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel |
E-DCH |
Enhanced Dedicated Channel |
EDGE |
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution and |
|
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution |
E-DPCCH |
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel |
E-DPDCH |
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel |
E-HICH |
E-DCH Hybrid Indicator Channel |
eNodeB |
E-UTRAN NodeB |
EPC |
Evolved Packet Core |
E-RGCH |
E-DCH Relative Grant Channel |
ErtPS |
Extended Real-Time Polling Service |
E-TFC |
E-DCH Transport Format Combination |
E-TFCI |
E-DCH Transport Format Combination Index |
ETSI |
European Telecommunications Standards Institute |
E-UTRA |
Evolved UTRA |
E-UTRAN |
Evolved UTRAN |
EV-DO |
Evolution-Data Optimized (of CDMA2000 1x) |
EV-DV |
Evolution-Data and Voice (of CDMA2000 1x) |
FACH |
Forward Access Channel |
List of Acronyms |
xxxi |
FBSS |
Fast Base Station Switching |
FCC |
Federal Communications Commission |
FCH |
Frame Control Header (for WiMAX) |
FDD |
Frequency Division Duplex |
FDM |
Frequency-Division Multiplex |
FDMA |
Frequency-Division Multiple Access |
F-DPCH |
Fractional DPCH |
FEC |
Forward Error Correction |
FFT |
Fast Fourier Transform |
FIR |
Finite Impulse Response |
F-OSICH |
Forward link Other Sector Indication Channel |
|
(for IEEE 802.20) |
FPLMTS |
Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications Systems |
FRAMES |
Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access Systems |
FTP |
File Transfer Protocol |
FUSC |
Fully Used Subcarriers (for WiMAX) |
GERAN |
GSM EDGE RAN |
GGSN |
Gateway GPRS Support Node |
GPRS |
General Packet Radio Services |
GPS |
Global Positioning System |
G-RAKE |
Generalized RAKE |
GSM |
Global System for Mobile communications |
HARQ |
Hybrid ARQ |
H-FDD |
Half-duplex FDD |
HHO |
Hard Handover |
HLR |
Home Location Register |
HSDPA |
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access |
HS-DPCCH |
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel |
HS-DSCH |
High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel |
HSPA |
High-Speed Packet Access |
HS-PDSCH |
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel |
HSS |
Home Subscriber Server |
HS-SCCH |
High-Speed Shared Control Channel |
HSUPA |
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access |
IDFT |
Inverse DFT |
IEEE |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
IFDMA |
Interleaved FDMA |
IFFT |
Inverse FFT |
IMS |
IP Multimedia Subsystem |
IMT-2000 |
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 |
IP |
Internet Protocol |
IPv4 |
IP version 4 |
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List of Acronyms |
IPv6 |
IP version 6 |
IR |
Incremental Redundancy |
IRC |
Interference Rejection Combining |
ISDN |
Integrated Services Digital Network |
ITU |
International Telecommunications Union |
ITU-R |
International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunications |
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Sector |
Iu |
The interface used for communication between the RNC and |
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the core network. |
Iub |
The interface used for communication between the NodeB |
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and the RNC |
Iur |
The interface used for communication between different RNCs |
J-TACS |
Japanese Total Access Communication System |
LAN |
Local Area Network |
LDPC |
Low Density Parity Check Code |
LMMSE |
Linear Minimum Mean-Square Error |
LTE |
Long-Term Evolution |
MAC |
Medium Access Control |
MAN |
Metropolitan Area Network |
MAP |
Map message (for WiMAX) |
MBFDD |
Mobile Broadband FDD (for IEEE 802.20) |
MBMS |
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service |
MBS |
Multicast and Broadcast Service |
MBSFN |
Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network |
MBTDD |
Mobile Broadband TDD (for IEEE 802.20) |
MBWA |
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access |
MCCH |
MBMS Control Channel |
MCE |
MBMS Coordination Entity |
MCH |
Multicast Channel |
MCS |
Modulation and Coding Scheme |
MDHO |
Macro-Diversity Handover |
MICH |
MBMS Indicator Channel |
MIMO |
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output |
ML |
Maximum Likelihood |
MLD |
Maximum Likelihood Detection |
MMS |
Multimedia Messaging Service |
MMSE |
Minimum Mean Square Error |
MRC |
Maximum Ratio Combining |
MSC |
Mobile Switching Center |
MSCH |
MBMS Scheduling Channel |
MTCH |
MBMS Traffic Channel |
NAK |
Negative Acknowledgement (in ARQ protocols) |
List of Acronyms |
xxxiii |
NMT |
Nordisk MobilTelefon (Nordic Mobile Telephony) |
NodeB |
NodeB, a logical node handling transmission/reception in |
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multiple cells. Commonly, but not necessarily, corresponding |
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to a base station. |
nrTPS |
Non-Real-Time Polling Service |
OFDM |
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
OFDMA |
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access |
OOK |
On–off keying |
OVSF |
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor |
PAN |
Personal Area Network |
PAPR |
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio |
PAR |
Peak-to-Average Ratio (same as PAPR) |
PARC |
Per-Antenna Rate Control |
PCCH |
Paging Control Channel |
PCG |
Project Coordination Group (in 3GPP) |
PCH |
Paging Channel |
PCI |
Pre-coding Control Indication |
PDC |
Personal Digital Cellular |
PDCCH |
Physical Downlink Control Channel |
PDCP |
Packet-Data Convergence Protocol |
PDSCH |
Physical Downlink Shared Channel |
PDU |
Protocol Data Unit |
PF |
Proportional Fair (a type of scheduler) |
PHY |
Physical layer |
PoC |
Puch to Talk over Cellular |
PS |
Packet Switched |
PSK |
Phase Shift Keying |
PSTN |
Public Switched Telephone Network |
PUSC |
Partially Used Subcarriers (for WiMAX) |
QAM |
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation |
QoS |
Quality-of-Service |
QPSK |
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying |
RAB |
Radio Access Bearer |
RACE |
Research and development in Advanced Communications |
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technologies in Europe |
RAN |
Radio Access Network |
RB |
Resource Block |
RBS |
Radio Base Station |
RF |
Radio Frequency |
RLC |
Radio Link Protocol |
RNC |
Radio Network Controller |
RNTI |
Radio-Network Temporary Identifier |
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List of Acronyms |
ROHC |
Robust Header Compression |
RR |
Round Robin (a type of scheduler) |
RRC |
Radio Resource Control |
RRM |
Radio Resource Management |
RS |
Reference Symbol |
RSN |
Retransmission Sequence Number |
RSPC |
IMT-2000 Radio Interface Specifications |
RTP |
Real Time Protocol |
rtPS |
Real-Time Polling Service |
RTWP |
Received Total Wideband Power |
RV |
Redundancy Version |
S1 |
The interface between eNodeB and AGW. |
SA |
System Aspects |
SAE |
System Architecture Evolution |
S-CCPCH |
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel |
SC-FDMA |
Single-Carrier FDMA |
SDMA |
Spatial Division Multiple Access |
SDO |
Standards Developing Organisation |
SDU |
Service Data Unit |
SF |
Spreading Factor |
SFBC |
Space Frequency Block Coding |
SFN |
Single-Frequency Network or System Frame |
|
Number (in 3GPP) |
SFTD |
Space Frequency Time Diversity |
SGSN |
Serving GPRS Support Node |
SIC |
Successive Interference Combining |
SIM |
Subscriber Identity Module |
SINR |
Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio |
SIR |
Signal-to-Interference Ratio |
SMS |
Short Message Service |
SNR |
Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
SOHO |
Soft Handover |
SRNS |
Serving Radio Network Subsystem |
STBC |
Space-Time Block Coding |
STC |
Space-Time Coding |
STTD |
Space-Time Transmit Diversity |
TACS |
Total Access Communication System |
TCP |
Transmission Control Protocol |
TD-CDMA |
Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access |
TDD |
Time Division Duplex |
TDM |
Time Division Multiplexing |
TDMA |
Time Division Multiple Access |
List of Acronyms |
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TD-SCDMA |
Time Division-Synchronous Code Division |
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Multiple Access |
TF |
Transport Format |
TFC |
Transport Format Combination |
TFCI |
Transport Format Combination Index |
TIA |
Telecommunications Industry Association |
TM |
Transparent Mode (RLC configuration) |
TR |
Technical Report |
TrCH |
Transport Channel |
TS |
Technical Specification |
TSG |
Technical Specification Group |
TSN |
Transmission Sequence Number |
TTA |
Telecommunications Technology Association |
TTC |
Telecommunications Technology Committee |
TTI |
Transmission Time Interval |
UE |
User Equipment, the 3GPP name for the mobile terminal |
UGS |
Unsolicited Grant Service |
UL |
Uplink |
UL-SCH |
Uplink Shared Channel |
UM |
Unacknowledged Mode (RLC configuration) |
UMTS |
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System |
USIM |
UMTS SIM |
US-TDMA |
U.S. TDMA standard |
UTRA |
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access |
UTRAN |
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network |
Uu |
The interface used for communication between the |
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NodeB and the UE. |
WAN |
Wide Area Network |
WARC |
World Administrative Radio Congress |
WCDMA |
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access |
WG |
Working Group |
WiMAX |
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access |
WLAN |
Wireless Local Area Network |
VoIP |
Voice-over-IP |
WP8F |
Working Party 8F |
WRC |
World Radiocommunication Conference |
X2 |
The interface between eNodeBs. |
ZC |
Zadoff-Chu |
ZF |
Zero Forcing |
ZTCC |
Zero Tailed Convolutional Code |
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List of Figures |
4.12 Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.13 Transmission of single wideband carrier and OFDM transmission
over a frequency-selective channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.14 Channel coding in combination with frequency-domain
interleaving to provide frequency diversity in case of OFDM transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.15 Subcarrier interference as a function of the normalized Doppler
spread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.16 Spectrum of a basic 5 MHz OFDM signal compared with
WCDMA spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.17 OFDM as a user-multiplexing/multiple-access scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.18 Distributed user multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.19 Uplink transmission-timing control.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.20 Broadcast scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.21 Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.22 Equivalence between simulcast transmission and
multi-path propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.1 General time-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.2 Linear equalization implemented as a time-discrete FIR filter. . . . . . . . . . 69 5.3 Frequency-domain linear equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.4 Overlap-and-discard processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.5 Cyclic-prefix insertion in case of single-carrier transmission. . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.6 Orthogonal multiple access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.7 FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.8 DFTS-OFDM signal generation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.9 PAR distribution for OFDM and DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.10 Basic principle of DFTS-OFDM demodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.11DFTS-OFDM demodulator with frequency-domain
equalization.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
5.12 Uplink user multiplexing in case of DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.13 DFTS-OFDM with frequency-domain spectrum shaping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.14 PAR distribution and cubic metric for DFTS-OFDM with
different spectrum shaping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.15 Distributed DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.16 Spectrum of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM signals. . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.17 User multiplexing in case of localized and distributed
DFTS-OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.1Linear receive-antenna combining.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
6.2Linear receive-antenna combining.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
List of Figures |
xv |
6.3 Downlink scenario with a single dominating interferer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.4 Receiver scenario with one strong interfering mobile
terminal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.5Two-dimensional space/time linear processing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
6.6Two-dimensional space/frequency linear processing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
6.7 Two-antenna delay diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.8 Two-antenna Cyclic-Delay Diversity (CDD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.9 WCDMA Space–Time Transmit Diversity (STTD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6.10 Space–Frequency Transmit Diversity assuming two transmit
antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.11 Classical beam-forming with high mutual antennas
correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.12 Pre-coder-based beam-forming in case of low mutual
antenna correlation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.13 Per-subcarrier pre-coding in case of OFDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.14 2 × 2-antenna configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.15 Linear reception/demodulation of spatially multiplexed
signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.16 Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.17 Orthogonalization of spatially multiplexed signals by means of
pre-coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 6.18 Single-codeword transmission vs. multi-codeword
transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.19 Demodulation/decoding of spatially multiplexed signals based
on Successive Interference Cancellation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.1 (a) power control and (b) rate control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.2 Channel-dependent scheduling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.3Example of three different scheduling behaviors for two users with different average channel quality: (a) max C/I, (b) round
robin, and (c) proportional fair. The selected user is shown
with bold lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.4Illustration of the principle behavior of different scheduling strategies: (a) for full buffers and
(b) for web browsing traffic model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 7.5 Example of Chase combining.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 7.6 Example of incremental redundancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8.1 WCDMA evolution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 8.2 WCDMA radio-access network architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.3 WCDMA protocol architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133