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438

3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

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440

3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

[71]M.K. Varanasi and T. Guess, ‘Optimum Decision Feedback Multi-user Equalization with Successive Decoding Achieves the Total Capacity of the Gaussian Multiple-access Channel’, Proceedings of the Asimolar conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monteray, CA, November 1997.

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[75]X. Zhaoji and B. Sébire, ‘Impact of ACK/NACK Signalling Errors on High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)’, IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol. 4, 16–20 May 2005, pp. 2223–2227.

[76]J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, D.F. Towsley and J.F. Kurose, ‘Modelling TCP Reno Performance: A Simple Model and Its Empirical Validation’, ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking Vol. 8, No. 2, 2000, pp. 133–145.

[77]C. Kambiz and L. Krasny, ‘Capacity-achieving Transmitter and Receiver Pairs for Dispersive MISO Channels’, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 42, April 1994, pp. 1431–1440.

[78]J. Tellado and J.M. Cioffi, ‘PAR Reduction in Multi-carrier Transmission Systems’, ANSI T1E1.4/97-367.

[79]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution: Report on Technical Options and Conclusions (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 23.882.

[80]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; S-CCPCH Performance for MBMS (Release 6)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 25.803.

[81]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 25.814.

[82]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; 3.84 Mcps TDD Enhanced Uplink; Physical Layer Aspects (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 25.826.

[83]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Manifestations of Handover and SRNS Relocation (Release 4)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 25.832.

References

441

[84]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; High Speed Downlink Packet Access: Physical Layer Aspects (Release 5)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 25.858.

[85]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Feasibility Study for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 25.912.

[86]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 25.913.

[87]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Feasibility Study for Evolved GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TR 45.912.

[88]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Service Requirements for Evolution of the 3GPP System (Release 8)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 22.278.

[89]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Network Architecture (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 23.002.

[90]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service Description; Stage 2 (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 23.060.

[91]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; 3GPP System Architecture Evolution: GPRS Enhancements for LTE Access; Release 8’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 23.401.

[92]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD) (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.101.

[93]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception (TDD) (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.102.

[94]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels (FDD)’, 3GPP, 3GP TS 25.211.

[95]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Multiplexing and Channel Coding (FDD)’, 3GPP, 3GP TS 25.212.

[96]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Spreading and Modulation (FDD)’, 3GPP, 3GP TS 25.213.

442

3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

[97]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Layer Procedures (FDD)’, 3GPP, 3GP TS 25.214.

[98]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Radio Interface Protocol Architecture’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.301.

[99]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; UE Radio Access Capabilities’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.306.

[100]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall Description; Stage 2’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.308.

[101]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; FDD Enhanced Uplink; Overall Description; Stage 2’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.309.

[102]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Introduction of the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) in the Radio Access Network (RAN); Stage 2 (Release 6)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.346.

[103]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; UTRAN Overall Description’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.401.

[104]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; UTRAN Iu Interface RANAP Signalling (Release 7)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 25.413.

[105]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Multimedia Broadcast/multicast Service (MBMS); Protocols and Codecs’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 26.346.

[106]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 8)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.211.

[107]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Multiplexing and Channel Coding (Release 8)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.212.

[108]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Layer Procedures (Release 8)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.213.

[109]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Layer – Measurements (Release 8)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.214.

[110]‘3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall Description; Stage 2 (Release 8)’, 3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.300.

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[111]D. Tse, ‘Optimal Power Allocation Over Parallel Gaussian Broadcast Channels’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Theory, Ulm, Germany, June 1997, p. 7.

[112]Y.-P. Eric Wang, A.S. Khayrallah and G.E. Bottomley, ‘Dual Branch Receivers for Enhanced Voice and Data Communications in WCDMA’, Proceedings of the Globecom, San Francisco, CA, USA, November 2006.

[113]S. Verdu, ‘Multiuser Detection’, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998.

[114]S.B. Wicker, M. Bartz, ‘Type-I Hybrid ARQ Protocols Using Punctured MDS Codes’, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 42, April 1994,

pp.1431–1440.

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[116]‘Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation’, WiMAX Forum, White Paper, August 2006.

[117]R. van Nee, R. Prasad, ‘OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications’, Artech House Publishers, London, January 2000.

[118]‘Wireless World Initiative New Radio’, Eurescom GmbH 2006. https:// www.ist-winner.org.

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[120]J.M. Wozencraft and M. Horstein, ‘Digitalised Communication Over Two-way Channels’, Fourth London Symposium on Information Theory, London, UK, September 1960.

[121]E. Dahlman, P. Beming, J. Knutsson, F. Ovesjö, M. Persson and C. Roobol, ‘WCDMA – The Radio Interface for Future Mobile Multimedia Communications’, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 47, November 1998, pp. 1105–1118.

[122]E. Dahlman, H. Ekström, A. Furuskär, Y. Jading, J. Karlsson, M. Lundevall and S. Parkvall, ‘The 3G Long-term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation’, 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2006-Spring, Vol. 1, pp. 137–141, IEEE, 2006.

[123]D.C. Chu, ‘Polyphase Codes with Good Periodic Correlation Properties’,

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 18, No. 4, July 1972,

pp.531–532.

[124]W. Zirwas,‘Single Frequency Network Concepts for Cellular OFDM Radio Systems’, International OFDM Workshop, Hamburg, Germany, September 2000.

Index

1.28 Mcps TDD, 409 16QAM, 37

3G, 3–7 3GPP, 8–11

3GPP2, 9, 409–10 64QAM, 37

7.68 Mcps TDD, 409

Absolute grant, 199, 213

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), 109 Application-level coding, 245–46

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), 121

Bandwidth utilization, 32 BCCH, 303

BCH, 304 Beam forming:

classical, 95–6 pre-coder based, 96

BM-SC, 240 Broadcast, 63–6

see also MBMS

CDMA2000, 409–29 Cell identity, 324, 357–59

Cell-identity group, 324, 357, 358 Cell search, 357–61 CELL_DCH, 259–61, 267 CELL_FACH, 259, 260, 266–67 CELL_PCH, 259

Channel capacity, 31 Channel-Quality Indicator (CQI):

for HSPA 148, 151, 175–78, 184 for LTE 306, 351

Channelization code, 135–37 Charging, 373, 385–88

Chase combining, 122–24, 168 CN see Core network

Constellation rearrangement, 168–69 Contention resolution, 363, 368–69 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC),

259–66

Control-channel element, 335–36 Controlling RNC see RNC

Core network (CN), 26, 371, 372–74 architecture, 382–89

functions, 373–75

Coverage requirement, 280, 402, 417 CPICH, 136

CQI see Channel-Quality Indicator CRC see Cyclic Redundancy Check Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), 92–93 Cyclic-prefix insertion:

OFDM, 51–53 single-carrier, 71–72

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), 121 for HSDPA, 134–35, 149, 179–80 for Enhanced Uplink, 194

for LTE, 313, 329, 350

D-TXAA, 252 DC-subcarrier, LTE, 320 DCCH, 303

Delay diversity, 91–2

DFT-spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM), 75–82 localized vs. distributed, 81–2

receiver, 78–9 spectrum shaping, 80–1

user multiplexing, 79–80

Discontinuous Reception (DRX), 260, 263–64, 304, 369

Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), 260–61, 263

DL-SCH, 304, 305, 312 transport-channel processing, 326–33

DPCCH, 137

DPCH, 136

DPDCH, 137

Drift RNC see RNC

DRX see Discontinuous Reception DTX see Discontinuous Transmission Duplex, 13, 282, 296

in LTE, 318

E-AGCH, 192, 229, 232–33

E-DCH, 185–186, 190–91

EDGE, 416–21

E-DPCCH, 193, 209, 235–37

445

446

E-DPDCH, 191, 209

E-HICH, 192, 229–32 E-RGCH, 192, 229, 233–34 Enhanced uplink, 129, 185–237

for TDD, 408 eNodeB, 299, 380–82

EPC see Evolved Packet Core Equalization, 67

decision feedback, 73 frequency domain, 70–2 time domain, 68–70

EV-DO, 409–16

EV-DV, 409–10

Evolved Packet Core, 382, 386–89

FDD, 13, 282, 296, 318

F-DPCH, 148, 180–81

Forward error correction (FEC), 121 Fountain codes, 245

Fractional frequency reuse, 424, 427, 429 see also Interference Coordination

Frequency bands, 13–15, 297 FUTURE project, 431

GERAN, 9, 416, 417, 418

GGSN, 383–88

G-RAKE, 271–72

GSM, 4–5, 382–86, 416–21

Happy bit, 201, 218, 235 Higher-order modulation, 36–39 HLR, 383–384

HS-DPCCH, 148, 181–84

HS-DSCH, 141–42, 146–48

HS-SCCH, 147–48, 178–80 HS-SCCH-less operation, 260, 264–66 HSDPA, 129, 141–184, 252–56, 263

in TDD, 408 performance, 399–405

HSPA, 129–30

HSPA/WCDMA RAN, 372–73, 374–82 architecture, 379–80

HSUPA see Enhanced uplink Hybrid ARQ, 121

in Enhanced Uplink, 188–89, 203–8, 222–28 in HSDPA, 144, 155–58, 164–73, 256

in LTE, 309–12, 330, 350 process, 170–71

profile, 218, 220–21

with soft combining, 121–25

Index

IEEE 802.16, 421–27

IEEE 802.20, 427–29 IMT-2000, 11–12, 282, 432 IMT-Advanced, 12, 432–33

Incremental redundancy, 122–24, 144, 222, 294, 330

Inter-cell interference coordination, 293 Interference cancellation, 104, 272–73

successive (SIC), 104–5 Interference coordination, 293–94

Interference Rejection Combining (IRC), 87–90

Internet Protocol (IP), 19–20, 284–86 ITU, 5, 11, 432

ITU-R, 6, 12, 13, 432

Iu interface, 372, 376, 383, 384 Iub interface, 376, 378

Iur interface, 376, 377

Latency, 395–396 requirement, 279

Layer mapping, LTE, 336–39 Link adaptation, 108–9

Frequency domain, 117 LMMSE receiver, 269, 272 Logical channels:

in WCDMA, 133

in LTE, 301, 303–5

LTE, 277–78, 289–70 architecture, 283–84 performance, 399–405 RAN, 373–82

spectrum deployment, 281–83 LTE states, 314–15

MAC, 133

in LTE, 302–12 MAC-e, 189, 228–29 MAC-es, 189, 228–29 MAC-hs, 145, 149–50

MBMS, 129, 239–249 for LTE, 281–82, 384 for TDD, 408

MBSFN, 295

MCCH, 246, 248–49, 303 MCH, 304, 314, 339, 340 MICH, 246, 248–49 Migration, 282–84 MIMO, 100, 397

for HSDPA, 251–58

Index

Mobility:

for HSPA, 162–63, 212–13 for LTE, 280, 380, 387

MSC, 383, 385

MSCH, 246, 249 MTCH, 246–48, 303

Multi-carrier transmission, 39–43 Multicasts, 63–6

see also MBMS

Multicast/Broadcast over Single–Frequency Network see MBSFN

New-data indicator, 157

NodeB, 131–32, 376, 377, 379

Noise rise, 139, 195

OFDM see Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex

OFDMA, 62, 415, 424

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM), 45–66

demodulation, 48

IFFT/FFT implementation, 48–51 in LTE, 319–23

see also Cyclic-prefix insertion

Overload indicator, 188, 200–1, 216–17, 233 OVSF code, 136–37

Paging, 369–370 PCCH, 303–4 PCH, 304

PCI see Pre-coding Control Information PDCCH see Physical Downlink Control

Channel PDCP:

for HSPA, 132 for LTE, 299–300

PDSCH see Physical Downlink Shared Channel

Performance:

evaluation, 396–401, 403–5 requirements (LTE), 279–81, 402–3

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), 334

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), 333

Physical layer:

in WCDMA, 134–39

in LTE, 312–14, 317–55

447

Power control, 108–9, 137–38 in Enhanced uplink, 209–10

Pre-coding Control Information (PCI), 254–55, 257–58

Pre-coding, LTE, 336–39

see also Beam forming and Spatial multiplexing

Puncturing limit, 223–24

QoS, 284, 286

QPSK, 36–7

Radio access network, 23–7, 371–82 Radio Network Controller see RNC

Radio resource management, 9, 159, 210, 284, 373, 381, 422

RAKE, 68, 138, 269, 271 RAN see Radio access network Random access:

LTE, 361–69 preamble, 362, 363–67

Raptor code, 245 Rate control, 108–9

in HSPA, 144, 152–55, 255–56 in LTE, 290–93

Rate matching, two-stage, 165–68 Receive diversity, 85–90, 294, 412, 427 Reference signals:

channel sounding, 348–49 demodulation, 344–48

in LTE downlink, 323–27 in LTE uplink, 344–49

Relative grant, 192, 199, 200, 216–17, 229, 233–34

Reordering, 158, 171–73, 205, 227–28 Resource blocks:

in LTE downlink, 320, 322–23 in LTE uplink, 342, 343

Resource element, LTE, 319 Retransmission Sequence Number (RSN),

206–7, 224 RLC:

for HSPA 133–34, 155, 247 for LTE 301–2, 316

Roaming, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 285, 373, 385, 388 RNC, 131–132, 145, 189–90, 375–76

controlling, 377–78 drift, 377–79 serving, 377–79

RRC, 134

RSN see Retransmission Sequence Number

448

S1 interface, 381, 386, 387 SAE, 26, 277, 285–87, 371–89

functional split, 372–74 bearer, 299

SC-FDMA, 289–90, 340, 344 Scheduling:

channel-dependent, 107, 109–20, 142–43, 195–96, 290–93

downlink, 110–114, 119, 291–93, 305–7 Enhanced Uplink, 186–88, 195–201, 213–22 frequency-domain, 117, 292, 305, 306 greedy filling, 116, 196–97

in HSDPA, 142, 151 max-C/I, 111–12 proportional fair, 113 round robin, 112–13, 116

uplink, 114–17, 292–93, 307–9 Scheduling grant, 187, 192, 198, 308, 367 Scheduling request, 198, 218–19, 351 Served traffic, 399, 400, 401

Services, 19, 20–21 Serving cell, 145, 198 Serving grant, 199, 213 Serving RNC see RNC

SFN see Single–frequency network SGSN, 383–85

Shared-channel transmission, 141, 290–91 SIC see Interference cancellation Single-carrier FDMA see SC-FDMA Single-frequency network (SFN), 60, 65, 295

see also MBSFN

Soft handover, 138–139, 186, 193, 219–20 Space Frequency (Block) Coding (SF(B)C),

94–5

Space Time (Block) Coding (ST(B)C), 93–4, 427

Spatial multiplexing, 98–105 in HSPA see MIMO

in LTE, 294, 338–39 multi-codeword based, 104 pre-coder based, 102–4 single-codeword based, 104, 415

Spectrum efficiency, 396 performance, 400–1, 403–5 requirement, 280, 402–3

Index

Spectrum flexibility, 282–83, 295–98 Standardization, 7–8, 433

Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) see Interference cancellation

Synchronization signal, 318 primary, 357–59 secondary, 357–59

System performance, 23, 279–81, 394, 396, 402

System throughput, 395–396

TDD, 13, 282, 296, 318

TFC see Transport Format Combination Transmission Time Interval (TTI), 133–34,

303

Transmit Diversity, 91–5, 332 Transport block, 133–34, 303 Transport channels, 133, 303–5, 327–28 Transport format, 133–34, 304, 308

Transport Format Combination (TFC), 193, 202–3

Transport format selection, 140, 149, 155, 193, 299, 304

TTI see Transmission Time Interval

UL-SCH, 304, 307, 313, 350–51 URA_PCH, 259

User Equipment (UE), 131 categories, 163, 212–13 User throughput, 395–396

performance, 399–401, 403–5 requirement, 280, 402–3

UTRA FDD see WCDMA UTRA TDD, 10, 407–9

WCDMA, 7, 10, 131–40

WiMAX, 421–27

Winner project, 433

X2 Interface, 381

Zadoff-Chu sequences, 346

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