643214
.pdfinitial material. The researchers believe it might even be possible to make a polymeric substance that mimics living bone in this way.
Bone making
6.“The mechanical properties of bone are altered over time depending on use history,” says Moore. “They thicken and harden. With polymeric materials we currently have no ability to do that.”
7.Moore also believes he can find ways to make such reactions reversible, so that objects could be made to harden, or become suppler, depending on the stresses placed on them. Such substances will be years in the making. In the meantime, Moore and his colleagues hope to produce colours using stress-induced reactions, which could be used to warn that an object is weakening.
8.“One obvious example would be a parachute cord that turns red when bonds begin breaking” to warn that the chord is weakening, Moore says.
Journal reference: Nature (vol. 446, p. 423)
TEXT 4
Questions for discussion. Who is Maud Gonne and why is she writing to Willie? Who is Willie? What is the subject matter of their correspondence?
Analyse the following text using the model on page 31.
Paris, July 26, 1908
Willie
1.It is not in a week but in a day that I am writing you. I had such a wonderful experience last night that I must know at once if it affected you & how? for above all I don’t want to do any thing which will take you from your work, or make working more arduous –
2.That play is going to be a wonderful thing & must come first - nothing must interfere with it –
3.Last night all my household had retired at a quarter to 11 and I thought I would go to you astrally. It was not working hours for you & I thought by going to you I might even be able to leave with you some of my vitality & energy which would make working less of a toil next day – I had seen the day before when waking from sleep a curious somewhat Egyptian form floating over me (like in the picture of Blake, the soul leaving the body) – It was dressed in moth-like garments & had curious wings edged with gold in which it could fold itself up – I had thought it was myself, a body in which I could go out into the astral – at a quarter to 11 last night I put on this body & thought strongly of you & desired to go to you.
4.We went somewhere in space I don’t know where – I was conscious of starlight & of hearing the sea below us. You had taken the form I think of a great serpent, but I am not quite sure. I only saw your face distinctly & as I looked into your
11
eyes (as I did the day in Paris you asked me what I was thinking of) & your lips touched mine. We melted into one another till we formed only one being, a being greater than ourselves who felt all & knew all with double intensity – the clock striking 11 broke the spell & as we separated it felt as if life was being drawn away from me through my chest with almost physical pain.
5. I went again twice, each time it was the same – each time I was brought back by some slight noise in the house. Then I went upstairs to bed & I dreamed of you confused dreams of ordinary life. We were in Italy together (I think this was from some word in your letter which I had read again before sleeping). We were quite happy, & we talked of this wonderful spiritual vision I have described – you said it would tend to increase physical desire – This troubles me a little – for there was nothing physical in that union – Material union is but a pale shadow compared to it – write to me quickly & tell me if you know anything of this & what you think of it – & if I may come to you again like this. I shall not until I hear from you. My thought with you always.
Maud Gonne
TEXT 5
Questions for discussion. What is the aim of the article? What is “Bunburying”? Who is “The Bard”? What stylistic device is used in the title? What is it based upon? What does it stand for?
Analyse the following text using the model on page 31. Pay special attention to intertextuality.
The Call of the Wilde
At the Stratford Festival of Canada
1.What’s a fellow to do if his name is Jack – or worse, Algernon – and his fiancée is enamored of the name Ernest, a name that “produces vibrations”? For Jack Worthing, the solution is to be Ernest in town, and for Algernon Montcrieff, it is to be Ernest in the country.
2.This sort of masquerading is called “Bunburying” in Oscar Wilde’s drawing-room comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, a staple of the current offerings at the Stratford Festival of Canada in Stratford, Ontario. And a splendid Bunbury it is. The play is presented in its original four acts, in which Algernon is nearly hauled off to debtor’s prison – in an unfashionable neighborhood! He is nimbly brought to life by Graham Abbey, who complements Donald Carrier, convincingly hapless as Jack.
3.If Bunburying isn’t your cup of tea, you can partake instead in this month’s “Wilde Celebration,” a festival-within-the-festival commemorating the centennial of the Irish poet/playwright’s death. It includes, among other attractions, dra-
12
matic readings of De Profundis and The Picture of Dorian Gray; a lecture by Wilde’s grandson, Merlin Holland; and readings from Wilde’s poetry, plays and prose by noted Canadian authors.
4.Yet more Wilde-life abounds at the festival with Patience, Gilbert and Sullivan’s satire of Wilde and the Aesthetic Movement, and, coming next month, Oscar Remembered, Maxim Mazumdar’s portrait of Wilde as seen through the eyes of Lord Alfred Douglas (Wilde’s friend and lover).
5.Beyond all things Oscar, there is, of course, the Bard. This season sees As You Like It, Titus Andronicus and the festival’s seventh production of Hamlet. Contemporary bill of fare includes The Diary of Anne Frank and Donald Margulies’ Collected Stories. And Molière’s Tartuffe, along with Peter Raby’s adaptation of The Three Musketeers, will delight Francophiles and would-be swashbucklers. There is something here for everyone, for all the stage is Stratford’s world. – Nancy Oakley
The Other Stratford
6.Complete with swans that glide upon a river Avon, Stratford, Ontario, Canada, rivals its English namesake in charm and in theater. The Stratford Festival of Canada, the brainchild of local Tom Patterson and actor Tyrone Guthrie, is the largest classical repertory theater in North America. In its 47 years, Hume Cronyn, Christopher Plummer, Maggie Smith, William Shatner and Julie Harris are but a handful of those who have strutted and fretted on Stratford’s illustrious boards. Info: 800-567-1600, 519-273-1600 or https://www.stratfordfestival.ca/
TEXT 6
Questions for discussion. What do you know about the poetic world of W. B. Yeats? Can you see any opposing concepts in the poem? If yes, what are they? What stylistic means are used to express them? What is the speaker’s vision of Heaven? Is it typical? In what way?
Analyse the poem using the model on page 31. Pay special attention to the expressive means and stylistic devices used in it.
The Cold Heaven by W.B. Yeats
1.Suddenly I saw the cold and rook-delighting heaven
2.That seemed as though ice burned and was but the more ice,
3.And thereupon imagination and heart were driven
4.So wild that every casual thought of that and this
5.Vanished, and left but memories, that should be out of season
6.With the hot blood of youth, of love crossed long ago;
7.And I took all the blame out of all sense and reason,
8.Until I cried and trembled and rocked to and fro,
13
9.Riddled with light. Ah! when the ghost begins to quicken,
10.Confusion of the death-bed over, is it sent
11.Out naked on the roads, as the books say, and stricken
12.By the injustice of the skies for punishment?
TEXT 7
Questions for discussion. What do you know about an old custom of stopping the clocks? How can you characterize the mood and the tone of the poem? How is the speaker’s mourning changing throughout the four stanzas? Where do you think it reaches its peak?
Analyse the poem using the model on page 31. Pay special attention to the expressive means and stylistic devices used in it.
Funeral Blues by W.H. Auden
(1)Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone, Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone, Silence the pianos and with muffled drum Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come.
(2)Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead Scribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead,
Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves, Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves.
(3)He was my North, my South, my East and West,
My working week and my Sunday rest,
My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song;
I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong.
(4) The stars are not wanted now: put out every one; Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun;
Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood. For nothing now can ever come to any good.
TEXT 8
Questions for discussion. What do you know about the Large Hadron Collider? Say exactly what Force is meant in the text. Does it have anything to do with Physics?
Pay attention to the proper names: Mos Eisley, Ben Kenobi, Dave Vader. Do they ring the bell? What do you think the aim of writing the article was?
Analyse the poem using the model on page 31.
14
CERN researchers confirm existence of the Force
1.Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider just recently started testing the accelerator for running at the higher energy of 13 TeV, and already they have found new insights into the fundamental structure of the universe. Though four fundamental forces – the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force and gravity – have been well documented and confirmed in experiments over the years, CERN announced today the first unequivocal evidence for the Force. “Very impressive, this result is,” said a diminutive green spokesperson for the laboratory. CERN librarian Tullio Basaglia has learnt to harness the Force to return reference books to their shelves.
2.“The Force is what gives a particle physicist his powers,” said CERN theorist Ben Kenobi of the University of Mos Eisley, Tatooine. “It’s an energy field created by all living things. It surrounds us; and penetrates us; it binds the galaxy together.”
3.Though researchers are as yet unsure what exactly causes the Force, students and professors at the laboratory have already started to harness its power. Practical applications so far include long-distance communication, influencing minds, and lifting heavy things out of swamps.
4.Kenobi says he first started teaching the ways of the Force to a young lady who was having trouble revising for her particle-physics exams. “She said that I was her only hope,” says Kenobi. “So I just kinda took it from there. I designed an experiment to detect the Force, and passed on my knowledge.”
5.Kenobi’s seminal paper “May the Force be with EU” – a strong argument that his experiment should be built in Europe – persuaded the CERN Council to finance the installation of dozens of new R2 units for the CERN data centre*. These plucky little droids are helping physicists to cope with the flood of data from the laboratory’s latest experiment, the Thermodynamic Injection Energy (TIE) detector, recently installed at the LHC.
6.“We’re very pleased with this new addition to CERN’s accelerator complex,” said data analyst Luke Daniels of human-cyborg relations. “The TIE detector has provided us with plenty of action, and what’s more it makes a really cool sound when the beams shoot out of it.”
7.But the research community is divided over the discovery. Dark-matter researcher Dave Vader was unimpressed, breathing heavily in disgust throughout the press conference announcing the results, and dismissing the cosmological implications of the Force with the quip “Asteroids do not concern me”.
8.Rumours are growing that this rogue researcher hopes to delve into the Dark Side of theStandard Model, and could even build his own research station some day. With the academic community split, many are tempted by Vader’s invitations to study the Dark Side, especially researchers working with red lasers, and anyone really with an evil streak who looks good in dark robes.
15
9.CERN physicist Valerio Rossetti harnesses the Force for more mundane tasks, such as reheating coffee.
10.“We hope to continue to study the Force, and perhaps use it to open doors with our minds and fly around and stuff,” said TIE experimentalist Fan Buoi. “Right now, to be honest, I don’t really care how it works. The theory department have some crackpot idea about life forms called midi-chlorians, but frankly I think that poorly thought out explanations like that just detract from how cool the Force really is.”
11.With the research ongoing, many at CERN are already predicting that the Force will awaken later this year.
*Sources close to the Data Centre later revealed that these were not the droids they were looking for.
TEXT 9
Questions for discussion. What do you know about global warming? Do you think scientists are unanimous about it or agree to differ? How “manipulative” can the issue of global warming actually be?
Pay special attention to the cohesive device “in fact” used in the text repeatedly. How does it help to realise the author’s intention? What other means does Elmer Beauregard employ to get his ideas across and express his attitudes to the problem?
What do you know about Al Gore? In what context is his name used in recent mass media publications and was used before? What does abbreviation “IMHO” stand for?
Analyse the text using the model on page 31. Pay special attention to the expressive means and stylistic devices used in it.
Top Ten Reasons Climate Change is a Hoax
By Elmer Beauregard, on January 23, 2015
I’m sure you’ve heard in the news that 2014 was supposed to be the hottest year ever. If it actually was “hottest year ever” you’d think all the terrible calamities that are supposed to happen would be happening now but instead the opposite is happening.
1. Record Ice
In 2014 there was record sea ice in Antarctica, in fact a global warming expedition got stuck in it. Arctic sea ice has also made a nice comeback in 2014. The Great Lakes had record ice, Lake Superior only had 3 ice free months in 2014. You’d think that in the hottest year ever ice would be melting like Al Gore said.
16
2. Record Snow
2014 saw record snowfall in many areas, remember when they said that global warming would cause snow to disappear and children won’t know what snow is.
3. Record Cold
In 2014 we saw all kinds of cold records, remember the Polar Vortex? You’d think that we’d be breaking all kinds of heat records in “the hottest year ever”.
4. Oceans Are Rising Much Less Than Predicted
Al Gore predicted that oceans would rise 20 feet by 2100, but it looks like they were on track for about a foot. 80 % of the tide gauges show less rise than the official “global average”. Many tide gauges show no rise in sea level, and almost none show any acceleration over the past 20 years.
5. Polar Bears Are Thriving
You’d think that Polar Bears would really be in trouble in 2014 (“the hottest year ever”) but they are thriving.
6. Moose Are Making A Comeback
A few years ago the moose population in Minnesota dropped rapidly and they immediately blamed global warming, then they did a study and found out it was in fact wolves that were killing the moose. Wolves have been taken off the endangered species list and are now endangering other species so they opened a wolf hunting season in Minnesota and the moose are coming back. It turns out it had nothing to do with global warming – in fact the years when the moose population declined were some very cold ones.
7. 99 % of Scientists don’t believe in Catastrophic Man-Made Global Warming
You’ve probably heard over and over that 99% of scientists believe in global warming – well the opposite is true. That talking point came from a study where only 75 scientists said they believe in global warming, and on the other hand over 31,000 scientists have signed a petition saying they don’t believe in Catastrophic Man-Made Global Warming.
8. Nature produces much more CO2 than man
In 2014 NASA finally launched a satellite that measures CO2 levels around the globe. They assumed that most of the CO2 would be coming from the industrialized northern hemisphere but much to their surprise it was coming from the rainforests in South America, Africa and China.
9. It Isn’t Actually the Warmest Year
If you look at the satellite data 2014 was not the warmest year ever, in fact there has been no global warming for over 18 years. The reason why they can say it’s the warmest year is because they are using the ground weather station data which is heavily influenced by the Urban Heat Island effect, many of which are near pavement. Even still they had to cherry pick that data to get at the warmest
17
year ever and it is only the warmest by only two-100ths of a degree within a dataset that has a variability of a half of a degree. The fact that they had to ignore accurate data and fudge sketchy data to push their agenda proves (IMHO) that climate change is a hoax.
10. The Hypocrisy of the Main Players
One of the main reasons you can tell that global warming is a hoax is that the main purveyors of global warming live lifestyles opposite of what they preach, they all own multiple large homes and yachts and they fly around the world in private jets pushing their propaganda. Not to mention some people such as Al Gore actually profit from Carbon Taxes and other green energy laws. If they actually believed what they preached they would be leading quite different lives.
TEXT 10
Questions for discussion. What do you know about the ex-president of the USA Richard M. Nixon? In what way was he like no other president in American history? Why? What is his connection with “Watergate”?
What can you say about the grammar category of tense in the following text? What kind of effect is the president trying to achieve in his speech by various tense forms?
Analyse the text using the model on page 31. Pay special attention to the expressive means and stylistic devices used in it.
Richard Milhous Nixon. Resignation Speech, August 8, 1974
Good evening. This is the 37th time I have spoken to you from this office in which so many decisions have been made that shape the history of this nation. Each time I have done so to discuss with you some matters that I believe affected the national interest. And all the decisions I have made in my public life I have always tried to do what was best for the nation.
Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate, I have felt it was my duty to persevere; to make every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me.
In the past few days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort. As long as there was such a base, I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion; that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit of that deliberately difficult process, and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future.
But with the disappearance of that base, I now believe that the constitutional purpose has been served. And there is no longer a need for the process to be pro-longed. The interests of the nation must always come before any personal considerations.
18
I have never been a quitter.
To leave office before my term is completed is opposed to every instinct in my body. But as President I must put the interests of America first.
America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress, particularly at this time with problems we face at home and abroad.
To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home.
Therefore, I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow.
Vice President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office. As I recall the high hopes for America with which we began this second term, I feel a great sadness that I will not be here in this office working on your behalf to achieve those hopes in the next two and a half years.
But in turning over direction of the Government to Vice President Ford I know, as I told the nation when I nominated him for that office 10 months ago, that the leadership of America will be in good hands.
As he assumes that responsibility he will deserve the help and the support of all of us. As we look to the future, the first essential is to begin healing the wounds of this nation.
By taking this action, I hope that I will have hastened the start of that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America.
I regret deeply any injuries that may have been done in the course of the events that led to this decision. I would say only that if some of my judgments were wrong – and some were wrong – they were made in what I believed at the time to be the best interests of the nation.
To those who have stood with me during these past difficult months, to my family, my friends, I will be eternally grateful for your support.
And to those who have not felt able to give me your support, let me say I leave with no bitterness toward those who have opposed me, because all of us in the final analysis have been concerned with the good of the country however our judgments might differ.
So let us all now join together in firming that common commitment and in helping our new President succeed for the benefit of all Americans.
I shall leave this office with regret at not completing my term but with gratitude for the privilege of serving as your President for the past five and a half years. These years have been a momentous time in the history of our nation and the world. They have been a time of achievement in which we can all be proud – achievements that represent the shared efforts of the administration, the Congress and the people. But the challenges ahead are equally great.
19
Together with the Soviet Union we have made the crucial breakthroughs that have begun the process of limiting nuclear arms. But, we must set as our goal, not just limiting, but reducing and finally destroying these terrible weapons so that they cannot destroy civilization.
And so that the threat of nuclear war will no longer hang over the world and the people, we have opened a new relation with the Soviet Union. We must continue to develop and expand that new relationship so that the two strongest nations of the world will live together in cooperation rather than confrontation.
We must press on, however, toward a goal not only of more and better jobs but of full opportunity for every man, and of what we are striving so hard right now to achieve – prosperity without inflation.
For more than a quarter of a century in public life, I have fought for what I believe in. I have tried, to the best of my ability, to discharge those duties and meet those responsibilities that were entrusted to me. Sometimes I have succeeded. And sometimes I have failed. But always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt said about the man in the arena whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed.
I pledge to you tonight that as long as I have a breath of life in my body I shall continue in that spirit. I shall continue to work for the great causes to which I have been dedicated throughout my years as a Congressman, a Senator, Vice President and President, the cause of peace – not just for America but among all nations – prosperity, justice and opportunity for all of our people.
This, more than anything, is what I hoped to achieve when I sought the Presidency.
This, more than anything, is what I hope will be my legacy to you, to our country, as I leave the Presidency.
To have served in this office is to have felt a very personal sense of kinship with each and every American. In leaving it, I do so with this prayer: May God’s grace be with you in all the days ahead.
TEXT 11
Questions for discussion. Study the general features of the presidential campaigns in the USA and those of the 2016 presidential election in particular. How did Donald Trump show his worth in this campaign? What protest was described in the article? What was the main aim of this article and how does the writer feel about the candidates? Does he take sides in this issue, and, if so, how is it seen from the language of the text?
Analyse the text using the model on page 31. Pay special attention to the expressive means and stylistic devices used in it.
20