Английский язык Методические указания по выполнению контрольных работ № 4,5,6

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Контрольная работа 4

Вариант 1

1.Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1.The ratio of the ultimate load to the maximum applied load is known to be a safety factor.

2.It is necessary for the pilots to have a basic understanding of the types of stresses which may occur to an aircraft.

3.On reaching a certain level the forces of acceleration can cause the blood to be drained from a person's head.

2.Дайте письменный перевод текста.

Aircraft structural members are designed to carry a load or to resist stress. In desinging an aircraft, every square inch of wing and fusalage, every rib, spar, and even each metal fitting must be considered in relation to the physical characteristics of the material of which it is made. Every part of the aircraft must be planned to carry the load to be imposed upon it. The determination of such loads is called stress analysis. The term "stress" is often used interchangeably with the word "strain". External loads of forced cause stress. Stress is a material's internal resistance, or counterforce, that opposes deformation. The degree of deformation of a material is strain. When a material is subjected to a load or force, that material is deformed, regardless of how strong the material is or how light the load is.

There are five major stresses to which all aircraft are subjected: tension, compression, torsion, shear, bending.

A single member of the structure may be subjected to a combination of stresses. In most cases, the structural members are designed to carry end loads

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rather than side loads. They are designed to be subjected to tension or compression rather than bending.

Strength of resistance to the external loads imposed during operation may be the principal requirement in certain structures. However, there are numerous other characteristics in addition to designing to control the five major stresses that engineers must consider. For example, cowling, fairings, and similar parts may not be subject to significant loads requiring a high degree of strength. However, these parts must have streamlined shapes to meet aerodynamic reuirements, such as reducing drag or directing airflow.

3.Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту.

4.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

Противостоять стрессу, упругость, конструктивные элементы воздушного судна, подвергаться сжатию, сгибание, обтекаемые формы.

Вариант 2

1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1.The structural members are supposed to be of sufficient strength to carry the load and stresses.

2.It is necessary for the designers to determine the maximum probable

load.

3.The designers believe the loads and stresses to be a normal part of an aircraft's operation.

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2. Дайте письменный перевод текста.

Airport is an area of land adapted for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Large airports provide terminal buildings for the arrival and departure of passengers, as well as maintenance and repair facilities for aircraft.

Because aircraft must land and take off into the wind, the location of terminals and the layout of runways depend largely on the pattern of prevailing winds. Other determinants include geographic features, such as surrounding hills and mountains, and the desirability of avoiding approach and departure routes over crowded residential areas.

Such requirements have made it increasingly difficult to find locations for airports. Suppressing noise and reducing air pollution have been major concerns of both airport engineers and airplane designers, but progress has not been rapid enough to quiet mounting protests by environmentalists and other concerned citizens. Airport designers must take into account the weight and wingspan of airplanes when laying out hangars, cargo-loading areas, parking ramps, taxiways, and runways; wide-bodies jets, requiring thick concrete runways 60 m (about 200 ft) or more in width and 4427 m (14,000 ft) or more in length, have added to such problems. Enormous maintenance hangars are also required.

Runways must be long enough and wide enough to handle the largest planes using the airport. They must be as level as possible and should provide good drainage. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration sets minimum runway lengths for different types of aircraft. Many small airports use only strips of moved grass called landing strips. Some of these strips are only 2,000 to 2,500 feet (610 to 760 meters) long. Large airports have paved runways. These runways may be as long as 13,000 to 14,000 feet (4,000 to 4,300 meters) to handle the biggest planes. Runways must have a clear zone at each end to give aircraft additional space to take off or land.

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3.Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту.

4.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

Преобладающие ветры, подавление шума, экологи, дополнительное

пространство, переполненный жилой район, бетонные ВПП.

Вариант 3

1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1.The whole construction is likely to resist loads on the fuselage.

2.It is necessary for heavy cargo to be located on special “spreader bars” to

displace the total weight over a greater area.

3.The aircraft designers know the metal skin to vary in thickness.

2.Дайте письменный перевод текста.

As motor racing goes green, Formula 1 is aiming to lead automotive research in finding hi-tech efficiency gains. One of the keys to this ecological drive is regenerative braking (also known as kinetic energy recovery), which recovers energy generated during deceleration, and stores it as a source of power for subsequent acceleration.

Regenerative brakes limit the energy loss inherent in traditional braking systems. In most vehicles, conventional brakes comprise pads previously made from asbestos-based composites, but now consisting of compounds of exotic, non-hazardous materials, and discs made of ferrous metal. The resulting friction generates heat, which is wasted. In performance cars, this phenomenon is taken to extremes, and due to the high temperatures generated, brake discs are often

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made out of ceramics.

The carbon discs and pads used on Formula 1 cars generate so much heat that they glow red hot. High temperatures are, in fact, necessary for the effective operation of carbon brakes. But there's still plenty of potential for recovering the kinetic energy, rather than merely dissipating it in the form of heat.

The potential for recovering energy also extends to the heat generated by engines and exhaust systems. This area has also been discussed as a possible area for future exploitation in motor racing. Heat recovery might offer the added benefit of reducing heat soak (thermal absorption by the chassis) as delicate alloy parts and sensitive non-metallic materials, such as polymers, are susceptible to heat damage.

3.Построить 5 вопросов к тексту.

4.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

Углеродные диски, система вытяжки, термовыдержка, чувствительные неметаллические материалы, замедление, асбестовые композиты,

рекуперативное торможение.

Вариант 4

1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1.The aircraft structure of a fixed wing aircraft can generally be state to be made up of five principal units.

2.It is desirable for limiting load factors to be shown by placards in the

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cockpit.

3. The engineers know stresses to be accompanied by a deformation within the material.

2. Дайте письменный перевод текста.

The most common aircraft is the fixed-wing aircraft. As the name implies, the wings on this type of flying machine are attached to the fuselage and are not intended to move independently in a fashion that results in the creation of lift. One, two, or three sets of wings have all been successfully utilized. Rotarywing aircraft such as helicopters are also widespread. Glider airframes are very similar to fixed-wing aircraft.

The airframe of fixed-wing aircraft consists of five principal units: the fuselage, wings, stabilizers, flight control surfaces, and landing gear. Helicopter airframes consist of the fuselage, main rotor and related gearbox, tail rotor (on the helicopters with a single main rotor), and the landing gear.

Airframe structural components are constructed from a wide variety of materials. The earliest aircraft were constructed primarily of wood. Steel tubing and the most common material, aluminum, followed. Many newly certified aircraft are built from molded composite materials, such as carbon fiber. Structural members of an aircraft's fuselage include stringers, longerons, ribs, bulkheads, and more. The main structural member in a wing is called the wing spar.

The skin of aircraft can also be made from a variety of materials, ranging from impregnated fabric to plywood, aluminum, or composites. Under the skin and attached to the structural fuselage are the many components that support airframe function. The entire airframe and its components are joined by rivets, bolts, screws, and other fasteners. Welding, adhesives, and special bonding techniques are also used.

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3.Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту.

4.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

Фанера, формованные композитные материалы, углеродные волокна,

заклепка, переборка, особая техника склеивания, создание подъемной

силы, сварка, ребро.

Вариант 5

1.Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1.Wings are known to have air loads which produce lateral and chord wise flexing.

2.It is necessary for the aircraft designers to remember of stresses involved during the flight.

3.We know the tail unit components to be constructed in a similar manner to the main wings.

2.Дайте письменный перевод текста.

A complete overhaul process includes the following ten steps: receiving inspection; disassembly; visual inspection; cleaning; structural inspection; nondestructive testing (NDT) inspection; dimensional inspection; repair and replacement; reassembly; and testing and break in. The inspection phases are the most precise and the most important phases of the overhaul. Inspection cannot be slighted or performed in a careless or incomplete manner. It is always recommended that complete records be made of the inspection process and kept with the engine records.

Each engine manufacturer provides very specific tolerances to which the

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engine parts must conform, and provides general instructions to aid in determining the airworthiness of the part. However, in many cases, the final determination must be made by the technician. Although the determination must be made if the part is serviceable, repairable, or should be rejected, the technician should follow the manufacturer's manuals and information. When dimensional tolerances are concerned, the manufacturer publishes a new minimum and serviceable dimension for all critical component parts. Knowledge of the operating principles, strength, and stresses applied to a part is essential in making decisions regarding visible wear. When the Power Plant technician signs the release for the return to service for an overhauled engine, this certifies that the complete overhaul process has been performed using methods, techniques, and practices to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Administrator.

3.Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту.

4.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

Справочник эксплуатации завода-изготовителя, разборка,

капитальный ремонт, пригодность самолета к полету, визуальный осмотр,

техник, неполным образом.

Контрольная работа 5

Вариант 1

1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастия.

1.People maintaining and repairing planes are responsible for safety.

2.When repairing a plane mechanics try to do their best do disclose and

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remedy the defect.

3. All the defects being disclosed and remedied, the plane can be used for a flight.

2. Дайте письменный перевод текста.

Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action. Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines. Electrical engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its many applications. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on.

Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating, and others. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.

Transport: cars, trains, ships, and planes are all products of mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineers are also involved in support services such as roads, rail track, harbors, and bridges.

Food processing: mechanical engineering design, develop, and make the machines and the processing equipment result from mechanical and electrical engineers combining with medical experts to convert ideas into life-saving and life-preserving products.

Building services: electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our homes and placed of work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, airconditioning, refrigeration, and lifts.

Energy and power: electrical engineers are concerned with the production and distribution of electricity to homes, offices, industry, hospitals, colleges and