ИздательствоВоронежский государственный университетГод2016Страниц26Уровень образованияБакалавриат. В мире искусства. Часть II

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

В МИРЕ ИСКУССТВА

Часть II

Учебно-методическое пособие

Составители: А. П. Бабушкин, В. Н. Картавцев

Воронеж Издательский дом ВГУ

2016

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Unit 8

BEETHOVEN

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) identified his music much more closely with moral and political ideas. Two of his most important works, the opera Fidelio and the Choral symphony, are specifically to do with freedom from political tyranny and the universal brotherhood of man. His views were shaped largely by the French revolution, which started in 1789, when he was still only nineteen years old. Beethoven’s imagination was fired by the revolutionary ideals of Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite (Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood), and some years later he dedicated his Eroica symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte as the liberator of Europe from the old order of kings and princes. He changed the dedication when Napoleon was himself crowned emperor. Beethoven saw this as a betrayal of the revolution and angrily struck Napoleon’s name from the title page of the original score.

As far as his own life was concerned, though, Beethoven was prepared to forget his ideals and allow himself to be supported by aristocrats. His argument was that he had genius and therefore deserved the favours of people with more money but less talent than himself. Beethoven had the strength of personality to do what Mozart had failed to do — maintain his position as a largely independent artist, writing music that he wanted to write rather than music someone ordered him to write, and getting it accepted. It is significant that during his lifetime some of the first copyright laws came into force, which helped an artist to receive fair payment for his work. Beethoven ended up sick, penniless and alone, but this was largely through bad management of his domestic affairs. He had already done more than anyone else to raise the artist to the level we know today.

The real crisis in Beethoven’s life came when he realised, at the age of thirty, that he was going deaf. This is about the worst thing that could happen to a musician. Beethoven’s determination to rise above such affliction, and the way this determination expressed itself in his music, is the central feature of his art.

While Mozart wrote with every appearance of ease, Beethoven often composed with the greatest difficulty. This is because he would start off with some immense vision of what he wanted to express, and then had to struggle towards it. He left behind him a number of sketch books, and from them we can see how he hammered away at his material, continually revising it until it was eventually to his satisfaction. There is seldom any of the sheer grace and charm we find in Mozart. Instead there is a wonderful sense of growth and strength to Beethoven’s music.

The most famous of Beethoven’s works are the nine symphonies. The fact that he wrote only nine, when compared with Haydn’s output, shows how the symphony grew in Beethoven’s hands. He worked on some of them, on and off, for years. There is a ‘bigness’ to the symphonies which has to do not so much with their actual length as with the variety and concentration of ideas which fills them.

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As a young man, Beethoven was a fine pianist, and when his deafness put a stop to that side of his career, he concentrated on writing music for the piano. Listening to his piano sonatas today it is hard to believe that the instrument he was writing for still looked and sounded rather like a harpsichord. It is almost as though he willed that instrument to grow into the modern grand piano, through the power of his own music.

Упражнения к тексту

I. Найдите русские соответствия словам интернационального корня и определите, к какой части речи относятся их английские эквиваленты.

Identify, music, moral, political, ideas, opera, choral, symphony, specifically, tyranny, universal, revolution, start, ideals, prince, emperor, title, original, aristocrats, argument, genius, favour, talent, personality, position, artist, real, crisis, musician, express, central, compose, vision, sketch, revise, satisfaction, grace, charm, concentration, pianist, career, sonatas, instrument, material.

II. Найдите в тексте синонимы к представленным ниже словам: thought, despotism, tightly, form, begin, let, sustain, gift, place, wish, compose, command, important, assist, get, fee, mainly, ill, poor, understand, best, characteristic, fight, feeling, power, wonderful, difficult, wish, expel, devote, power.

III. Эпизодически пользуясь словарем, найдите антонимы к ниже-

следующим лексемам: often, unimportant, oppression, democracy, finish, unequality, gladly, remember, forbid, succeed, dependent, weakness, insignificant, healthy, rich, good, unreal, below, peripheral, difficulty, seldom, initially.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.With what did Beethoven identify his music?

2.What ideals permeated Beethoven`s opera Fidelio and the Choral symphony?

3.What event influenced Beethoven`s views at the time?

4.Why did the composer strike Napoleon`s name from the title page of his symphony?

5.Why did Beethoven allow himself to be supported by aristocrats?

6.In what way did Beethoven prove that he was an independent artist?

7.What did the composer suddenly realize at the age of thirty?

8.What can you say about Beethoven`s style of work?

V. Истинно или ложно?

1.Beethoven`s music reflected his moral and political ideals.

2.At first Eroica symphony was dedicated to Napoleon.

3.Beethoven kept his democratic ideals up to his death.

4.Beethoven always composed the things he was ordered to.

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5.By the end of his life Beethoven was a very prosperous man.

6.Beethoven always composed his music with great ease.

7.Beethoven`s music is marked by the sense of growth and strength.

8.Being a young man Beethoven was a wonderful pianist.

VI. Сравните творчество Бетховена и Моцарта, их стиль работы и качество их произведений.

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Unit 9

ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL LIFE IN BRITAIN

Artistic and cultural life in Britain is rather rich. It passed several main stages in its development. The Saxon King Alfred encouraged the arts and culture. The chief debt owed to him by English literature is for his translations of and commentaries on Latin works.

Art, culture and literature flowered during the Elizabethan age, during the reign of Elizabeth I; it was the period of English domination of the oceans. It was at this time that William Shakespeare lived. The empire, which was very powerful under Queen Victoria, saw another cultural and artistic heyday as a result of industrialization and the expansion of international trade But German air raids caused much damage in the First World War and then during the Second World War. The madness of the wars briefly interrupted the development of culture. Immigrants who have arrived from all parts of the Commonwealth since 1945 have not only created a mixture of nations, but have also brought their cultures and habits with them.Monuments and traces of past greatness are everywhere. There are buildings of all styles and periods. A great number of museums and galleries display precious and interesting finds from all parts of the world and from all stages in the development of nature, man and art.

London is one of the leading world centres for music, drama, opera and dance. Festivals held in towns and cities throughout the country attract much interest. Many British playwrights, composers, sculptors, painters, writers, actors, singers and dancers are known all over the world.

The British Council promotes knowledge of British culture and literature overseas. It organizes British participation in international exhibitions and encourages professional interchange in all cultural fields between Britain and other countries.

Упражнения к тексту

I. Найдите русские соответствия словам интернационального корня и определите, к какой части речи относятся их английские эквиваленты.

Artistic, cultural, chief, literature, commentary, period, domination, ocean, empire, result, industrialization, expansion, international, raid, immigrants, mixture, nation, monument, style, museum, gallery, interesting, nature, leading, centre, drama, opera, festival, composer, sculptor, actors.

II. Найдите в тексте синонимы к представленным ниже словам: major, interpretation, flourish, epoch, ruling, destruction, statues, valuable, inspirit, control, time, newcomers, blend, marks, mighty, house, quantity, artist, advance, sphere, zenith, board, English, generate, former.

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III. Эпизодически пользуясь словарем, найдите антонимы к нижеследующим лексемам: poor, minor, regress, decay, weak, above, peace, natives, present, nowhere, dull, loss, narrowing, village, national, ignorance, unknown.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.Was the Saxon King Alfred fond of arts?

2.Under whose reign was English literature enriched by translations from

Latin?

3.In what way was flourishing of culture and literature connected with the ruling of Elizabeth I?

4.In what fields of literature was Shakespeare distinguished?

5.How did industrialization and expansion of international trade influence the development of English culture?

6.When was the development of British culture interrupted?

7.Who brought their habits and culture to the British soil?

8.Is British culture known all over the world? Explain why.

V. Истинно или ложно?

1.Latin works never crossed the borders of the British Empire.

2.Industrialization of the country is in no way connected with the flourishing of the English culture.

3.The Second World War did not provide the conditions for development of arts and culture.

4.Modern culture of Great Britain is influenced by the comers from all parts of the Commonwealth.

5.There are buildings of different styles and periods in London.

6.The British capital is one of the leading world cultural centres.

7.Traces of Past Greatness are found everywhere.

VI. Привлекаядополнительнуюинформацию, расскажитеоЛондоне как о величайшей культурной столице мира.

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Unit 10

THE ART OF ACTING AND THE GLOBE THEATRE

From the fall of the Roman Empire until the 10th century, acting hardly existed as an art in Western Europe; only the wandering minstrels provided entertainments in castles and at fairs. In England, the first real actors were amateurs who performed Miracle and Morality plays which were religious in character.

In the Elizabethan Age, the first professional theatres were opened. At the time of Shakespeare there were at least six companies of actors. It was very difficult for most actors to earn a living on the stage, even in a London company, and many of them fell into debt. When Shakespeare arrived in London in 1586, the acting was very crude and conventional. There was almost no scenery, and the actors were dressed in the costumes of their day.

The Globe Theatre opened in 1599 with a production of “As You Like It”. In 1613, during a performance of Henry VIII, a canon went off to mark the entrance of the king, and a stray spark set the thatch roof aflame. In one hour, the theatre was destroyed. Reconstruction of the Globe began immediately, and it was finished by June 1614. Performances continued until 1642, when the Puritans, who found theatre vulgar and intolerable, shut all theatres down. Two years later the Globe was reopened.

Plays were big business for those who owned them: Shakespeare was only one man who became rich from his involvement as a shareholder in the most popular theatre. The plays produced by the Globe were very high in quality and the theatre was always full. The competition among the theatres created a huge demand for new material and is the single most important factor in the flowering of drama that is now known as the ‘golden age’ of English drama.

The groundlings paid a penny to stand in the pit of the Globe Theatre. The others sat in the galleries. The very grand could watch the play from a chair set on the side of the stage itself. Theatre performances were held in the afternoon, because they needed the daylight. The theatre could often present eleven performances of ten different plays in two weeks. Women were not allowed to appear on the stage so the female roles were played by men and boys.

Упражнения к тексту

I. Найдите русские соответствия словам интернационального корня и определите, к какой части речи относятся их английские эквиваленты.

Roman Empire, acting, Western, Europe, real, morality, religious, character, professional, theatre, company, conventional, scenery, costume, Globe, production, Puritans, vulgar, business, popular, material, drama, gallery, role.

II. Найдитевтекстесинонимыкпредставленнымнижесловам: market, gun, epoch, rebuilding, performance, performers, troupe, raw, background,

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stockholder, garments, nearby, fire (глагол), prosperous, great, poor, fortnight, claim, participation, noble.

III. Эпизодически пользуясь словарем, найдите антонимы к нижеследующим лексемам: rise, professional, easy, unconventional, build up, tolerable, seldom, unpopular, quantity, old, unreal, rich, alter, (the) same, exit, close, earlier, male.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.Who were prototypes of modern actors?

2.What kind of plays did minstrels perform?

3.When were the first professional theatres opened? And the Globe Theatre?

4.What happened to the Globe Theatre in 1613?

5.What kind of plays did the Globe Theatre produce?

6.Was the theatre popular among Londoners?

7.Could performances be held in evening time? Why not?

8.Who played female parts at the Globe Theatre.

V. Истинно или ложно?

1.Until the 10th century in Western Europe theatre was especially succes-

sive.

2.The first professional theatres were opened only in Elizabethan age.

3.Most of the London actors were very rich.

4.Before Shakespeare theatre acting was crude and conventional.

5.Why did Puritans close all the theatres?

6.The very grand spectators could watch the plays sitting in the galleries.

7.Theatre performances were held in the afternoon.

8.Women were allowed to play the boys` parts.

VI. Назовите несколько трагедий и комедий Шекспира по-англий- ски.

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