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to advertise – to govern – to treat –

to infringe –

3) adjectives (noun + -al = adjective)

education – promotion – commerce – culture – profession – region – nation –

4) adverbs (adj + -ly = adverb; noun + -ly = adverb or adj)

near – week – sole –

reasonable – profitable – fierce –

The Passive Voice

The cars are produced in Japan. It is built in 1970.

Note: 1. The participle never changes. To change the tense, change the verb

“be”.

2.Ways of translating into Russian:

a.endings: ся, сь;

b.был, была, были, было + краткое причастие;

c.буду, будем, будет, будут + краткое причастие;

d.неопределенно-личным предложением.

Uses

No agent: When we don’t need or want to say who did the action.

The office was painted last week (not the workers painted …)

He has been promoted to manager (not the company has promoted …)

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Vegetables are grown in this area (not farmers grow …)

Giving facts: When we are concentrating on one thing and are describing what happens or happened to it.

1.Where is your calculator? It has been stoten.

2.Why didn’t you drive a car to day? It is being repaired.

The book is asked every day. They are seen every day.

The book is being asked now. They are being spoken about now.

The book has already been asked. They have already spoken about.

Ex.1 Put the verbs into Passive:

1.The walls (to paint) every year.

2.He (to ask) on the telephone now.

3.The book (to speak) much about.

4.I (not to invite) to the theatre yet.

5.The dictionary (to use) while translating.

6.The delegation already (to meet) at the station.

The book was asked yesterday. The film was seen 2 days ago.

He was being asked on the telephone at 5 p.m. yesterday. We were being met at the station at 3 p.m. yesterday.

When we came to the library the book had been asked.

Ex.2 Put the verbs into Passive:

1.This translation (to write) by students yesterday.

2.She (to give) some books to read 2 days ago.

3.I (to tell) to come to the library yesterday.

4.The young man (to introduce) last year.

5.The doctor (to send) for 2 hours ago.

6.This word (to use) never in the language.

The book will be asked next time.

You will have been asked on the telephone by 5p.m. tomorrow.

Ex.3 Put the verbs into Passive:

1.He (to take) for a walk next time.

2.The tickets (to book) tomorrow.

3.They (to invite) to the conference next year.

4.Your telephone number (to forget) never.

5.This problem (to discuss) at our meetings next week.

6.This book (to ask) by 5 p.m. tomorrow.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives. An adjective deseribes or complements a noun. In English the adjective comes before not after the noun, and its form never changes.

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e.g. Our country is powerful. Its economy is developing. Its geographical position

is advantageous.

Adverbs. Adjective + ly badly, cheaply, easily

Note: easy → easily

There are also some irregular adverbs: good – well, hard – hard, fast – fast.

Uses

Mannar: Adverbs of manner describe how an action is done (quickly, well, quietly, etc) and come after the main verb and its direct object if it has one.

e.g. It develops slowly.

He speaks English well (not speaks well English).

We like dancing very much (not like very much dancing).

Frequency: Adverbs of frequency describe how often an action is done (sometimes, often, never, etc). They usually come before the main verb, but after if the verb is be.

e.g. He usually does the shopping on Sundays. I rarely give interviews.

But: She is often in London on business.

Practice

Make sentences about the economy (education, newspapers, etc) using the adverbs below.

e.g. Newspapers are never published on holidays.

Never sometimes always often slowly very well fast carefully

Exercise. Look at these sentences and say if they are right or wrong

e.g. It is famous for its universities – Right I live very much swimming – Wrong

1.Believe me. It is her really dream _________

2.We have lived always in London _________

3.I know exactly what you mean ___________

4.They produce cars cheaply ______________

5.She is working hard at the moment _______