Клочкова Практическое пособие для аспирантов 2011

20.If dark matter particles are their own antiparticles, the energy released when they annihilate themselves would heat up the planets far more than mere collisions with atoms.

DIFFERENT TIME IN THE TWO PARTS

1. Translate the sentences.

1.Who would have guessed that a lowly trash bag might hold the key to sending humans to Mars?

2.Whatever the dark matter is, it must interact weakly with ordinary matter; otherwise it would have shown itself in other ways.

3.The technology of the IGBT was introduced into the European industrial laboratory two or three years before it would normally have been

4.If the value of some of these parameters had been even slightly different, the nuclear processes that power stars would likely have been disrupted, and without stars the universe would be a very different place

INVERSION IN SENTENCES WITH UNREAL

CONDITIONS

1. Study the structure of the sentences.

1.Were the value any bigger, space would expand so quickly that the universe would lack the structures that life requires. In a way, then, our very existence predicts the low value of the constant.

2.This straightforward technique might already be in common

use, were it not for the draw backs associated with light-sensitive materials.

3.Had that material been maintained in the atmosphere it would have been more than enough to offset all the global warming expected this century.

4.This straightforward technique might already be in common use. were it not for the draw backs associated with light-sensitive materials.

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2. Work out the rule.

Inversion can be used in sentences with real / unreal condition.

Part II

Practice

1. Sentences to be translated.

1.If one were able to move information or matter from one point to another faster than light, then according to special relativity, there would be some inertial frame of reference in which the signal or object was moving backwards in time.

2.If superintelligent aliens appeared and claimed credit for creating life on earth (or even particular species), the purely evolutionary explanation would be cast in doubt. But no one has yet produced such evidence.

3.The classic example of a problem involving causality is the "grandfather paradox": what if one were to go back in time and kill one's own grandfather before one's father was conceived?

4.Such position is not shared by the elected leaders of New Mexico

—if it were, the arguing would be over by now.

5.If the assembly were cooled merely by air, the metal surrounding the nuclear material would melt; it might even burn.

6.Einstein pointed out that many anomalous experiments could be explained if the energy of a Maxwell Ian light wave were localized into point-like quanta that move independently of one another, even if the wave itself is spread continuously over space.

7.If we restrict the computer to functioning at a cold temperature, if we find a way to let it get hot, we could improve that by a factor of another 100 million.

8.It would be fascinating if there were a halo of dark matter around Earth, just as there are the Van Allen belts, or rings around Saturn,.

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2.Decide whether the condition in the following sentences is real or unreal.

3.Translate the sentences.

1. If we hope to form a realistic view of the future, we cannot ignore

it.

2.If they make all the parts right - including the way they mesh to form the whole - then the whole, too, will be right.

3.If the cosmic clock were rolled back to an early stage in the universe, these two forces would combine into a single force.

4.If everyone told everyone else the truth, relationships would descend into chaos.

5.So if a utility's customer base expanded or customers used more electricity then expected, it was to the benefit of a company's bottom line.

6.If the mass were reduced by a factor of more than about 10, nuclei could be made not just of protons and neutrons but also of other baryons containing strange quarks.

7.If customers used less electricity than expected, utilities failed to recover their capital costs, let alone secure money for profits or to invest in future projects.

8.If this estimate is supported by radioactive-dating tests soon to be undertaken at the University of California, the skull is the oldest yet discovered of the tool-making man.

9.If an event horizon has an extreme but finite spacetime curvature and gravity, how can there be any path between a low-gravity and curvature region and a singularity without passing through a horizon?

10.If the mass of the quarks were changed so that the neutron became 2 percent heavier than the proton, no long-lived form of carbon or oxygen would exist.

11.During the 1980s, many analysts thought industrial robotics would take off

12.If one were to see the night sky as a black wall and expect the technology race to screech to a polite halt, then it would be natural to fear that long-lived people would be a burden on the poor, crowded world of our children.

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Writing a paper

1. Make sentences.

Ex: If dinosaurs were still alive, our planet would look different.

2. Write several conditional sentences.

Ex: Had we had that instrument then, we would have got more accurate result.

Could…

Should…

Were… (для настоящего времени) Had… ( для прошедшего времени)

3. Write a paragraph on the subject of your research. Include 4–5 conditional sentences.

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Part III

Vocabulary

1. Read the following.

It seems plausible that intelligent life requires some form of organic chemistry, which is by definition the chemistry that involves carbon. The chemical properties of carbon follow from the fact that its nucleus has an electric charge of 6, so that six electrons orbit in a neutral carbon atom. These properties allow carbon to form an immense variety of complex molecules. Furthermore, for complex organic molecules to form, elements with the chemistry of hydrogen (charge 1) and oxygen (charge 8) need to be present. To see if they could maintain organic chemistry, then, the team had to calculate whether nuclei of charge 1, 6 or 8 would decay radioactively before they could participate in chemical reactions.

The stability of a nucleus partly depends on its mass, which in turn depends on the masses of the baryons it is made of. Computing the masses of baryons and nuclei starting from the masses of the quarks is extremely challenging even in our universe. But after tweaking the intensity of the interaction between quarks, one can use the baryon masses measured in our universe to estimate how small changes to the masses of the quarks would affect the masses of nuclei.

In our world, the neutron is roughly 0.1 percent heavier than the proton. If the masses of the quarks were changed so that the neutron became 2 percent heavier than the proton, no long-lived form of carbon or oxygen would exist. If quark masses were adjusted to make the proton heavier than the neutron, then the proton in a hydrogen nucleus would capture the surrounding electron and turn into a neutron, so that hydrogen atoms could not exist for very long. But deuterium or tritium might still be stable, and so would some forms of oxygen and carbon. Indeed, we found that only if the proton became heavier than the neutron by more than about 1 percent would there cease to be some stable form of hydrogen.

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2.Translate the word combinations in bold type.

3.Find an equivalent of the word combination follow from the fact that.

4.Answer the questions.

1.Should we translate the word fact into Russian?

2.Why is the word one used in the sentence?

5. Translate the sentences.

a)

1.To appreciate the significance of such an event, one needs to recognize that scientists have spent the past 40 years building a magnificent theoretical house of cards

2.One can think of scheduling information associated with an inter-

face as an extension of the usual type signature of a module.

3.The shape of the device is similar to one described in July by a group from the California Institute of Technology.

4.One can think of scheduling information associated with an interface as an extension of the usual type signature of a module.

b)

1.Gradually these primitive drawings turned into letters.

2.The spread of ideas was rapid, and led in its turn to the writing of more books.

3.Any situation you can set up in a time travel story turns out to permit many consistent situations.

4.Soon, many surgeons could be turning to nanotechnology and performing delicate tasks by remotely controlling tiny robots, similar in size to a grain of rice, that could travel through the body.

5.When one of the particles is stressed enough to sip, the slip propagates to adjacent patches, which rupture in turn like falling dominoes.

6.Changing the quark masses will inevitably affect which baryons and which atomic nuclei can exist without decaying quickly. In turn, the different assortment of atomic nuclei will affect chemistry.

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7. As it turns out, these new ideas have implications for cosmology that are as important as the original idea of the hot big bang.

c)

1.This "control flow" approach would be replaced by a "data flow" model in which the operations are executed in an order resulting only from the interdependences of the data.

2.In common parlance, the term “greenhouse effect” may be used to refer either to the natural greenhouse effect, due to naturally occering greenhouse gases, or to anthropogenic greenhouse effect, which results from gasses emitted as a result of human activities.

3.There are many theories as to what will result from these collisions, but what's for sure is that a brave new world of physics will emerge from the new accelerator

4.Higher temperatures and changes in precipitation result in pressure on yields from important crops in much of the world.

5.The fast rate of rotation and the planet’s gaseous composition create unusually flat poles, and result in bulges at the equator.

6.These factors arise mainly as a result of the nonlinearity of Einsteinian equations, and detailed studies of collapse models imply that gravity can be arbitrarily large and dense in a stellar collapse but still not inescapable.

d)

1.The hundreds of rings orbiting around Saturn are made up of billions of ice and rock particles, with sizes ranging from small debris to chunks as big as houses.

2.The ones and zeros that make up the data set are first split into two-dimensional pages of data lines of light and dark pixels displayed on a screen.

5. Make sentences.

well as offer advice on farming practices that might curtail agricultural contributions to greenhouse gas emissions.

2.Study the use of the Infinitive in the passage above.

3.Give Russian equivalents of the sentences with the Infinitive.

4.Determine the function of the Infinitive in each case.

INFINITIVE FORMS

Simple (to V)

1. Read the following paying attention to the form of the Infinitive.

Egged on by the suggestion that such new dark matter particles in our galactic halo might be directly detectable, a brave set of experimentalists began to devise techniques to observe them with detectors deep underground, far from the reach of most cosmic rays that would overwhelm such acute sensors.

Continuous (to be + Ving)

1. Read the sentences and explain the use of the infinitive form.

1.As the ambulance was approaching us on the street, the sound of its siren seemed to be changing.

2.The conditions of modern life could be driving changes to genes for certain behavioral traits.

3.As this material disappears into the black hole it is reckoned to be emitting a stream of X-rays, and these are what astronomers are observing.

Perfect (to have + Ved/V3)

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1. Read and translate the sentences.

1.The company is confident enough in its new technology to have started construction of a new lab expected to mass-produce up to 500 such systems annually.

2.Galileo’s biggest contribution may have been his systematic study of motion, which was based on simple mathematical descriptions.

3.Bell seems to have been the first person to ask himself precisely what that question means.

4.Bell reasoned that if any manifestly and completely local algorithm existed, then Einstein and Bohr would have been right.

2. Answer the questions.

1.Do the situations in the predicate and the infinitive part happen at the same time?

2.Why is the Perfect Infinitive used in the above sentences?

Part II

Practice

SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE

Subject

1. Read the sentence and the example translation.

To control an experiment means to control all of the variables so that only a single variable is studied

Управлять экспериментом означает контролировать все переменные таким образом, чтобы для изучения оставалась лишь одна из них.

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