Клочкова Практическое пособие для аспирантов 2011

c) Аt large vs. in the large:

At large – в общем смысле,

In the large – в большом масштабе.

4. Translate the sentences.

1.At that time computers cost millions of dollars.

2.In the 1970s a new model of a computer could cost from 2 to 4 million dollars.

3.New research shows how the ion-trap method could be applied on

a larger scale.

4.It has allowed us to extrapolate from what we see in our own cosmic neighborhood to the universe at large.

5.The quantum universe at large is well described by the classical geometry.

5. Find Russian equivalents of other parts of the text in bold.

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Part II

Practice

1. Read the passages and answer the questions.

1.What is the most intriguing features of Saturn?

2.What hidden thickness in the conventional theory does Diego Bias point out?

A

The sixth planet from the sun, Saturn formed more than four billion years ago. With a diameter of 120,536 kilometers (almost 75,000 miles) it is the second largest planet in the solar system. While almost as big in size as Jupiter, Saturn's density is the lowest in the solar system and its mass only 30 percent that of Jupiter. Saturn's specific gravity (0.7) is less than that of water. In fact, Saturn's density is so low that it could float in an imaginary gigantic bathtub.

Like Jupiter, Saturn is made up mainly of hydrogen and helium gases. However, it is twice as far from Earth as Jupiter, and from Saturn the Sun appears about 10 times smaller than how we see it from Earth. On average, an area on Earth receives 90 times the amount of sunlight than the same area would on Saturn. Scientists believe Saturn's interior is similar to Jupiter's, consisting of a rocky core much like the size of Earth, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer and a molecular hydrogen layer. Traces of various ices are also present. Saturn's interior is hot. At the core, the temperature is about 12,000 degrees Kelvin (21,150 degrees Fahrenheit). Saturn radiates more energy into space than it receives from the Sun.

В

The discussed theory is far from perfect. Diego Bias, a quantum gravity researcher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne has found a "hidden sickness" in the theory when doublechecking calculations for the solar system. Most physicists examined

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ideal cases, assuming, for instance, that Earth and the Sun are spheres, Bias explains: "We checked the more realistic case, where the sun is almost a sphere, but not quite." General relativity pretty much gives the same answer in both the scenarios. But in Hofava gravity, the realistic case gives a wildly different result.

C

The first is the extent to which the tube is emptied of air and gas. The fewer the molecules of gas remaining in the tube the less the electrons are interpreted by collisions. The second factor is the voltage, or electrical pressure applied to the tube. The higher the voltage, the greater the impulse given to the stream of electrons striking the target the same area would on Saturn. Scientists believe Saturn's interior is similar to Jupiter's, consisting of a rocky core much like the size of Earth, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer and a molecular hydrogen layer. Traces of various ices are also present. Saturn's interior is hot. At the core, the temperature is about 12,000 degrees Kelvin (21,150 degrees Fahrenheit). Saturn radiates more energy into space than it receives from the Sun.

D

The discussed theory is far from perfect. Diego Bias, a quantum gravity researcher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne has found a "hidden sickness" in the theory when doublechecking calculations for the solar system. Most physicists examined ideal cases, assuming, for instance, that Earth and the Sun are spheres.

2. Find in the passages above the English equivalents of the following.

Больше чем; меньше чем; вторая по величине; вдвое дальше; самая низкая; такая же большая; почти сопоставимое по размеру; составляет всего 30% от; далеко не совершенна; не вполне; совсем другой результат; чем…, тем больше; чем…, тем меньше; подобно Юпитеру; в среднем; аналогично; примерно; дает во многом схожий ответ; то, насколько.

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3. Translate the following sentences.

1. Processors are now three times faster than had been predicted in the early 1980s.2. Silicon wafers today are much larger but hold only about half as many chips as did those of the original microprocessor, the Intel.

3.The larger the redshift, the smaller the universe was when the supernova occurred and hence the more the universe has expanded between then and now.

4.The new material is remarkably strong and tight: it has three times the tensile strength of aluminum, yet it is 2.6 times lighter.

5.The supply of lithium is more limited than that of deuterium, but still large enough to supply the world’s energy demand for thousands of years.

6.The neutron flux expected on a commercial D-T fusion reactor is about 100 times that of current fusion power reactors.

7.The price to pay compared to D-T is that the energy confinement must be 30 times better and the power produced is 68 times less.

8.Magnetars have a magnitude field of about 100 gigateslas, roughly a thousand times stronger than the field of normal stars. This is strong enough to erase a credit card on Earth from half the distance of the Moon’s orbit.

9.Like other forms of high - energy radiation, X-rays can be hazardous, but they can also be very beneficial.

10.X-rays can also be used for inspecting the insides of articles as different as fountain pens and electrical appliances to make sure that they have been put together properly.

12.The fewer the molecules of gas remaining in the tube, the less electrons are interrupted by collisions.

13.The higher the voltage, the greater the impulse given to electrons striking the target.

14.The better your knew the state the better you could predict the behavior.

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15.The form, design and implementation of CPUs changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same.

16.Factoring in climate change will boost wheat prices by at least 170 percent and rice by a minimum of 113 percent.

17.Rather than labeling species as more or less fit, one can describe how many offspring they are likely to leave under given circumstances.

18.A holographic-technology company is marketing a disk that is similar in size to a standard CD but can store 200 gigabytes – a 200-fold improvement on optical CD technology.

19.Serious scientific publications disputing evolution are all but nonexistent.

20.The thermal chimney works like a regular fireplace chimney, except that it is use to push hot air out of the house.

21.Why do some innovations fall so far short of what is expected of them, whereas others succeed brilliantly?

22.The neutralino is thought to have a mass between 100 and

1,000 times that of the proton.

23.A second candidate is the axion, a superlight-weight particle about a trillionth the mass of the electron.

24.Scientists in US have shown how networks of artificial neurons containing two Josephson Junctions would outpace traditional comput- er-simulated brains by many orders of magnitude.

25.The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries common in everything from iPods to cell phones to laptops can store twice the energy of similarly sized nickel-metal hydride batteries and up to six

4. Study the sentences above.

Find all the examples where the compared entities are:

a)equal

b)n-times greater.

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5. Make sentences.

a)

Ex: The researchers are prepared enough to conduct such an experiment.

b)

Ex: The shorter is the distance, the sooner we’ll reach the destination.

6. Write down 5 sentences following the models a), b) in 5.

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Part III

Vocabulary

1. Answer the questions.

1. Why is cooling and heat dissipation so important for computer systems?

2. How is this problem usually solved?

2. Read the following.

Although it seems almost counterintuitive to use water, and warm water at that, to cool the inside of an electronic device, IBM’s work highlights a trend to use liquid cooling in devices other than mainframes.

*The transistors inside a computer’s microprocessors can be as small as 45 nanometers – roughly five times the thickness of a cell membrane

– making it difficult to control the electric currents that leak. Microprocessors can dissipate anywhere from 100 watts to several hundred watts each out of this transistors. Such leakage can consume more power than the actual computational process.

The IBM executive acknowledges that cooler processors are able to run faster and last longer, but he points out that the challenge he and his colleagues are looking to address at this stage is a way to cut electricity consumption.*

3.Think of the best way to translate the words and word combinations in bold.

4.Write the translation of the part, marked with the asterisks(*).

5.Translate the following sentences.

1. Opening up the inside of a material for storage, rather than just using its surface, yields huge improvements in capacity.

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2.A different type of supernova — the thermonuclear explosion of a star triggered by accretion, rather than by gravitational collapse — would still take place.

3.The system could operate on pairs of lists of numbers rather than on mere pairs of numbers.

4.Rather than labeling species as more or less tit. one can describe

how many offspring they are likely to leave under given circumstances.

5.The historical nature of macroevolutionary study involves inference from fossils and DNA rather than direct observation.

6.Make phrases and write sentences with the resultant

word combinations.

7. Translate the sentences

1.Assuring adequate security in cyberspace is one of the most challenging problems we face as we try to leverage the Internet’s power to increase productivity and provide competitive advantage.

2.Today, for example, voice-recognition programs can identify words quite well, but a far greater challenge will be building machines that can understand what those words mean in context.

3.That claim was challenged by Henry Markram, who announced in 2009: “It is not impossible to build a human brain and we can do it in 10 years”

4.The long-term challenge is dealing with the actinides, materials created when uranium absorbs a neutron but refuses to split apart.

8. Read the paragraph.

Growth in information technology is particularly rapid: we're doubling its power, as measured by price-performance, bandwidth, capacity and many other measures, every year or so. That's a factor of a thou-

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sand in 10 years, a million in 20 years, and a billion in 30 years, although a slow, second level of exponential growth means that a billionfold improvement takes only about a quarter of a century.

9.Write 3 sentences with the word combination a factor of.

10.Look up in a dictionary the meaning of:

a)like:

•as a verb,

•as an adjective.

b)likely.

c)unlike.

d)look like.

11. Translate the sentences.

1. Like other forms of high - energy radiation, X-rays can be hazardous, but they can also be very beneficial.

2.It is quite possible that a wide range of other "weakless" universes exist that are habitable but look nothing like our own.

3.They were based on erroneous principles, like the perpetual motion machines that vex patent offices.

4.Personal computers looked like mere curiosities for hobbyists for many years.

5.These are identified as the arithmetic logic unit, the control unit, the memory, and the input-output devices that we see in the classical model of what a computer "looks like."

6.Unlike digital gates that can only take 0s and 1s as input and output 0s and 1s, Lyric's gate circuits can take inputs that are between 0s and 1s such as 0.7 or 0.234.

7.The mind schema, or our psychological sense of self, coordinates the many independent neural networks that simultaneously work away at problems in daily living so that we feel like a single mind.

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