Клочкова Практическое пособие для аспирантов 2011

8.The survey found that men are almost twice as likely as women to pause or hesitate while speaking.

9.I think it’s highly likely that as a result of any climate intervention there will be winners and losers.

10.Although the liar is less likely to wave his hands about in the air, he is more likely to use them in other ways.

11.This loss of ozone looks like it might be more in springtime and more in northern latitudes.

Writing a paper

1. Write a paragraph dealing with your research work. Try to use as many vocabulary and grammar structures from this lesson.

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system design, which allows the panels to tilt and follow the sun as it travels across the sky, much as a sunflower does.

3.Read the text again paying attention to the parts in bold.

4.Answer the grammar question.

What parts does the discussed construction consist of?

5.Mind the position of a noun/pronoun between the verb and the Infinitive.

6.Note that this construction should be often translated into Russian using the object clause.

7.Remember the following.

Pronouns used within the Complex Object:

Note:

1. You are well familiar with both the construction and the pronouns. If you are not sure of the pronouns, remember these sentences.

•They asked us to help them.

•The science adviser told me to repeat the experiment.

2.The Infinitive should be used in the Complex Object construction:

a)with to (to V)

•after such verbs as:

want, ask, beg, expect, help, enable, allow, think, believe, etc.

b)without to (V)

• after such verbs as: let, make

see, watch, hear, feel, etc.

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Part II

Practice

GENERAL

1. Find seven cases of the Complex Object in the passage below.

Technologies such as distributed computing, voice and visual recognition, and wireless broadband connectivity will open the door to a new generation of autonomous devices that enable computers to perform tasks in the physical world on our behalf. One reason for this gap is that it has been much harder than expected to enable computers and robots to sense their surrounding environment and to react quickly and accurately. The access to cheap computing power has permitted scientists to work on many of the hard problems that are fundamental to making robots practical.

Another barrier to the development of robots has been the high cost of hardware, such as sensors that enable a robot to determine the distance to an object as well as motors and servos that allow the robot to manipulate an object with both strength and delicacy. The resulting enhancement of capabilities, combined with expanded processing power and storage, allows today’s robots to do things such as vacuum a room or help to defuse a roadside bomb we provided the common foundation that enabled programs developed for one set of hardware to run on another.

2. Translate into English.

1. Полученные результаты позволили исследователям прийти к другому (different) выводу.

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2.Этот прибор дал ученым возможность исследовать новое явление.

3.Новые данные позволяют нам приблизиться к пониманию этого процесса.

4.Время не позволяет (does not allow) нам рассмотреть все особенности данного процесса.

Make vs. cause, force

1. Translate the sentences.

1.I have harnessed the computer and made it do actual, practical

work.

2.If this energy is positive, it causes spacetime to expand at an exponentially accelerating rate.

3.The glaciers, particularly in the Himalayas, may disappear and cause some of the major rivers to become much more variable.

4.Himalayas, may disappear and cause some of the major rivers to become much more variable.

5.The key was finding a thickness-substrate combination that caused the film to form with the right mixture of tetragonaland rhom- bohedral-shaped crystals.

6.That makes it seem as though men and women have moved closer in body shape.

7.The company is forcing me as a designer to think of this as a relationship between the player and a piece of technology.

Note:

Being formal, the verb cause is often used in scientific literature. In colloquial speech the verb make is more common.

Let vs. allow, permit, enable

1. Translate the sentences.

1. The lever opened up a valve which let some water flow out.

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2.The devices being made are too big to be allowed to roam freely around the human body.

3.One of the most interesting parts of emerging solar technology is a tracking system design, which allows the panels to tilt and follow the sun as it travels across the sky, much as a sunflower does.

4.The access to cheap computing power has permitted scientists to work on many of the hard problems that are fundamental to making robots practical.

5.Today’s supercomputers run hot, thanks to power-hungry microprocessors that enable sophisticated scientific research and complex financial transactions to be performed in the blink of an eye.

6.The machine-learning technology will enable players to do things such as kick a digital soccer ball or swat a handball in their living rooms simply by mimicking the motion.

7.The U.S. government is launching a $50-million effort to enable supercomputer-powered climate models to deliver regional impacts.

8.We abandoned that model because it allowed information to be communicated faster than the speed of light.

2. Make and write down sentences of your own.

Ex.: The new technique enabled us to achieve the needed result.

Think, believe, consider, know, etc.

1. Translate the sentences.

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1.Man also discovered how to plant crops gathering seed from wild plants, which he knew to be useful.

2.Particle physicists consider the weak force in our universe to be not weak enough.

3.We associate such a meaning with the data, and expect a generic operation to take on a meaning determined by the meaning of its operands.

4.One of the earliest particle theories was described in the Book of Optics (1021) by Alhazen, who held light rays to be streams of minute particles that "lack all sensible qualities except energy.

5.Today few people consider expert systems to be real artificial intelligence.

6.Whatever the control unit "believes" to be an order or to be data is treated as such.

Require, demand

1. Translate the sentences.

1.Modular compilation drastically reduces compile times by not requiring each rule in every module to be compared with every rule in every other module when determining scheduling conflicts.

2.Fusion demands industry to develop technologies which are beyond the frontiers of standard engineering practices in many fields.

3.A lot of effort and enthusiasm was required to solve the puz-

zles.

Want

1. Study the sentence. Answer the questions/do the task.

I want other people to examine the theory and to improve it.

1.Who wants it to be done?

2.Who will do it?

3.Write three sentences. Use the Complex Object with the verb

make.

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2. Translate the sentences.

1.What other business do you see in the U.S. economy where you expect a company that has a good business model to spend and to invest a lot of money to use less of their product?

2.Man also discovered how to plant crops gathering seed from wild plants, which he knew to be useful.

3.The suspension of funding may lead some scientists to abandon the effort.

4As one example, nanotechnology-based manufacturing will enable us to apply computerized techniques to automatically assemble complex products at the molecular level.

5.We expect there to be some impact on ocean current circulation.

Use of the Ving form in the Complex Object

1. Study the structure of the following sentence.

We have seen Kepler’s vision of the music of spheres echoing in the intricate braiding of Saturn’s rings.

•What grammar feature makes this sentence different from all the previous ones?

•Has the action in the Complex Object been completed?

2.Read the sentence.

The ability to look father back in our Universe’s history than before, and see it evolving, is of fundamental importance and Hubble allowed this to happen.

•Compare the two cases of the Complex Object in the sentence

above.

•Explain the use of the Ving form and the Infinitive in each

case.

Complex Object vs. Complex Subject

1. Note the following.

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The same idea can often be expressed using either the Complex Object or the Complex Subject.

(You are familiar with the Complex Subject structure: See Lesson 4).

2. Compare the two sentences.

Matter is believed to consist of atoms. (Complex Subject). Scientists believe matter to consist of atoms. (Complex Object).

3. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Use:

a)The Complex Subject,

b)The Complex Object.

1.

a)Ожидается, что результаты будут вскоре получены. (expect)

b)Ученые ожидают, что результаты будут вскоре получены.

2.

a)Считается, что данные достоверны. (consider)

b)Исследователи считают, что данные достоверны.

3.

a)Есть сомнение в том, что вселенная конечна. (doubt)

b)Некоторые космологи сомневаются в том, что вселенная конечна.

4.

a)Известно, что вселенная расширяется. (know)

b)Нам известно, что вселенная расширяется.

Writing a paper

1. Write a paragraph on the subject of your specialization. Include 4–5 sentences in the Complex Object.

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Part III

Vocabulary

1. Read the text.

Advanced Al will emerge step by step, and each step will pay off in knowledge and increased ability. As with molecular technology (and many other technologies), attempts to stop advances in one city, county, or country will at most let others take the lead. A miraculous success in stopping visible Al work everywhere would at most delay it and, as computers grow cheaper, let it mature in secret, beyond public scrutiny. Only a world state of immense power and stability could truly stop Al research everywhere and forever - a "solution" of bloodcurdling danger, in light of past abuses of merely national power. Advanced Al seems inevitable. If we hope to form a realistic view of the future, we cannot ignore it.

In a sense, artificial intelligence will be the ultimate tool because it will help us build all possible tools. Advanced Al systems could maneuver people out of existence, or they could help us build a new and better world. Aggressors could use them for conquest, or foresighted defenders could use them to stabilize peace. They could even help us control Al itself. The hand that rocks the Al cradle may well rule the world.

As with assemblers, we will need foresight and careful strategy to use this new technology safely and well. The issues are complex and interwoven with everything from the details of molecular technology to employment and the economy to the philosophical basis of human rights. The most basic issues, though, involve what Al can do.

2.Translate the underlined parts of the sentences.

3.Find Russian equivalents of the words/word combinations in bold.

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