Клочкова Практическое пособие для аспирантов 2011
.pdf8. Make sentences and write them down.
a) |
|
|
Ex: We have a long way to go. |
|
|
We have a long |
way |
to do |
a lot of |
things |
to conduct |
a number |
of problems |
to solve |
several |
experiments |
to go |
b)
Ex: The new technique will enable scientists to understand the structure of the substance.
The method |
will enable |
us… |
This device |
enables (in general) |
the scientists… |
The equation |
enabled (a historic event) |
the researchers … |
c)
Ex: Scientists couldn’t tell if such matter existed.
We |
couldn’t |
tell |
|
The scientists |
|
understand |
if… |
People |
|
say |
|
9. Write a short paragraph (100 words).
Use as many words and word combinations from the text as you can.
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LESSON 2
Passive
Part I
Grammar
1. Read the passage. Find answers to the questions.
1.When did the measurement theory originate?
2.How many units were adopted within the SI system?
Measurement theory dates back to the 4th century BC, when a theory of magnitudes developed by the Greek mathematicians Eudoxus of Cnidus and Thaeatetus was included in Euclid's Elements. The first systematic work on observational error was produced by the English mathematician Thomas Simpson in 1757, but the fundamental work on error theory was done by two 18th-century French astronomers, JosephLouis, Count de Lagrange, and Pierre-Simon, Marquess de Laplace.
Now the standard system in most nations, the metric system, has been modernized to take into account 20th-century technological advances. In Paris in 1960 an international convention agreed on a new metric-based system of units. This was the Systeme Internationale (SI). Six base units were adopted: the meter (length),the kilogram (mass), the second (time), the ampere (electric current), the degree Kelvin (temperature), and the candela (luminosity). Each was keyed to a standard value. The kilogram was represented by a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France, with a duplicate at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. The kilogram is the only one of the six units represented by a physical object as a standard. In contrast, the metre was set to be 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the orange-red line of the spectrum of kryp- ton-86, and the other units were related to similarly derived natural standards.
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The problem of error is one of the central concerns of measurement theory. At one time it was believed that errors of measurement could eventually be eliminated through the refinement of scientific principles and equipment. This belief is no longer held by most scientists, and almost all physical measurements reported today are accompanied by some indication of the limitation of accuracy or the probable degree of error. Among the various types of error that must be taken into account are errors of observation (which include instrumental errors, personal errors, systematic errors, and random errors), errors of sampling, and direct and indirect errors (in which one erroneous measurement is used in computing other measurements).
2. Answer the questions.
1.Do the subjects in bold perform the action expressed by the predi-
cates?
2.What features make the discussed predicates different from each
other?
3.In what tenses can the Passive Voice be used?
3.Ask several questions to the sentences with predicates in bold.
4.Find in the texts the examples of:
a)Present Simple Passive,
b)Past Simple Passive,
c)Present Perfect Passive,
d)Modal Verb + Passive Infinitive,
e)Negative Passive form.
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Part II
Practice
1. Chose the correct variant.
X-rays can use/be used to build up a picture of the inside of the human body. When x-rays pass / are passed through the body, they absorb / are absorbed by some tissues more than by others. For instance, bone absorbs / is absorbed more X-rays than muscle. The information records / is recorded on film or screen so that it can be interpreted.. If photographic film exposes / is exposed to the X-rays, it becomes darker in areas where more X-rays have passed through the body.
2. Translate the descriptions of some processes. A
The ones and zeros that make up the data set are first split into twodimensional pages of data lines of light and dark pixels displayed on the screen. Individual pages are then illuminated from behind with a laser, producing a projection on the page known as a data wave.
B
The wafer is coated with a substance, called "photo-resist," and then exposed to a black-and-white pattern as if the pattern were being photographed and the coated wafer were the film in the camera. The white areas of the pattern correspond to the upper surfaces of the end regions of all N2 transistors. Light hits the wafer in these white areas of the pattern and chemically alters the photo-resist there. The wafer is dipped in a solvent that dissolves away the chemically altered photo-resist, where the pattern had been white, but not the unaltered parts, where the pattern had been black.
The wafer is then heated in an air-tight oven, filled with a gas of donor impurities. Although the wafer is not heated enough to melt the sili-
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con, it is hot enough for some of the gas atoms to diffuse from the surface into the body of the material. Donor impurities fix themselves into the crystal structure, but only under the open places in the photo-resist. The wafer is cooled and removed from the oven. The emitter and collector regions of N separate transistors have been embedded in the wafer.
3. Compare the two beginnings (Russian and English) of the sentences.
1.В статье описывается…(passive) The paper describes… (active)
2.На рисунке показано…
The figure shows…
3.В данном разделе рассматриваются…
This section discusses…
4.Translate the sentences.
1.The 17th century saw an unprecedented explosion of mathematical and scientific ideas across Europe.
2.The price of a megabit of storage has seen a similar decline.
3. .Figure 1 shows the type signature of the instruction and instruction template formats.
4.One practical method of separation uses a sequence of freezing, thawing and compression.
5.That century saw the development of two forms of non-Euclidian geometry.
5. Read the sentence in English and compare it with the Russian equivalent.
1.I was invited to the meeting. (I is the subject )
2.Меня пригласили на собрание. ( no subject )
6. Translate the sentences.
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1.The animals were given equal weights of test material.
2.I was shown at least one project that involved robotics.
7. Translate into English.
1.В прошлом месяце меня пригласили на научную конференцию. Меня попросили рассказать о результатах эксперимента.
2.На выставке мне показали новый прибор. Мне объяснили, как он работает.
3.Вчера мне сказали, что я должен написать отчет об исследованиях. Мне дали всю необходимую информацию и попросили закончить работу к концу недели.
4.Мне предложили работу в научно-исследовательском институте. Меня пригласили возглавить группу ученых.
5.Недавно мне дали прочитать статью по оптике. Меня впечатлили достижения коллег.
Participles with active and passive meaning (Participle 1 vs. Participle 2)
1. Compare the use of the participles.
1.Scientists, conducting the research…
2.The research, conducted by scientists…
Ving – active meaning
Ved – passive meaning
2. Translate the sentences. A
1.Devices, using this technology, will soon become common on our laboratories.
2.Nuclear weapons are explosive devices, designed to release nuclear energy on a large scale, used primarily in military applications.
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B
1.Holography is a technique that allows the light scattering from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that it appears as if the object is in the same position relative to the recording medium as it was when recorded.
2.The image changes as the position and orientation of the viewing system changes in exactly the same way as if the object was still present, thus making the recorded image (hologram) appear three dimensional.
3.Translate the passages.
a)
Other microbots being created are not solely machines. Several institutes have been involved in incorporating organic living tissue with inorganic components to create hybrid devices that are part machine, part organism. The first such devices were self-assembling microbots powered by living heart muscle, created by engineers at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Each tiny robot is composed of an arch of gold connected to a sheath of cardiac muscle grown from rat cells, and if released in the body, it feeds off glucose in the blood to get energy to move.
b)
The use of solar energy as a power source is not a new one. But the panels developed in the 1970s were so bulky and large; that is why very few people could afford them, much less use them. Using technology developed for the computer industry, cells used in Photovoltaic solar collection systems are now thinner and more diversified.
Passive systems are considered to be the most reliable and most cost effective of the solar thermal systems because there are no moving parts that can break down or will eventually need replacing
Many small things are solar powered. Some things have been used for awhile now - such as solar powered calculators.
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Today it is commonplace to find solar panels attached to emergency telephones along many major highways and to find traffic lights and school zone lights also attached to there systems.
4.Translate the sentences.
1.Wrapped by hundreds of majestic rings, Saturn is the most beautiful planet in our solar system.
2.The rings, wrapping the planet, are majestic.
3.The spacecrafts were only able to spend a few weeks collecting detailed data on Saturn and its 34 known moons.
4.The data , collected by the spacecraft, were not enough to fully understand the forces at work in those intriguing rings.
5.Scientists were intrigued by the results achieved.
6.Some answers and, no doubt, new questions will arise when the first spacecraft specifically designed to explore Saturn and its vicinity will reach its destination after a seven-year journey.
7.The team, designing the new system, has made a real breakthrough in this field.
8.Led by NASA and the European Space Agency, the CassiniHuygens mission to Saturn is an international enterprise that will conduct a four-year study of this fascinating planet.
9.Leading specialists of the country took part in the project.
Writing a paper
1.Write a short paragraph (4–5 sentences) describing some process.
2.Mind the following.
If you are writing an article about Columbus you begin your sentence like this:
Columbus discovered America.
If you are writing an article about America you should begin you sentence like this:
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America was discovered by Columbus.
3. Write two sentences.
1.Shakespeare – Hamlet:
a)You write an article about Shakespeare;
b)You write an article about Hamlet.
2.Newton – the law of gravitation.
3.Einstein – the theory of relativity.
4.Develop one of your sentences in the Passive Voice
in exercise 3 into a short paragraph (4–5 sentences).
Part III
Vocabulary
1. Answer the questions
1.What is Albert Einstein most known for?
2.What was he given the Nobel Prize for?
2. Read the paragraph.
The modern concept of the photon was developed gradually by Albert Einstein to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light. In particular, the photon model accounted for the frequency dependence of light's energy, and explained the ability of matter and radiation to be in thermal equilibrium. It also accounted for anomalous observations, including the properties of black body radiation, that other physicists, most notably Max Planck, had sought to explain using semiclassical models, in which light is still described by Maxwell's equations, but the material objects that emit and absorb light are quantized. Although these semiclassical models contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, further experi-
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ments proved Einstein's hypothesis that light itself is quantized; the quanta of light are photons.
3.Translate the underlined words.
4.Find Russian equivalents of the word combinations in bold.
5.Translate the following sentences.
Note that if a verb has a preposition, you should look it up in a dictionary with that particular preposition.
a)
1.Electric utilities account for 40 percent of the nation's emissions of carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas.
2.Since particle models cannot easily account for the refraction, diffraction and birefringence of light, wave theories of light were proposed by Rene Descartes (1637) and Robert Hooke (1665).
3.The Maxwell wave theory, however, does not account for all properties of light.
4.Theorists have determined that the earliest moments of the fiery big bang could have produced these particles in precisely the abundance to account for dark matter
5.Crop diseases and insect pests will also thrive in a hotter or more humid climate, and the report does not take into account issues such as
current agricultural lands swamped by rising sea levels.
b)
1.Particle models remained dominant, chiefly due to the influence of Isaac Newton.
2.It is probably due to the same principle that the drops of rain are so much larger in thunderstorms than in ordinary showers.
3.The variations in the resistance of metals in a finely divided state were even more striking, and they were shown to be due to the action of the electrical, or Hertzian, waves.
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