Журавлева Сборник дополнителных грамматических 2014
.pdf3. A comedy show called ‘Don’t Look Now!’ has just closed after five years at a theatre in London’s West End. It was the most popular comedy for a long time. This is what the critics said when it opened five years ago.
‘It’s a marvellous show.’ The Daily Mail ‘You’ll love it.’ The Guardian
‘The production is brilliant.’ The Sunday Times
‘I can’t remember a funnier show.’ Stephen Devine ‘It made me laugh.’ Ben Walsh
‘You must see it.’ The Evening News
‘It will be a great success.’ The Telegraph ‘You might die laughing.’ The Daily Express
‘It’s the funniest show I have ever seen.’ Joan Proctor ‘You shouldn’t miss it.’ Time Out
Now report what the critics said using indirect speech.
4. Read the article. Underline the key points. Translate the article.
Letters That Sell
Despite the growing use of email, there's nothing like a well-written sales letter to make a good impression on a potential client and encourage them to do business with you. A sales letter is effectively an advertisement and is most commonly used to highlight a particular deal or promotion that a company is offering, or to launch (or re-launch) a business.
Good sales letters get their readers' attention immediately, usually by using a 'headline'. The headline needs to be succinct and interesting—if it's not, your reader will read no further and probably throw the letter in the bin.
Informal, chatty text is usually the best approach, although this may depend on your target reader. Think carefully about who they are and how they operate, and use an appropriate writing style. Use your reader's name in the saluta- tion—it's always worth ringing up to find out the correct spelling. Don't forget that in many cases your letter might need to first get past a secretary who will decide whether it is worthy of the attention of his or her boss. A good rule of thumb is to remember the 'WIIFM' factor. Your reader will always
41
want to know 'What's in it for me?', or 'What's in it for my boss?' as the case may be.
You need to make sure that the content of your letter gets your reader's attention, sparks their interest, makes them want whatever you're offering and tells them how to follow it up. Tell your readers clearly if, how and when you will contact them again. If you're leaving it up to them to contact you, ensure you give them an incentive to do this — a discount, for example.
Grammar, spelling and punctuation errors instantly make a bad impression, so make sure that you proofread your letters carefully. Get a colleague to double-check them for you and be open to feedback about how they might be improved.
Summarise the main idea of each paragraph. Make one question to each paragraph. Reproduce the text using these questions.
Unit 14
Logistics
1. Give Russian equivalents to:
Distribution Finished goods
Freight – air-freight – freight car (Am) – freight train – freight forward Grey marketing,
Haulage – road haulage Loading bay
Pilot – test – trail Raw materials
Ship – shipment – shipping – ship – deliver Supply chain – supply chain management
Passive
2. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using 'people', 'somebody', or 'they', write a passive sentence with an appropriate verb form.
Example. Somebody introduced me to Dr Felix last year. I was intro-
42
duced to Dr Felix last year.
1.People are destroying large areas of forest every day.
2.Somebody has bought the land next to our house.
3.Somebody had already reported the accident before I phoned.
4.I hope they will have completed all the marking by tomorrow.
5.People were using the tennis court, so we couldn't play.
6.Somebody will tell you when you should go to see the doctor.
7.They should have finished the hotel by the time you arrive.
8.No doubt somebody will blame me for the problem.
9.People expect better results soon.
10.They have found an unexploded bomb in Herbert Square, and they are evacuating the area.
3. Complete the paragraph. Put in a passive verb in the correct tense.
Barford Hall
The building at the top of the High Street is Barford Hall. It (build) in 1827 and today it (regard) as the finest Georgian building in the county. A number of changes (make) since it was built, but the front of the building (not change). Today the Hall (own) by Bardale Council, and for the last ten years it (use) as a home for Barford Arts Centre. At the moment a small art gallery (build) behind the Hall.
4. Put the correct verb form into this news report.
Millions of pounds worth of damage (cause) by a storm which (pass) across the north of England last night. The River Ribble (burst) its banks after heavy rain. People (rescue) from the floods by firemen, who (receive) numerous calls for help. Wind speeds (reach) ninety miles per hour in some places. Roads (block) by fallen trees and electricity lines (bring) down, leaving thousands of homes without electricity. ‘Everything possible (do) to get the situation back to normal,’ a spokesman (say).
5. Read the article. Think of other kinds of logistics. Share your ideas with your partner. Translate the text.
43
Business logistics
One definition of business logistics speaks of "having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer". As the science of process business logistics incorporates all industry sectors, logistics work aims to manage the fruition of project life cycle, supply chains and resultant efficiencies.
Logistics as a business concept evolved in the 1950s due to the increasing complexity of supplying businesses with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply-chain, leading to a call for experts called "supply chain logisticians".
In business, logistics may have either internal focus (inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption. The main functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management, purchasing, transportation, warehousing, consultation, and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each of these functions to coordinate resources in an organization.
There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics: one optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes; the other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project.
Explain what logistics is. Make a list of functions it performs. Compare your ideas with the other students in the class.
Unit 15
Innovation
1. Give Russian equivalents to:
Achievements – achieve – achiever Borderline
Breakthrough – make a breakthrough Business practice,
44
Design – designer goods – designer label – designer ware Feature – product features – special features – characteristic Generic
Mass production – mass produce Prototype
2.Agree with what people say. Use might have, mightn’t have, could have or couldn’t have. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.
1.Perhaps the missing girl has run away from home.
2.The computer didn’t make a mistake. That’s impossible.
3.It’s possible that Louise didn’t receive our message.
4.I suppose it’s possible the thief had a key.
5.You didn’t press the wrong button. That’s impossible.
6.Perhaps Phil has missed the train.
7.It’s possible that the driver didn’t see the warning sign.
3.Write a sentence with should/ought to or should have/ought to have.
1.Jeremy didn’t lock his door when he went out.
2.Mr Little smokes at meal times.
3.The picnickers left litter everywhere.
4.Sue didn’t look before crossing the road.
5.Alan never says hello to people.
6.Mary was late for her job interview.
4.Put in might have, shouldn’t have, must have and can’t have with the past participle of the verbs: leave, take, be, ring.
A:There’s a parcel outside. The postman _____ it.
B:Well, he _____ it outside. Someone _____ it. Why didn’t he ring the bell?
A:He always rings. You _____ out when he came.
B:I haven’t been out. So he _____ the bell.
5.Read the article. What other IT can you think of that is used in businesses? Translate the text.
45
IT or ET? Essential technology
Information technology, usually abbreviated to IT refers to the technological systems used to manage and manipulate information. Information can range from simple text to complex reports, millions of customers to hundreds of products. This information is generally known as data. Information technology helps businesses manage their knowledge, work more effectively and maximise their business opportunities.
Managing information technology resources, just like managing budgets and stakeholders, is a key skill for any manager. There are many aspects to information technology in business, including: managing IT staff and suppliers, doing business online, communicating using IT, protecting data, managing business software, managing data, IT security, developing an IT strategy and IT support.
IT is ubiquitous in business. If we want to communicate with a customer, we might send them an email. If we want to implement a marketing campaign, we might design it using spreadsheets, documents and reports generated from databases. We might use specially designed databases to mine for information, pulling up profiles and habits of customers. We might use IT to monitor prices, foreign exchange rates and so on.
This means that every businessperson needs a firm grasp of technology to succeed in business. IT systems are often a big investment or a considerable regular expense for many businesses. You need to understand how IT can make your business more cost-effective or get better results for your client or customer. IT should benefit your business objectives. You may need to be able to work with your IT department to develop solutions to business problems. You'll also need to be aware of how to ask for help and get IT support when your systems break down or experience problems.
Most countries have data protection acts that specify what businesses should do with personal information they hold. This means that businesses have a legal obligation to protect their customer's private details such as addresses credit card numbers, etc. IT systems are usually used to protect and manage such data. Everyone in a business has the responsibility to ensure that data is secure, that his or her passwords are changed regularly, that personal information is kept confidential and IT security protocols are adhered to.
46
Think of the best heading for each paragraph. Reproduce the text using these headings.
Useful to know
How to make a presentation
Types of presentation
Here are some examples of different presentations:
*press conference: two chief executives tell journalists why their companies have merged.
*briefing: a senior officer gives information to other officers about a police operation they are about to undertake.
*demonstration: the head of research and development tells nontechnical colleagues about a new machine.
*product launch: a car company announces a new model.
*lecture: a university professor communicates information about economics to 300 students.
*talk: a member of a stamp-collecting club tells other members about 19th century British stamps.
*seminar: a financial adviser gives advice about investments to eight people.
*workshop: a yoga expert tells people how to improve their breathing techniques and gets them to practise.
Dos and don’ts: preparation
Here are some tips for a stand-up presentation (one person talking to an audience).
a.Find out about the audience: how many people there will be, who they are, why they will be there, and how much they know about the subject.
b.Find out about the venue and the facilities: the room, the seating plan, the equipment, etc.
c.Plan the content and structure, but don’t write the complete text of the presentation.
d.Write notes on sheets of paper, not on cards.
47
e.Try to memorize the first five sentences of your talk.
f.Prepare visual aids: pictures, diagrams, handouts, whiteboard, blackboard, computer, projector, screen, etc.
g.Rehearse your presentation (practise it so that it becomes very familiar) with friends or colleagues.
Dos and don’ts: timing
a.Start on time. Don’t wait for latecomers.
b.Plan how long you’re going to spend on each point and keep to these timings.
c.Don’t labour a particular point (spend too long on something).
d.Don’t digress (talk about things that have nothing to do with the subject), unless you have a particular purpose in mind.
e.Finish on time. Don’t run over. It looks bad if you don’t have time to finish all your points and answer questions.
Dos and don’ts: voice
a.Project your voice to the back of the room, but don’t shout. Don’t ask if people at the back can hear. Check the volume (loudness) of your voice beforehand.
b.Use a microphone if you need one. Don’t hold it too close to your mouth.
c.Whether using a microphone or not, speak in a natural tone of voice. Don’t speak in a monotone (on the same level all the time). Vary the pitch (level) of your voice.
Dos and don’ts: body language
*Make eye contact: look at each person in the audience for about a second, before moving on to the next person. Don’t concentrate on just one or two people.
*Don’t speak to the equipment or the screen: face the audience at all times.
*Smiling is fine at appropriate moments, but not too much.
*Use gesture to emphasize key points.
48
*Stay more or less in one place: don’t move around too much.
*Avoid mannerisms (ways of moving and speaking which you do repeatedly without realizing).
Rapport with the audience
Experts say that you can gain the audience’s attention in a presentation by:
*telling an anecdote (a story, perhaps a personal one).
*mentioning a really surprising fact or statistic.
*stating a problem.
*asking a question.
Key phrases: introduction
- Introduce yourself and your subject:
My name is Anne-Marie Duval and I work for Gem Consultants. My talk is called «Consultancy Skills for the 21st Century».
-Outline what you’re going to talk about: describe the different sections of your talk:
There are three main skills areas I want to talk about today...
-Say whether people should ask questions during the talk, or at the end: If you have any questions, I’ll be happy to answer them at the end of the session.
Key phrases: main part
-OK. To begin, let’s look at the first type of skills that consultants need: technical skills. Of course, related to technical skills is a good general knowledge of management subjects... But I’m digressing: let’s get back to the technical skills themselves... That’s all I have time for on technical skills.
-Let’s move on to the second area: interpersonal skills. As you can see on this transparency, there are two key areas in relation to interpersonal skills... I think that covers everything on interpersonal skills.
-Time is moving on, so let’s turn to the third area: people management issues.
49
Key phrases: closing and dealing with questions
Let me sum up. Firstly, we looked at technical skills, secondly, at management skills and last, but by no means least, at interpersonal skills. In my view, the secret for success in the future is going to be interpersonal skills. That brings me to the end of my presentation. Are there any questions?
Some phrases which can be useful when answering questions:
a.That’s a fair point.
b.That’s confidential.
c.That’s not really my field.
d.The questioner would like to know what sort of background the people we recruit usually have. Is that right?
e.Well, I think that goes beyond the scope of today’s presentation. Today I wanted to concentrate on consultants’ skills, not go into particular case studies in consultancy.
f.I’m afraid we’ve run out of time. But if you’d like to come and discuss that with me now, I’ll try and give you an answer.
If a member of the audience didn’t hear a question, they might say: Sorry, I didn’t catch the question — could you repeat what the questioner said?
You can end the presentation by saying: I think that’s a good place to stop. Thank you for listening.
50