Журавлева Сборник дополнителных грамматических 2014

A common trend has emerged, with many multinationals restructuring their businesses to provide more centralised control and management of manufacturing, research and distribution. A global economy has enabled lower-cost foreign suppliers to gain ground, and cost-cutting is critical for a company trying to keep its head above the water in the face of increased competition. Centralised functions assist through savings from economies of scale, eliminating the duplication of work and optimising the benefits of specialisation such as creating centres of excellence, in particular, there has been a rush to move operations to emerging markets, where labour costs and other associated overheads are significantly lower. Examples include customer service call centres and the consolidation of manufacturing plants for more costefficient supply chain management.

Explain what is meant by «a sign of the times». How do you understand it? What are other signs of present-day economy? Prepare a talk about new trends in global economy.

Unit 10

Counterfeiting

1. Give Russian equivalents to:

Copycat, copyright,

Currency – foreign currency – hard currency – currency dealer – currency exchange rate – currency trading

Defraud

Enforce – enforcement – enforceable Fake – copy

File-swapping, infringement, intellectual property Patent – copyright – patent pending – patent office Piracy

Profitability – profit – profitable Trademark

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Third Conditional

2. Make Third Conditional sentences for each of the following situations.

Example: I was tired. I went to bed early.

If I hadn't felt tired, I wouldn't have gone to bed early. or: If I hadn't felt tired, I would have gone to bed later.

1.I didn't have enough money. I didn't take a taxi.

2.I wasn't interested in the film. I didn't go to the cinema.

3.We took the wrong turning. We arrived late.

4.Romeo thought Juliet was dead. He committed suicide.

5.Oliver was punished. He asked for more food.

6.The building had weak foundations. It fell down.

7.I didn't go downstairs. I was afraid of the dark.

8.You didn't run fast. You didn't come first.

9.I didn't know she was the examiner. I made a silly joke.

10.She didn't have a car. She couldn't have driven there.

3.For each situation write a sentence with if.

1.I couldn’t buy the book because I didn’t have any money.

2.Debbie didn’t lock her bike and it got stolen.

3.Barbara went to bed late and so she overslept.

4.It wasn’t warm enough, so we didn’t sit outside.

5.You forgot the map, so we lost our way.

6.Gary couldn’t play basketball because he was ill.

7.I noticed the mistake when I checked the figures.

8.Wayne was wearing a crash helmet, so I didn’t recognize him.

9.No one watered the flowers, so they died.

4. Read the article. What is licensing and who benefits? Match the words in bold to the definitions (after the text).

Licensing

The principle underlying the practice of licensing is essentially this: if a party (e.g. a company) wants to use the intellectual property (IP) of

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another for commercial purposes, it must first acquire permission. In publishing, a license grants a publisher the right to reproduce and sell the copyrighted work of an author. Likewise, brand owners might license their trademark or engineering firms might license their patented technology. Licensing allows the licensee to use (within the terms of the license agreement) the licensor's IP for financial gain. In return, the licensor receives royalties or a lump payment.

IP typically refers to copyright, patents and trademarks, although it also encompasses associated rights such as know-how. This is where a party has expertise or special knowledge of something (e.g. a production method), which it wants to safeguard from competing businesses. Know-how can be licensed to companies that need it, but the information is often carefully protected by a non-disclosure agreement. The practice of licensing IP is increasingly complex, although companies in virtually all sectors benefit from it. Many turn to specialist lawyers for advice on the legal aspects.

1.protection granted for highly innovative creations with a practical (usually industrial) use

2.a unique graphic, (brand) name or short arrangement of words often registered for its protection

3.the person or company paying for the use of another's IP

4.a form of protection of artistic works (literary, musical, etc.)

5.a collective term for inventions of the mind

6.an official document representing permission to do something that is otherwise prohibited by law

7.trade secrets and other kinds of special knowledge /information

8.the person or company licensing its IP

How effective do you think licensing practice is? Why? Discuss your ideas with the class and answer any questions you are asked.

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Unit 11

Markets

1. Give Russian equivalents to:

Bid – bidder – bidding – make a bid – accept the bid – reject a bid – takeover bid

Business to business (B2B)

Dealer – deal – foreign exchange dealer – broker-dealer – dealership – take a deal – reach a deal – conclude a deal – raw deal

e-business – e-commerce Glitch – malfunction – bug

Gross – gross profit – gross margins – gross national product – gross domestic product (GDP)

Inventory – stock

Market research – mass market Merchandising

Price setting

Real estate – realty – estate agent Tender

Gerund and Infinitive

2. Complete these sentences in any appropriate way using either the to-infinitive or the ing -form of the verb in brackets. If both forms are possible, give them both.

Example. Passing the kitchen, he stopped to drink a large glass of water.

1.When the car broke down, she started _____ .

2.Here's the money I owe you. I meant _____ .

3.To lose weight, I'd advise you _____ .

4.I found that my back stopped _____ when _____ .

5.To help me get to sleep, I tried _____ .

6.The orchestra was just beginning _____ .

7.Please don't hesitate _____ .

8.When he found that he couldn't walk, he began _____ .

9.The handle came off when I tried _____ .

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10. You could see the doctor today but as you haven't got an appointment it would mean _____ .

1 drink, 2 push, 3 give, 4 cut out, 5 ache, 6 think, 7 play, 8 call, 9 shout, 10 lift, 11 wait

3. Put in the verbs. Use a to-infinitive or ing-form.

Elaine: Are we going to have a holiday this year?

Gary: I thought we’d decided (spend) our holidays on a Spanish beach somewhere.

Paula: Oh, good. I enjoy (lie) on the beach. I might manage (get) a suntan.

Elaine: But I dislike (stay) in one place all the time. I refuse (sit) on the beach all day.

Martin: I don’t mind (tour) around in the car.

Elaine: You promised (go) to Scandinavia with me. We could take the car.

Gary: I’m not going to drive. I do too much driving. I can’t face (drive) all holiday.

Martin: I wasn’t planning (go) abroad. I can’t afford (spend) too much money.

4. Complete the news report. Put in the to-infinitive or the ing-form of these verbs: drive, go, lock, look, make. (Sometimes more than one answer is possible.)

Taxi stolen

28-year old Steve Paisley has lost his taxi. It was stolen on Friday afternoon. ‘I just went into the newsagent’s for a moment,’ said Steve. ‘I didn’t bother _____ the car.’ Steve started _____ his own taxi only six months ago. ‘I was just beginning _____ a profit,’ he said. ‘I intend

_____ on with my work as soon as I get the taxi back.’ The police are continuing _____ for the stolen car.

5. Complete the story. Put in the to-infinitive or ing-form of the verb.

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‘Last year I finally stopped (smoke). I’d been trying (give) up for ages. I needed (stop) because it cost me a lot of money. And of course if I went on (smoke), I would be putting my health at risk. Well, I didn’t have much success until one day a friend said, ‘Why don’t you try (eat) sweets instead of smoking? That might break the habit.’ And it worked! I don’t smoke now, which is fine. But there’s one problem. I like (go) to the dentist for a check-up now and again. Last time he said, ‘I regret (tell) you this, but your teeth don’t look very healthy.’ He went on (say) that three of my teeth needed (pull) out! This was all because of sweets. ‘Eating sweets means (do) a lot of damage to your teeth,’ he said. I don’t regret (give) up smoking of course. I’d hate (become) addicted to tobacco again. But I’d love (have) healthy lungs and healthy teeth.’

6. Read the article. Do you know other economists that studied markets? Share your ideas with your partner. Translate the text.

History of Markets

A widespread trend in economic history and sociology is sсeptical of the idea that it is possible to develop a theory to capture an essence or unifying thread to markets. For economic geographers, reference to regional, local, or commodity specific markets can serve to undermine assumptions of global integration, and highlight geographic variations in the structures, institutions, histories, path dependencies, forms of interaction and modes of self-understanding of agents in different spheres of market exchange. Reference to actual markets can show capitalism not as a totalizing force or completely encompassing mode of economic activity, but rather as "a set of economic practices scattered over a landscape, rather than a systemic concentration of power".

C.B. Macpherson identifies an underlying model of the market underlying Anglo-American liberal-democratic political economy and philosophy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: 'Persons are cast as self-interested individuals, who enter into contractual relations with other such individuals, concerning the exchange of goods or personal capacities cast as commodities, with the motive of maximizing pecuniary interest. The state and its governance systems are cast as outside of this framework.' This model came to dominant economic thinking in the

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later nineteenth century, as economists such as Ricardo, Mill, Jevons, and later neo-classical economics shifted from reference to geographically located marketplaces to an abstract "market". This tradition is continued in contemporary neoliberalism, where the market is held up as optimal for wealth creation and human freedom, and the states’ role imagined as minimal, reduced to that of upholding and keeping stable property rights, contract, and money supply. This allowed for boilerplate economic and institutional restructuring under structural adjustment and post-Communist reconstruction.

What have you learnt about history of markets? Find more information about history of markets and prepare a presentation on the topic.

Unit12.

Lobbies

1. Give Russian equivalents to:

Aid Boycott Clarity Debt relief

Demonstration Fair trade Grant

Income – revenue – income tax – gross income – net income Litigation – litigate – litigator

Lobby – lobbyist

Petition, pressure group, protectionism, quota Subsidy – subsidise

Taxpayer

Modal Verbs for obligation

2.Underline the correct modal verb in these sentences.

1.When we were at school, we had to/ought to wear a uniform.

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2.You don't have to/mustn't wear your seatbelt during the whole of the flight.

3.You should/have got to tell her that you are sorry.

4.You need/must be a member of the library before you can borrow books.

5.I don't need to/shouldn't wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good.

6.We weren't allowed to/wouldn't talk to our partner because it was an examination.

7.We needn't have/couldn't have ordered so much food as nobody was hungry.

8.She didn't need/needn't have to take any money because her friend was going to pay.

9.When I first came to Madrid I could/couldn’t speak only a few words of Spanish.

10.Did you have to /Must you have your hair cut before the interview last week.

3.Put in must or have to. Choose which is best in the context.

1.I _____ go to the airport. I’m meeting my friend.

2.You _____ lock the door when you go out. I don’t want burglars in here!

3.Rex _____ go to the bank. He hasn’t got any money.

4.I _____ stay late at the office tomorrow. We’re busy at the moment.

5.You really _____ make less noise. I’m trying to concentrate.

6.Louise really _____ hurry up. I don’t want to be late.

7.I think you _____ pay to park here. I’ll just have a look at that notice over there.

8.I _____ put the heating on. I feel really cold.

4.Put in must, mustn’t or needn’t.

1.You _____ take an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain.

2.Come on. We _____ hurry. — It’s only ten past twelve. We _____

hurry. We’ve lots of time.

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3.Jason and I are just going for a walk. — No, you _____ go off on your own. I want you all together. We _____ keep together.

4.I’ll put these glasses in the dishwasher. — No, you _____ put them in there. They might break. In fact, we _____ wash them at all. We didn’t use them.

5.I _____ forget to type this letter. — It _____ go in the post today because it’s urgent. But the report isn’t so important. You _____ type the report today.

5.Read the article. Answer these questions from the article. What is a brand? What are the steps in building a brand? Why are brands important?

Brands

What's in a name?

Many marketers these days focus on branding rather than selling. Brand loyalty, brand recognition and brand positioning are all weapons that marketers use to raise their product or service's head above the crowd. In our knowledge economy, brands can be a crucial competitive advantage. Coca-Cola, Google and Louis Vuitton are all instantly recognisable and memorable brands. What comes to your mind when you think of those brands? Louis Vuitton may make us think of luxury, elegance and its signature design.

A brand is so much more than a logo or a name. It communicates the company's identity, values and aspirations. A brand is an experience and a relationship between the company and the customer. A brand is a promise, it says to its customers that the company guarantees an experience or a certain level of quality whenever they make a purchase. A chain coffee shop in Beijing will be just as good (or bad) as the one in London or Little Rock, Arkansas. When people see, hear or think of a brand, they equate it with the company. Any experiences they have with that brand are transferred to the company and will affect their purchasing habits and loyalty.

A brand may have started with a product, but it generally transcends products and represents the company as a whole. A brand helps cus-

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tomers choose and it influences their purchasing behaviour. In our mass marketplace and time-poor lives, people need to make purchasing decisions quickly. How do you decide between one toothpaste and the next? Between one laptop and another?

Make a list of steps in building a brand. Compare your list with the other students from the class. Discuss your ideas.

Unit 13

Communication

1. Give Russian equivalents to:

Correspondence – correspond Information technology

Cell phone Overload Priorities – prior to Process – n, v

Product recall – productivity – productive - produce Text messaging

White-collar

Reported Speech

2. Match the first part (1-10) with an appropriate reporting verb: shout, answer, threaten, announce, claim, ask, beg, boast, explain. Rewrite using indirect speech.

1.'I'm now going to read out the results'

2.'Could you bring me the wine list?'

3.'Of course, I'll bring it right away.'

4.'Our team will easily beat yours.'

5.'Please give me another chance'

6.'Shhh! The baby's sleeping.'

7.'I'm innocent of all the charges.'

8.'First of all, you press the button.'

9.'Careful! The water's deep!'

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