Журавлева Сборник дополнителных грамматических 2014

Growth – growth rate – grow

Industry – industrial – industrialise – industrialization – manufacturing industry – service industry – industrial relation

Market share – market-sharing – increase (lose/take/win) market share Opportunity – loose/seize/take an opportunity

Resources – human resources – financial resources

Sales – salesman/woman – sales agent – sales call – sales outlet – sales pitch – sales talk

Strategy – develop/revise a strategy – strategic management – strategic planning – strategic business unit (SBU)

Supply – order supplies – supply and demand – supply chain management – oversupply

Threat – threaten – threateningly

Future Forms

2. Choose will ('11) or (be) going to, whichever is correct or more likely, and one of these verbs.

1.Get out of the building! It sounds like the generator is going to explode.

2.Tim _____ early before he reaches 65. He mentioned it at the meeting recently.

3.'I think I _____ home across the park.' 'That's a good idea.'

4.Next year, no doubt, more people _____ the competition as the prize money increases.

5.'Can we meet at 10.00 outside the station?' 'Okay. I _____ you there.'

6.Don't sit on that bench, I _____ it.

7.I'm not feeling well. In fact, I think I _____ !

8.'Closed over the New Year period. This office _____ on 2nd January.'

(Sign on an office window)

9.I'm sure you _____ a good time staying with Richard.

10.We _____ with Tim tonight. He's asked us to be there at 7.00.

11.'The 2.35 to Bristol _____ from platform 5.' (Announcement at railway station.)

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12.I wouldn't walk across that old bridge if I were you. It looks like it

_____ .

13.1 read in the paper that they _____ the price of gas again.

14.Do you like my new solar watch? Here, I _____ you how it works.

15.'Dr Jackson isn't in his office at the moment.' 'In that case, I _____

him at home.'

3.Complete the replies. Use be going to or will with the verbs in brackets.

1.Oh, you’ve got a ticket for the play. — Yes, I (see) it on Friday.

2.The phone’s ringing. — Ok, I (answer) it.

3.Did you buy this book? — No, Nancy did. She (read) it on holiday.

4.Tea or coffee? — I (have) coffee, please.

5.I’m going to miss this film on TV because I’ll be out tonight. — Well, I (record) it on the video, then.

6.I’m just going to the newsagent’s for a paper. — What newspaper you (buy)?

7.Can you meet me at seven? — I might be a bit late. — That’s all right. I (wait) for you.

4.Complete the news report. Decide which is best for the context, be going to or will. Sometimes either is possible.

We have learnt this week that Brimley Town Council has plans for Westside Park. The Council (sell) the land to a builder, A. Forbes and Son. ‘The plans are all ready. We (build) fifty houses,’ said Mr Forbes. ‘In two years everything (be) finished. I’m sure people (like) the houses. Some of them (be) for young families.’ But people living near the part are angry. ‘This is a terrible idea. We’re against it. We (have) a protest march on Saturday,’ said Mrs Alice Marsh. ‘I expect everyone in Brimley (be) there. We want to make our intentions clear. We (stop) this plan.’

5. Read the text. What is a key point of good organization of a workplace according to the text?

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Workplace rights and wrong

Workplace ethics means a set of right and wrong actions that affect the people working in an organisation. In a broad sense, it refers to fair treatment of employees, creating a quality, safe product and improving and maintaining customer service. It is also about acting in a socially and environmentally responsible manner. There are a set of standards that people use to guide their behaviour in the workplace. These standards are partly based on core values such as honesty, respect and trust. These values can also be learned directly from the actions of others. For example, what people see their organisational leaders, managers and co-workers do on the job can influence their own views of what is acceptable or unacceptable behaviour.

As an employer, it is not enough to have good intentions to follow an ethical path. You need to take steps to create a work environment where your employees have a clear, common understanding of what is right and wrong. They must feel free to discuss and ask questions about ethical issues and report any wrongdoings. Communication is key. Therefore clear information about company ethics is essential for employees.

Businesses establish an ethics programme based on the characteristics of the company. For example, the leadership style of the department head or the interaction with the employees or board of directors is different from company to company. Proper planning of an ethics program is important to ensure effectiveness. A good ethics program includes elements such as communications and training. These guidelines assist the employers and managers to implement the program.

Ethical issues in business have become more complicated because of the global nature of many large corporations and because of the complexity of government regulations. Many business and trade associations have established ethical codes. The code of ethics forms part of an accountability framework and offers guidance and direction on a range of ethical issues that you may confront in your day-to- day work. They are not detailed but usually consist of a set of broadbased statements or ethical principles expected of employees. The code of ethics assists employees to identify and resolve ethical issues

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that may arise during their employment. It is designed to guide in dealing with colleagues, supervisors, employers and even clients of the company. Businesses of today are complex and employees are multicultural, with different ideas and belief systems. Staff may have multiple allegiances which may not always be in harmony with the organisation. It is an obligation of the employee to weigh these differences and work in accordance with their company's code of conduct.

What does good organisation of a workplace mean for you? Do you think it is important? Why?

Unit4

Pay

1. Give Russian equivalents to:

Board – board of directors – board meeting – boardroom

Budget – budgetary – to be on/over/under budget – budget deficit, budget surplus – meet a budget

Compensation – compensation deal – compensation package

Contract – agree a contract – be under contract – review a contract – sign a contract – terminate a contract

Damage

Legal action – litigation – law suit – take a legal action – win a legal action

Pay – payment – pay as you earn (PAYE) – pay freeze – pay rise – payroll – pay-slip – pay talks

Pension – pension fund – pension contribution Reward – rewarding

Salary – be on a salary of – earn a salary – negotiate a salary – salary scale

Severance deal/pay Stock option

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Present Perfect and Past Simple

2. Complete these sentences with the verb given. Choose the present perfect or past simple.

1.According to yesterday's newspapers, astronomers in Australia _____ a planet in a galaxy close to our own. (discover)

2.To help today's customers make a choice, a company in New York

_____a video trolley - a supermarket trolley with a video screen to display advertisements and price information. (develop)

3.At the start of his career, Cousteau _____ the aqualung, opening the oceans to explorers, scientists, and leisure divers. (invent)

4.He proudly told reporters that the company _____ software to prevent the recent increase in computer crime. (produce)

5.John Grigg _____ the comet now called Grigg-Skjellerup, at the beginning of the 20th century. (discover)

3.Use present perfect or past simple of the verbs in brackets.

1.I (do) all the housework. The house is clean.

2.A young couple (buy) the house. But they didn’t live there long.

3.Our visitors (arrive). They’re sitting in the garden.

4.Susan (repair) the television, but then it broke down again.

5.I (lose) my purse. I can’t find it anywhere.

6.The match (start). They’re playing now.

7.Joanne (run) away from home. But she came back two days later.

8.James (earn) some money last week. But I’m afraid he’s already spent it all.

9.We (plant) a tree in the garden. Unfortunately it’s died.

10.Prices (go) up. Things are more expensive this week.

11.Someone (turn) on the hi-fi. I can hear it.

12.I (phone) the office at eleven. Helen isn’t there today, they said.

13.I (make) a cake. Would you like a piece?

4.Complete the letter. Put in the present perfect or past simple of the verbs in brackets.

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I (be) angry and sad to hear that someone plans to knock down the White Horse Inn in Brickfield. This pub (be) the centre of village life for centuries. It (stand) at our crossroads for about 500 years. It (be) famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once (stay) there, they say. I (live) in Brickfield all my life, and I know all about it. We (know) for some time of the danger to our pub. There (be) some talk a year or two ago about knocking it down. But all the villagers are against the plan. We will stop it, you’ll see.

5. Read the text. Find out the main idea of the text. Translate and retell the text.

A capital future?

The credit crunch has had far-reaching effects across the global economy. The credit market has seized up, consumer spending is dropping, unemployment is rising and businesses are less willing to take on risky investments or business decisions. Businesses are fighting for their survival. Many are cutting costs, making redundancies and so on. This means that risky decisions will be scrutinised closely and are unlikely to go ahead. Banks, in particular, are no longer willing to offer credit facilities easily. Even with backing assets or collateral, cash flow is tight for all businesses.

The riskiest kind of investment is in start-up companies: companies with a new idea, technology or service that may or may not have been market tested, that may or not be ready for launch to the market. Companies that cannot get credit from the usual loan mechanisms (banks, financial institutions personal networks) or require equity investment turn to the venture capital market and venture capitalists.

Venture capitalists raise pools of capital from a wide range of funding sources including institutional investors and high net-worth individuals, known as limited partners. Venture capital companies finance start-ups, typically companies that find it difficult to obtain large bank loans. They purchase equity in the start-up company in its early stage of development, hoping it will turn into a 'gazelle' (a high performing start-up), take board seats and will often mentor the company through its development. Venture capitalists usually take a higher risk with the expectation of

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higher rewards. They realise their returns through various exit strategies and it usually takes three to five years following the initial investment.

When exiting the investment (the start-up is sold or launches its initial public offering) venture capitalists can make around a 30-40% return, more than ten times the average 3% return from the stock market. However, not every company they invest in will succeed. Many will fail on their way to commercialisation or make much less than the high-end return.

Venture capital companies do not use debt to fund their investments; their limited partners invest with their liquid assets.

This means that they have been insulated to some extent from the credit crunch. However, in this credit-constrained and volatile market, cash has become king. Many limited partners are no longer willing to invest in new ventures. They are trimming costs and want to hold on to their cash. In addition, the institutional partners (banks, funds, etc) observe their other investments, particularly stocks, falling dramatically and so are looking to redistribute their investment across their portfolio. This means that they will be withdrawing or selling their stakes in venture capital companies, leaving the firms with a weaker cash position. They may also withdraw their capital call, leaving venture capital companies, and thus start-ups, in the lurch. All this is quite worrying for the future economy. It means there will be less venture capital available; start-ups will have to downsize, sell out or raise funds, if they are very lucky, to survive.

What is the author’s opinion about future of capital? What are the problems described in the text? Do you think they are crucial? Why?

Unit 5

Development

1. Give Russian equivalents to:

Cost – fixed costs – variable costs – cost cutting – cost control – cost effective – occur a cost

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Development – developer – developing – research and development (R&D) – developing countries

Loan – apply for a loan – bank loan – interest on a loan – take out a loan Negotiation – negotiate an agreement/a deal – negotiation skills Prosperity – prosper – prosperous

Reserve – to reserve – resources – hold in reserve – use up reserves Revenue

Wealth – wealthy – acquire/accumulate wealth

Modal Verbs

2. Match a first sentence (1-10) with a second (a-j) sentence

1'Shall we go to a Chinese restaurant this evening?'

2'May I borrow your calculator for a moment?'

3'Would you help me get the dinner ready?'

4'You shouldn't get upset so easily.'

5'You ought to have gone to the doctor as soon as you felt bad.'

6'Do you think I should go and complain to the manager?'

7'I'm sorry but you can't hand in the assignment a month late.'

8'Could I have some time off to visit my friend in hospital?'

9'Can I get you anything from the shops?'

10 'You shouldn't have spoken like that to your mother.'

a.'Not really, I'll be popping out myself in a minute.'

b.'I'd rather stay at home.'

c.'Actually, it would be difficult to do without you right now.'

d.'Could you give me another week then?'

e.'It's up to you really; it depends how strongly you feel.'

f.'I'm sorry but I'm using it.'

g.'I've apologised, what else can I do?'

h.'Do I have to? I've got to do my homework.'

i.'I can't help it, he really makes me furious.'

j.'I couldn't because there was no one to take me.'

3.Put in ‘ll, won’t, would or wouldn’t.

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fer to work for companies that are responsible. There is a global skills shortage and companies must compete for talent.

Out of all of these developments came corporate social responsibility (CSR). Many businesses and corporations have CSR policies, initiatives and reports. CSR has many different models and definitions, depending on the company and country. For some companies, CSR may just mean giving to charities and not-for-profit organisations. However, for most companies it will be much more; they may try to run their core business in a way that is socially and environmentally responsible.

Businesses that focus on CSR will be thinking about how to reduce the environmental impact of their products: how they can make their whole supply chain sustainable; and how they can work with their local communities to improve their welfare.

A CSR unit may be responsible for carbon offsetting; they may go through each project line by line, ensuring that it aligns with the corporate CSR policy. They may inspect the factories or source materials of suppliers. Each project may be required to do an environmental impact assessment (EIA), which may lead to certain actions being taken to mitigate the environmental risks or climate change results. New products may have to undergo a lifecycle assessment to analyse how each step affects the environment, so that the company can then reduce or offset those risks.

Think of the best heading for each paragraph. Summaries the main idea of each paragraph in one sentence.

Unit 6

Marketing

1. Give Russian equivalents to:

Barrier to entry

Benefit – beneficial

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