- •Innholdsfortegnelse Constitution of society del 3, fra side 180 og ut
- •Chapter 4 (continued from part one)
- •Critical Notes: 'Structural Sociology' and Methodological In dividualism
- •References: Structure, System, Social Reproduction
- •13 Karl Marx, Capital (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1970), p. 72. An
- •References Critical Notes: `Structural Sociology' and Methodological Individualism
- •19 J. W. N. Watkins, `Historical explanation in the social sciences', in
- •5. Change, Evolution and Power
- •Critical Notes: Parsons on Evolution
- •References: Change, Evolution and Power
- •10 Julian h. Steward, Theory of Culture Change (Urbana: University
- •31 See some of the examples discussed in a. Kardiner, The Individual and His Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939).
- •References: Critical Notes: Parsons on Evolution
- •6. Structuration Theory, Empirical Research and Social Critique
- •306 Structuration Theory, Empirical Research and Social Critique
- •Critical Notes: Social Science, History and Geography
- •References: Structuration Theory, Empirical Research and Social Critique
- •32 A point made by Skocpol; see Theda Skocpol, States and Social
- •33 G. K. Ingham, Capitalism Divided? The City and Industry in Britain
- •48 `Classical social theory and the origins of modern sociology', in
- •References: Critical Notes: Social Science, History and Geography
- •Glossary of Terminology of Structuration Theory
- •Bibliography
10 Julian h. Steward, Theory of Culture Change (Urbana: University
of Illinois Press, 1955), p. 248.
11 Julian Huxley, `Evolution, cultural and biological', in William C. Thomas, Current Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), p. 3.
((276))
12 Leslie A. White, The Evolution of Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill 1959), pp. 29-30.
13 Marshall D. Sahlins and Elman R. Service, Evolution and Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960), pp. 12-13. For other definitions see, inter alia, the following: V. Gordon Childe, The Progress of Archaeology (London: Watts, 1944); Theodosius Dobzhansky, Mankind Evolving (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962); Sol Tax, The Evolution of Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960); Robert A. Manners, Process and Pattern in Culture (Chicago: Aldine, 1964); Betty J. Meggers, Evolution and Anthropology: a Centennial Appraisal (Washington: Anthropological Society, 1959); L. Stebbins, The Basis of Progressive Evolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969); Leslie A. White, `Diffusion vs. evolution: an anti-evolutionist fallacy', American Anthropologist, vol. 44, 1945; Alexander Alland, Evolution and Human Behaviour (Garden City: Natural History Press, 1967); Eliot D. Chapple, Culture and Biological Man (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970); George W. Stocking, Race, Culture and Evolution (New York: Free Press, 1968).
14 Leslie A. White, `Evolutionary stages, progress, and the evaluation of cultures', Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 3, 1947; idem, The Evolution of Culture, chapter 2.
15 For relevant discussions, see John W. Bennett, The Ecological Transition (New York: Pergamon Press, 1976); Alexander Alland, Adaptation in Cultural Evolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970); M.-H. Appley, Adaptation-Level Theory: A Symposium, (New York: Academic Press, 1971); J. Cohen, Man in Adaptation (Chicago: Aldine, 1968); Arthur S. Boughey, Man and the Environment (New York: Macmillan, 1971); Rene Dubos, Man Adapting (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965); Ronald Munson, Man and Nature (New York: Felta, 1971); George A. Theodorson, Studies in Human Ecology (New York: Row, Peterson, 1961); Andrew P. Vayda, Environment and Cultural Behaviour (New York: Natural History Press, 1969); Niles Eldredge and Ian Tattersall, The Myths of Human Evolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981).
16 There are biologists who would dispute this, however. Thus Ehrlich et al.: `Because of the extremely loose application of the term adaptation in the biological literature, it might be wise to drop it completely.' Paul R. Ehrlich et al., The Process of Evolution (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), p. 337.
17 Roy A. Rappaport, `Ritual, sanctity and cybernetics', American Anthropologist, vol. 73, 1971, p. 60. For critical remarks, see Anne
((277))
Whyte, `Systems as perceived', in J. Friedman and M. J. Rowlands, The Evolution of Social Systems (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978).
18 Thomas G. Harding, `Adaptation and stability', in Sahlins and Service, Evolution and Culture, pp. 45 and 48.
19 Cf. Niklas Luhmann, `Funktion and Kausalitut', Soziologische Aufklårung, Koln—Opladen, 1970, vol. 1.
20 V. Gordon Childe, `Prehistory and Marxism', Antiquity, vol. 53, 1979, pp. 93—4. (This article was originally written in the 1940s but not published in Childe's lifetime.)
21 CCHM, chapter 3. I do not see how the following statement of Lenski's can be defended: `Like a species, a human society is an "isolated" population whose members share a pool of information and are therefore bound to a common evolutionary path.' Gerhard Lenski, Human Societies (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970), p. 60. For critical comments, see Pamela J. Utz, `Evolutionism revisited', Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 15, 1973.
22 Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Sociology (New York: Appleton, 1899), vol. 2, p. 110.
23 Cf. Colin Renfrew, `Space, time and polity', in Friedman and Rowlands, The Evolution of Social Systems.
24 Ernest Gellner, Thought and Change (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964), pp. 12-13.
25 V. S. Naipaul, India, a Wounded Civilization (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976).
26 Sahlins, `Evolution: specific and general', in Sahlins and Service, Evolution and Culture, pp. 30—1.
27 Freud, Civilisation and its Discontents (London: Hogarth, 1969), p. 26.
28 Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (New York: Vintage, 1955), p. 12.
29 Norbert Elias, The Civilising Process, vol. I, The History of Manners (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978), vol. 2, pp. 232—3.
30 I pursue some of these themes in Between Capitalism and Socialism, vol. 2 of CCHM.