References: Structure, System, Social Reproduction

1 CPST, pp. 222-5.

2 CCHM, chapter 8.

3 Ibid., pp. 45—6. My discussion here modifies my earlier version of this problem only slightly. For other sections drawn upon here, see pp. 157—64 and 166—9.

4 I have followed Eberhard's discussion closely in the preceding few paragraphs: Wolfram Eberhard, Conquerors and Rulers (Leiden: Brill, 1965), p. 9, and passim.

5 Marshall G. S. Hodgson, `The interrelations of societies in history', Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 5, 1962—3, p. 233.

6 H. A. Gailey, A History of Africa, 1800 to the Present (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1970—2, 2 vols.; Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1970).

7 T. Carlstein, `The sociology of structuration in time and space: a time-geographic assessment of Giddens's theory', Swedish Geo-graphical Yearbook (Lund: Lund University Press, 1981); Derek

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Layder, Structure, Interaction and Social Theory (London: Routledge, 1981); J. B. Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Margaret S. Archer, `Morphogenesis versus structuration: on combining struc­ture and action', British Journal of Sociology, vol. 33, 1982.

8 Carlstein, `The sociology of structuration in time and space', pp. 52—3. See also John Thompson, Critical Hermeneutics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 143—4.

9 Roy Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism (Brighton: Harvester, 1979), p. 42.

10 Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp. 39-40.

11 Ibid., pp. 50 and 52.

12 Ibid., pp. 2—3.

13 Karl Marx, Capital (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1970), p. 72. An

instructive discussion of this issue appears in Gillian Rose, The

Melancholy Science (London: Macmillan, 1978), chapter 3.

14 Karl Marx, Grundrisse (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), p. 157.

15 See CPST, chapter 5.

16 Prepared for the writing of CCHM but not in the final version included therein.

17 The classification also leaves open the possibility of other types — for example, state socialist society as distinct from capitalism, as well, of course, as other forms of societal organization that might conceivably develop in the future.

18 The view expressed in CCHM, p. 164, `The city is the locus of the mechanisms which produce system integration', is rather inade­quately formulated. Moreover, I do not want to convey that the city—countryside relation is a unitary or single one; it is hetero­geneous and complex when considered across the generality of societies.

19 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); cf. Spengler: Is it not ridiculous to oppose a "modern" history of a few centuries, and that history to all intents localized in West Europe, to an "ancient" history which covers as many millennia — incidentally dumping into that "ancient history" the whole mass of the pre-Hellenic cultures, unprobed and unordered, as mere appendix matter?' Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West (London: Allen & Unwin, 1961), p. 38.

20 Cf. note 2 above.

21 Cf. my essay, `The nation-state and violence'.

22 CPST pp. 104-5.

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23 Marx, Capital, p. 110.

24 Ibid., pp. 110 and 103.

25 Ibid., p. 168.

26 For an earlier version of some of these points, see CSAS, chapter 6.

27 Marx, Capital, vol. 1, p. 337.

28 Ibid., p. 338.

29 Ibid., p. 356.

30 Marx, Capital, vol. 1, p. 111.

31 CPST, pp. 141ff.

32 Claude Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology (London: Allen Lane, 1968), pp. 365-6.

33 Claude Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), p. 93.

34 This is a major preoccupation of Between Capitalism and Socialism.

35 CCHM, chapters 7, 8 and 9. I also leave out of consideration here

the very important question (also analysed in CCHM) of the

relations between capitalism, the state and class divisions.

36 A theme more fully developed in Between Capitalism and Socialism.

37 See John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires (Chapel

Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982): `If a class is

conceived of as a grouping in conflict with another class, then,

indeed, aristocracies and peasantries are not classes at all' (p. 75).

38 Ibid., pp. 5-6. See also Henri J. M. Claessen and Peter Skalnik,

The Early State (The Hague: Mouton, 1978).

39 Edward Shils, Tradition (London: Faber & Faber, 1981), p. 280.

40 Arthur Waley, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China (London:

Allen & Unwin, 1939), p. 38. For an extended discussion, see J. G.

A. Pocock, `The origins of the study of the past', Comparative

Studies in Society and History, vol. 4, 1961-2.

41 Claude Levi-Strauss, Totemism (London: Merlin, 1964), p. 98.

42 Ibid. Levi-Strauss also remarks, `The Dakota language possesses no word to designate time, but it can express in a number of ways modes of being in duration. For Dakota thought, in fact, time constitutes a duration in which measurement does not intervene: it is a limitless "free good"' (p. 99). Interesting observations relevant to these issues are made in Birgit Schintlholzer, Die Auflosung des Geschichtbegriffs im Strukturalisrnus, doctoral dissertation (Hamburg, 1973).

43 E. P. Thompson, The Poverty of Theory (London: Merlin, 1978), pp. 86 and 291.

44 G. Vico, The New Science (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 382, para. 1108.

45 Thompson, The Poverty of Theory, p. 86.

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46 Alain Touraine, The Self Production of Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), p. 238.

47 Herbert Blumer, `Collective behaviour', in Alfred M. Lee, Principles of Sociology (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1951), p. 199.

48 Norman Cohn, `Mediaeval millenarianism: its bearing upon the comparative study of millenarian movements', in Silvia L. Thrupp, Millenial Dreams in Action (The Hague: Mouton, 1962), p. 31.

49 Cf. J. A. Banks, The Sociology of Social Movements (London: Macmillan, 1972), pp. 20-1, and passim.

50 Andre Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class (London: Pluto, 1982).