References: Structuration Theory, Empirical Research and Social Critique

1 Cf. NRSM, chapter 3.

2 Paul Willis, Learning to Labour (Farnborough: Saxon House, 1977).

3 Ibid., p. 11.

4 Ibid., pp. 29-30.

5 Ibid., p. 33.

6 Cf. especially ibid., chapter 5.

7 Quoted ibid., p. 64.

8 Ibid., p. 107.

9 G. A. Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History, a Defence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978).

10 Here I draw upon my discussion in `Commentary on the debate', a debate about functionalism, in Theory and Society, vol. 11, 1982.

11 Willis, Learning to Labour, p. 66.

12 Ibid., pp. 68ff.

13 Ibid., p. 107.

14 See CPST, pp. 104-6.

15 Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 1 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1970), p. 169.

16 Reported in Diego Gambetta, `Were They Pushed or did They Jump?', Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University, 1982.

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17 A. Leibowitz, `Family background and economic success: a review of the evidence', in P. Taubman, Kinometrics: Determinants of Socioeconomic Success Between and Within Families (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977).

18 M. Barbagli, Disoccupazione intellettuale e sisterna scolastico in Italia (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1974).

19 Ibid.; quoted in Gambetta, `Were They Pushed or did They Jump?', pp. 225-6.

20 Ibid., pp. 243-4.

21 NRSM, chapter 3.

22 Jon Elster, Logic and Society, Contradictions and Possible Worlds (Chichester: Wiley, 1978); idem, Ulysses and the Sirens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); R. Boudon, The Unintended Consequences of Social Action (London: Macmillan, 1982).

23 Elster, Logic and Society, chapter 5.

24 Ibid., pp. 113-18.

2.5 This is the phenomenon made well known by Olson; see Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963).

26 Boudon, The Unintended Consequences of Social Action, chapter 4; critical comments are made by Elster in Logic and Society, pp. 126-7.

27 See especially the now classic article by Offe and Ronge: Claus Offe and Volker Ronge, `Theses on the theory of the state', New German Critique, vol. 6, 1975.

28 Ibid., p. 250.

29 Offe's own research has been concerned particularly with education and labour markets. His argument is that educational and training policies are strongly influenced by the perceived need to enhance the saleability of labour power. `Laissez faire', and `welfare state-protective' policies are compared with ones concerned with `administrative re-commodification': see Claus Offe, Struktur-probleme des kapitalistischen Staates (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1972); idem, Berufsbildungsreform. (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1975).

30 Each of these three cases comes from Sam D. Sieber, Fatal Remedies (New York: Plenum Press, 1981), pp. 60-1, 67-8, 85.

31 CPST, p. 144.

32 A point made by Skocpol; see Theda Skocpol, States and Social

Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. xii.

33 G. K. Ingham, Capitalism Divided? The City and Industry in Britain

(London: Macmillan, 1984).

34 Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Capital (London: Routledge, 1981).

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35 Ingham, Capitalism Divided?

36 I have criticized this tendency in several sources; see Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), chapter 15; CSAS, Introduction; CPST, chapter 6.

37 The example comes from Thomas P. Wilson, to whose work on this matter I am greatly indebted. See `Qualitative "versus" quantitative methods in social research', Department of Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara, 1983 (mimeo). Published in German in

the Kolner Zeitschrift fiir Soziologie and Sozialpsychologie, vol. 34,

1982. See also Douglas W. Maynard and Thomas P. Wilson: `On the reification of social structure', in Scott G. McNall and Gary N.

Howe, Current Perspectives in Social Theory, vol. 1 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1980).

38 Wilson, `Qualitative "versus" quantitative methods in social research', p. 20.

39 Cf. CPST. pp. 248-53.

40 Peter Winch, The Idea of a Social Science (London: Routledge, 1963).

41 Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (London: Sheed & Ward, 1975).

42 CPST, pp. 250-3.

43 NRSM, pp. 150-3.

44 Ibid.

45 J. C. Crocker, `My brother the parrot', in J. D. Sapis and J. C. Crocker, The Social Use of Metaphor (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977); also discussed in Dan Sperber, `Apparently irrational beliefs', in Martin Hollis and Steven Lukes, Rationality and Relativism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).

46 Roy Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism (Brighton: Harvester, 1979), pp. 80ff.

47 Carl G. Hempel, Philosophy of Natural Science (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966), p. 55.