Addiction used to be defined in terms of the severity of the withdrawal. Then the idea of the three Cs was coined: Compulsion, less of Control and Continued use.

Many people used to take natural resources for granted. We have wasted many of those resources and caused thousands of hectares of land to become useless.

A hundred years ago people used to eat on average a kilo of sugar each year. Now we eat a kilo a week.

The cooperation of industry, labor, and government in developing various protective measures has made silicosis a much less common disease today than it used to be.

Scientists used to think that adult illnesses like diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer were the result of either unhealthy living or bad genes. No longer. New research suggests that these conditions may have their roots before birth.

Infectious diseases used to be the most serious health problem, but work by Pasteur [pa:s'ta:] and Lister ['hsta] in the 19th century helped to reduce them.

People used to believe that medical help was necessary only when they became ill. It is now widely recognised that preventive medicine has an important role to play in maintaining the health of the population at large.

Раздел 16 Перевод сложных определений

Упражнение 81

А. Найдите в предложениях существительные, к ко­торым относятся выделенные сложные определе­ния. В случае если определение не имеет парал­лели в русском языке, оно переводится либо раз­вёрнутым определением, либо придаточным пред­ложением.

Б. Переведите предложения.

Some physicians also prescribe a high-protein diet to compensate for the protein lost in the urine.

This two-way exchange takes place across the placental membrane, which is semi-permeable.

Rubella is a mild systemic disease caused by a virus which is also called three- day measles.

The retina is composed of light-sensitive neurons arranged in three layers.

Hypoglycemia is a lower-than normal level of glucose in the blood.

Low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight infants are particularly susceptible to infections because their immunologic system is deficient.

Placebo is an inactive substance or less-than-effective dose of a harmless substance prescribed and administered as if it were an effective dose of a needed drug.

Untreated, the pain that accompanies all-too-common ailments such as arthritis, cancer and neurological disorders can slow recovery and severely impair a person's quality of life.

Through the one-cell-layer-thick walls of capillaries oxygen and nutrients are passed from arterioles to body tissue.

At a biochemical level, caffeine increases levels of catecholamines, the neuro- transmitters involved in the fight-or-flight response.

Medicines are divided into two main classes: prescription medicines and over- the-counter medicines.

Microorganisms provide easy-to-work-with material for studying the complex processes of life, e.g. metabolism.

Face is the most-looked-at part of anybody's body.

An as-yet-undefined relationship exists between asthma and the emotions.

There is no as-yet-successful treatment for curing this disorder.

Various not-yet-fully-understood factors may result in acute pancreatitis.

Skin care is important, especially for infants and not-yet-toilet-trained toddlers.

Doctors recommend the early-to-bed-early-to-rise routine.

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Упражнение 82

А. Найдите в предложениях определения, выражен­ные особой формой прилагательного, второй час­тью которого является слово -shaped, означающее "имеющий форму" (на форму указывает первая часть сложного определения).

Например: V-shaped

имеющий форму буквы V (V-образный) Б. Переведите предложения.

Animal cells may be round, egg-shaped, or rectangular.

Blood platelets are small coin-shaped particles, much smaller than the red cells.

Chromosomes are V-shaped pieces seen in the nuclei of cells during cell division, but not seen in resting cells.

The pancreas lies within the abdomino-pelvic cavity in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and small intestine.

Men has two bean-shaped kidneys located in the posterior part of the abdomen.

A tonsil is an almond-shaped mass of lymphoid tissue at either side of the back of the mouth.

A snail-shaped bony canal, the cochlea, winds two and a half times around a pillar of bone and opens into the wall of vestibule.

The L-shaped palatine bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate.

The clavicles are S-shaped bones that originate at the superior and lateral border of the manubrium of the sternum.

The hyoid is a small U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue supporting the tongue and its muscles.

The horseshoe-shaped large intestine begins at the end of the ileum and ends at the anus.

Mitochondria are sausage-shaped bodies with a highly folded interior.

Smooth muscle consists of spindle-shaped cells 40-200 mm long and 4-20 mm thick with a central nucleus.

The scapula is a flat triangular-shaped bone, that has certain prominent processes.

Each tracheal cartilage is C-shaped. The closed portion of the С protects the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea. The open portion of the С faces posteriously, toward the esophagus.'