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complete brittle failure. The impact mass has been dropped on the centre of slab, which shows that more damage happened in the centre and the cracks were extended from the centre to the edges of the slab. The mode of failures was observed in fibre reinforced concrete slabs and a conventional slab as shown in figures.

The damaged levels of specimen S7 are lower compared to the other specimens. It is clearly seen that the conventional slab of an ultimate crack occurs after 28 blows due to the load applied in the centre, shear failure was observed in the centre and failed completely.

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9. Impact Energy. The top surface of the concrete slab was subjected to a number of impact blows due to the circular ball mass of 3.8 kg falling from a height H of 457 mm. The number of impact blows on the slab, the initial crack as well as the ultimate crack were identified and observed. Table 5 presents the energy at initial crack and ultimate crack under the repeated falling impact loading test. The results achieved are the addition of steel fibre which improved both initial and ultimate crack resistance for specimen S7. Compared to specimen S7, in control specimen S1 crack initiation and ultimate crack have increased by 12 and 26 %. Likewise, the observed ultimate crack increased by 19, 19 and 17 % for specimens S4, S10 and S6. The usage of steel fibres has created a good bond in the concrete. The steel fibre played a major role in arresting cracks and also has a high tensile strength of about >1100 MPa.

By comparing specimens S4&S7, S10&S7, and S6&S7, it can be seen the initial crack and ultimate crack in specimens S4, S10, S6 have increased compared to specimen S7. Specimen S4 of the initial crack and ultimate crack increased by 13.7 and 14 % compared to specimen S7. The initial crack and ultimate crack of specimen S10 increased by 18 and

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14 % compared to specimen S7. Specimen S6 of the initial and ultimate crack increased by 14 and 16 % compared to specimen S7. The maximum increases of the initial and ultimate crack were observed by control specimen S1, which was 12 % in the case of initial crack and 26 % in the case of ultimate crack respectively. This indicates that the slab specimen S7 has a higher impact compared to the other specimens including the control one under impact loading.

Fig. 8. Impact strength of concrete slabs

10. Ductility Index. The impact ductility index is the ratio of UC energy and the initial crack

energy. The impact ductility index of various mixes is shown in Fig. 9.

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Fig. 9. Impact ductilityindex

Compared to the all slab specimens, the IDI was observed to be high in specimen S10, because absorbed energy is very low at the crack initiation compared to the ultimateone.

Conclusion. The performances of ternary blended concrete slab with steel fibre against impact load were investigated and the final conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental results.

The ternary blended cementitious materials of fly ash and glass powder are used as an alternative material for cement inorder to reducethequantityofcement aswellasthecost ofcement.

The replacement level of fly ash and glass powder were found to be 20 and 30 % with steel fibre 2.25 %. It shows a better performance of impact strength compared to the other replacement levels.

The fibre reinforced concrete slab (FRCS) specimen S7 absorbed high energy compared to the other concrete slab specimens and maximum crack controlled.

Among the fibre reinforced concrete slabs (FRCS) the UCR and UCRR was observed to be high in specimen S10 compared to the other ones.

The maximum width of the crack of the slab specimen at the ultimate crack failure was less pronounced in specimen S10.

The impact ductility index (IDI) was found and the specimen S10 was higher than the other specimens. The specimen S10 showed a better IDI than the other slab specimens.

The damaged levels of specimens from S3 to S10 against impact loading are less pronounced than conventional slab specimen S1. Complete failure was observed in conventional slab specimen S1.

References

1.S. Taner Yildirim. Properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under repeated impact loads. Russian Journal of Non-destructive Testing, 2010, vol. 46, pp. 538––546.

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2.Tarek H. Almusallam, Aref A. Abadel, Yousef A. Al-Salloum, Nadeem A. Siddiqui, Husain Abbas. Effectiveness of hybrid-fibers in improving the impact resistance of RC slabs. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2015, vol. 81, pp. 61––73.

3.Doo-Yeol Yoo, Nemkumar Banthia. Impact resistance of fiber-reinforced concrete.Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019, vol. 104, pp. 103––389.

4.H. A. Abdalla. Evaluation of deflection in concrete membersreinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Composite Structures, 2002, vol. 56, pp. 63––71.

5.Hamid Sadraie Alireza Khaloo, Hesam Soltani. Dynamic performance of concrete slabs reinforced with steel and GFRP bars under impact loading. Engineering Structures, 2019, vol. 191, pp. 62––81.

6.Oguz Duzgun, Rustem Gul, Abdulkadir Cuneyt Aydin. Effect of steel fibers on the mechanical properties of natural lightweight aggregate concrete.Materials Letters, 2015, vol. 59, pp. 3357––3363.

7.Leila Soufeiani a, Sudharshan N. Raman b, MohdZamin Bin Jumaat a, Ubagaram Johnson Alengaram a, GhasemGhadyani a, PriyanMendis c. Influences of the volume fraction and shape of steel fibers on fiber reinforced concrete subjected to dynamic loading – A review. Engineering Structures, 2016, vol. 124,

pp.405––417.

8.Fethi Sermet, Anil Ozdemir. Investigation of Punching Behaviourof Steel and Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slabs Under Normal Load. Procedia Engineering, 2016, vol. 161, pp. 458––465.

9.Tohid Mousavi, Erfan Shafei. Impact response of hybrid FRP-steel reinforced concrete slabs. Structures, 2019, vol. 19, pp. 436––448.

10.Cengiz Duran Atis, Okan Karahan. Properties of steel fiber reinforced fly ash concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2009, vol. 23, pp. 392––399.

11.Eethar Thanon Dawood, Mahyuddin Ramli. High strength characteristics of cement mortar reinforced with hybrid fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 2011, vol. 25, pp. 2240––2247.

12.Young Keun Cho, Sang Hwa Jung, Young Cheol Choi. Effects of chemical composition of fly ash on compressive strength of fly ash cement mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, vol. 204,

pp.255––264.

13.Victor Marcos-Meson, Alexander Michel, Anders solgaard, Gregorfischer, Carola Edvardsen, Torbenlundskovhus. Corrosion resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete – A literature Review. Cement and concrete research, 2018, vol. 103, pp. 1––20.

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TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION

OF CONSTRUCTION

DOI10.36622/VSTU.2021.52.4.009

UDC639.86:004

А. V. Mishchenko 1, E. P. Gorbaneva 2, 3, M. A. Preobrazhensky 4

REDUCTION OF THE BIM DIMENSION OF THE FULL LIFE CYCLE

OF BUILDING AND FACILITIES *

Voronezh State Technical University 1, 2, 4

Russia, Voronezh

Research Institute of Building Physics RAASN 3

Russia, Moscow

1 PhD student of the Dept. of Technology, Organization of Construction, Expertise and Property Management, e-mail: mi9539@yandex.ru

2, 3 PhD in Engineering, Assoc. Prof. of the Dept. of Technology, Organization of Construction, Expertise and Property Management, Senior Researcher, RAASN, e-mail: egorbaneva@vgasu.vrn.ru

4 PhD in Physics and Mathematics, Assoc. Prof. of the Dept. of Physics, e-mail: pre4067@yandex.ru

Statement of the problem. The subject of the research is information models of a complete life project in the sector of architecture, design and construction and maintenance of buildings and structures. The purpose of the research is to optimize BIM technologies by building a model based on a discrete vector data description.

Results. Analyzed the main obstacles to the widespread introduction of BIM technologies and procedures for the full life cycle of a construction project in the practice of the construction complex of the Russian Federation throughout the entire life cycle of the project, including the stages of construction, operation and disposal, as well as global trends in this process. The method of BIM dimension reduction based on discrete vector data description is formulated. The technology of forming a hierarchical dynamically added and updated information base BIM, taking into account the possibility of its aggregation, has been developed. The algorithms proposed in this work are implemented in the shell of a relational database management system.

Conclusions. BIM dimension reduction, based on a discrete vector description of data, allows you to completely solve the problems of both designing and updating the BIM information base, and its transfer between project participants. BIM data formats are determined by the stage of the complete project life cycle. Fully functional for the stage of determining the scope of work on a project, BIM is one-dimensional and is simply determined by the vector of clusters of a lower degree of integration, which allows you to completely overcome all obstacles to the widespread introduction of BIM technologies and procedures of the full life cycle of a construction project into practice. The optimal shell for the implementation of BIM technologies is relational databases.

Keywords: information modeling of buildings, organizational levels, life cycle, digitalization.

Introduction. The digital transformation of the global economy has been causing a signifi-

cant increase in its efficiency. By «digitalization» we mean the optimization of processes, or-

© Mishchenko А. V., Gorbaneva E. P., Preobrazhensky M. A., 2021

* This research was supported by Project # 3.1.7.1 within the 2021-2023 Plan of Fundamental Research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering and Ministry of Civil Engineering and Public Utilities of the Russian Federation. The experimental studies have been carried out using the facilities of the Collective Research Center named after Professor Yu.M. Borisov, Voronezh State Technical University, which is partly supported by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation, Project No 075-15-2021-662.

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ganizational structures and methods of project implementation which must be aligned with digital technologies. In [1], a positive correlation was identified between the growth of the industry and its digitalization index (hereinafter –– DI). This fact is illustrated in Fig. 1. At the same time, the speed ofthedigital processing process qualitatively varies for different industries.

Fig. 1. Correlation between productivitygrowth and digitalization index in various industries in Europe for 2015––2018. The frame indicates the construction industry(Remes et al. 2018)

Unfortunately, the construction industry is an absolute outsider of the transformation occuring in the world and is thus one of the outsiders of industrial growth. In Europe, less than in the construction industry, growth was demonstrated only by the extraction of minerals (including hydrocarbons) and utilities. Nevertheless even these industries have surpassed construction in terms of digitalization and accumulated a considerable growth potential. A similar situation developed in the United States where the construction industry is only ahead of agriculture and hunting in regards to DI. This gap can only be addressed by means of embedded and comprehensive implementation of BIMtechnologies and processes at all levels ofthe construction industry.

Due to the growing lag in the construction industry, accelerating the adoption of BIM technologies is an absolute imperative. However, as evidenced by the results of studies [2], this implementation even in the developed countries of Europe, North America and Asia is characterized byunevenness and imbalance. This fact is illustrated in Fig. 2.

The extreme limited and imbalanced implementation of BIM in Russia revealed by international research is calling for an extra focus.

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Fig. 2. Nine distribution rates of BIM in 21 countries in 2017

1. Study of the implementation of BIM technologies at all stages of the life cycle of buil-

dings and structures in various countries. In order to describe the balanced distribution of BIM, three BIM implementations (technology, process and policy) were examined which are superimposed on the same number of BIM capabilities (modeling, collaboration and integration), which summarizes the nine areas of distribution. The results indicate an uneven distribution of diffusion rates across countries. E.g., in the Netherlands, Great Britain, Finland and Korea, the diffusion is quite balanced. In contrast, 2017, including Russia, saw extremely unbalanced BIM diffusion rates and even the complete absence ofsome of its area. According to experts, over the past four years, the situation in Russia has almost not turned round [3]. Overall, this study shows the prevalence of the technology diffusion and modeling domains. This contrast considerably degrades performance related to cooperation/integration processes and policies. These indications of the worldwide trend in the construction industryput a lot of emphasis on the adoption of digital technologies and related modeling techniques. Much less attention is paid to the processes and policies of cooperation and integration. In particular, in

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Russia this area of BIM application is still an uncharted territory. However, these processes are essential for taking the best advantage ofthe benefits offered by digital transformation. In [4] the synchronization of organizational changes calling for digital innovation support is assumed. At the same time, among the top players in digitalization, the processes of insufficiently developed cooperation and integration, organizational changes associated with digitalization have not yet been developed. As shown in [5] in regards to the multidimensional nature of changes caused by digitalization, the article [6] sets forth a conceptual framework consisting of three areas of change: technology, process and organization.

Some of the tasks of increasing the efficiency of cooperation and integration can be solved locally. To achieve the overall goal of deepening digital processing at the enterprise level, efforts need to be made to meet the following joint objectives:

implementation of process-oriented changes that involve the introduction of digital technologies in architectural and engineering firms as well as forms that contribute to the achievement of all the benefits of digitalization;

performing organizational changes. The introduction of digital technologies generates

progressive forms of organization that contribute to the achievement of all the benefits of digitalization in architectural and engineering firms.

So, according to [7], a study of a representative sample of Italian and Canadian firms revealed the following set of the most effective ganizational and technological solutions:

improving communication between architecture (A) and engineering (E) group and between groups A and visualization (R);

expanding marketing and business opportunities;

introduction of new equipment, software and tools.

integrated decision making for teams A and E;

improved consistency of results A and E;

automation of exchange files between commands A and R.

However, a considerable part of the tasks of digital implementation of the construction industry cannot be efficiently addressed at the local level of a separate organization of project participants and requires state participation. Awareness of this need for the implementation of state programs of the digital complex of the building complex in a number of countries of the European Union. The Federal Republic of Germany led the way in the area in 2015. The Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (FMTDI) in coordination with the private sector developed a three-step roadmap and the diffusion of BIM in Germany up to 2020.

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The preparatory phase of setting standards and legal solutions to the associated issues was successfully implemented in 2017. At the second pilot stage in 2020, experience was collected from the practical use of BIM in the implementation of a part of infrastructure projects funded by FMTDI. Since 2021, BIM has been compulsory in the implementation of all FMTDI infrastructure projects. All participants in the state contract sign a multilateral agreement, which includes a schedule of key BIM development operations based on the general and implementation of contributions of the parties (Mehrparteienvereinbarung).

Although the use of BIM is formally only mandatory in the public sector, the successful experience of using BIM and the developed legal and technical norms are successfully and increasingly used by the private sector of the construction complex in Germany. The non-gover- nmental self-governing association of German engineers (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure –– VDI) in 2020 developed and published and is working on improving the guidelines [8] including the technical aspects of the use of BIM. The requirements set forth in these guidelines will be recognized in Germany as progressive technologies (Stand der Technik). The document describes the following elements of interaction between the participants in the implementation of the contract:

information exchange protocols between participants

volume and content of transmitted information;

BIM exchange schedule;

BIM coordinator;

level of detail (LOD) and required data format (e.g., formats for representing geometry data and part attribute references (Bauteilattribute).

The major disadvantage of the currently implemented BIM is that in the overwhelming majority of cases the systems describe the design stage of new buildings and structures [9]. The exception is BIM of architectural heritage objects where a considerable progress has been made in automatic collection of topological and geometric data (most frequently based on laser scanning) [10] and the conversion of primary analog information into digital form [11], which makes it possible to obtain a three-dimensional model of the object. Adding 2D documents (e.g., text or numeric) allows one to obtain the so-called 5D «smart container» with interrelated information not only on the current state of the object, but also on its transformation in time [12]. The task of building 5D BIM is relevant not only for heritage sites, but also for the optimal operation of modern buildings throughout the entire life cycle [13], including the stages of construction, operation and disposal has not been sufficiently

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