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enclosure on rolled metal rods lead into the roof [2, p. 34]. Construction solutions are chosen based on the geometric parameters of the premises and for an artistic effect to be produced by each individual space. The characteristics of a material foundation of the Guell Palace is a construction authenticity: a construction solution is not concealed and pronounced in the interior.

Fig. 4. Cuts:

а) Casa Vicens [19, p. 235]; b) Guell Palace [14, p. 39];

c)Guell wine cellars [14, p. 73]; d) the Bellesguard villa [24, p. 133]; I is the first floor level

1.3.Guell wine cellars (1895—1901) are located on the Costa del Garraf, between Casteldefels and Sitges, not far from Barcelona. In the medieval complex (containing a house, temple and a fence dating back to the 16th century). A. Gaudi designed the main building serving the

residential and housekeeping purposes as well as a gated house of a door-keeper. A combination of the operating conditions, i.e. wine-making and stone mining, the Guells’ a short stay, hosting of guests, are central to the functional structure of the complex. In the ground floor of the old house there was a wine cellar that was joined with the cellar of the main building with a vaulted tunnel designed by A. Gaudi.

The main building has a long rectangular plan, a pyramid cut and consists of five levels as well as two underground storages (Fig. 4, 5).

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a

c

b

Fig. 5. Guell wine cellars (architect А. Gaudi). Functional zoning:

а) plan of the third floor [14, с. 122]; b) plan of the second floor [14, p. 122]; c) plan of the first floor [14, p. 122];

1 are the daytime premises; 2 are bedrooms;

3 are household and cleaning premises; 4 are passageways; 5 is a light well, multi-light space; 6 is a movement trajectory

The ground floor was used as a garage, stable for the staff room (for a stableman, housekeeper, servants) joined with the internal stairs with the first floor hall. The external stairs lead from the coast to a part of the first floor (through a semi-open space) and onto the entire second floor. In the first floor there is an apartment with two terraces (one is close and the other one is open to the coast), which is joined with the old building through the gallery. The upper level is taken up by a chapel and belvedere that serves as its portico. The belvedere is both internal and external space.

The linear structure of the planning is due to mutual location of the buildings, roads and slopes. The slanting walls and a restricted width of the building determine the only possible direction of the movement inside the building through the suite of premises or extra protruding volumes.

The structures that are similar to those used here were employed in Catalonia as early as in the medieval age. Based on the available data, the cellar is enclosed with diaphragm brick arches supported with a foundation as well as Catalan vaults between them (from thin empty bricks or plates of one or several layers) [20, p. 207]. Catalan vaults are also erected on the ground floor supported by the slanting external walls. The local construction tradition being retained might be due to the rationality of the approach, accessibility of the materials (all the external walls are

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made from stone mined here, in the Garraf quarry) and the work technology. The construction authenticity is due to open use of the rural Catalan construction technology.

1.4. The Bellesguard villa (1900—1909). The significance of the planning center belongs to the multi-light space of the angular volume with the front stairs that is the entrance area and the main passageway of the mansion (Fig. 6b).

The first march of the front stairs in the ground floor leads into the area of two-light daytime premises with the central hall in the middle. Below the stairs the housekeeping premises in the ground floor can be accessed as well as in the cellar (with the garage and stables) and the first-floor level. The principle of zoning is taken on a different level in the first floor: from different sides of the hall, the planning center there are two-light bedrooms and cleaning premises. The front climb ends and a small stairs leads into the space between the first and second floors (perhaps with the staff living rooms), onto the attic (with the music parlor and smoking room) and onto the attic for household purposes). In the single space of the attic rows of supports, beams and spires are central to conditional zoning.

Zoning is convenient due to a various access to different premises. Hence in the ground floor there is a passageway into the daytime premises through the housekeeping area. In the first floor the principle of the detour access into the residential area through the balcony that encircles the mansion from the North West into the North East. In the first floor the cleaning premises make up the internal planning core.

The planning of the second light provides natural lighting of the premises located deep down in the complex. Hence in the top from the first-floor level the cleaning premises are lit in the ground floor and the upper light of the first floor lights the hall of the space between the first and second floors.

On the roof there is a complex system of passageways: a circular passageway at the level of the flat roof is joined with the upper terraces, i.e. the central and angular ones.

In the interior the original construction solutions are visible. There is a selection of different methods for designing stonework enclosures without traditional beams (only enclosures of some of the staff rooms are an ordinary system of beams). The enclosure of the cellar is designed using a row of partitioning half-mast vaults that are supported by thick cylindrical columns. The walls and columns of the ground floor are made of brick and the flat vaults make up a ceiling with spiral metal stretching rods. The overlap of the first floor consists of thin longitudinal arches with the step of 60 сm where the overlapping floor from empty brick is laid [2, pp. 45—46].

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Fig. 6. Bellesguard villa (architect А. Gaudi). Functional zoning: а) plan of the cellar [24, p. 133]; b) plan of the ground floor [24, p. 133];

c)first floor space (between the ground and first floor) [24, p. 73]; d) plan of the first floor [24, p. 133];

e)first floor space (between the first floor and the attic) [24, p. 73]; f) plan of the attic [24, p. 133];

g)plan of the attic [24, p. 133]; h) plan of the roof (graphical reconstruction by V. О. Ignatieva);

1 are daytime premises; 2 are bedrooms; 3 are housekeeping and cleaning premises; 4 are passageways; 5 is a light well, multi-light space; 6 is a movement trajectory

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In the space of the attic serving as the music parlor the bearing walls are replaced by square brick supports (Fig. 7). Some of them are expanded in the upper part (like those reminding of a mushroom) for supporting a wide beam that three-blade arches with the thickness of a brick. A step of the three-blade arches consists of about one meter. Along the perimeter there are niches with smaller archers that support the slopes of the roof and the detour gallery of the terrace.

The material structure of the interior is represented by a finely designed construction foundation that is left nude in keeping with the unity of tectonics and aesthetics.

Fig. 7. Bellesguard villa. Attic. Photo by V. O. Ignatieva

2. Volumetric and planning structure of private residential houses in the context of a historical design tradition. A comparative analysis of the planning schemes of mansions of Mediterranean countries from 1880—1890 allows the typical characteristics of the principles of planning residential houses where daytime premises are in the ground floor, bedrooms (with boudoirs and toilets) are in the first one and housekeeping premises are in the top floor [1, p. 11, 12, 20]. The structure of an inside space complies with two typical schemes. In the first case the planning center is made up with an entrance hall with stairs and in the second one with a patio along with a dining-room and a living-room. With variations both schemes are implemented in the private residential houses by A. Gaudi where the significance of the planning center is given

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(except the Guell wine cellars) to the dining room (Casa Vicens), front stairs and multi-light hall (the Guell Palace), front stairs and central halls (the Bellesguard).

For A. Gaudi the principle of floor distribution is not only the continuation of the historic tradition but also its considerable development in three latest objects (Table 2). The cellar that houses the stable is given the function of a general-purpose storage. The kitchen is transferred from the cellar into the ground floor or the attic. The ground floor becomes a single passageway with extra premises. The spaces between the ground and first floor with the owner’s private premises are intermediate paths between the passageways and front premises, between the front premises and residential spaces. The first floor joins the front premises where the built-in chapel is transformed, i.e. is incorporated or isolated from the hall space. In the first two objects the upper floors houses the bedrooms and the last two are for the daytime premises. The attic is widely used as housekeeping premises also due to the kitchen being moved here (in the Guell Palace) or it traditionally remains an open space (at A. Gaudi’s times in Spain it was common for air circulation) [15, p. 49]. The roof becomes another significant planning level with a complex space of vintage points and promenade passageways.

Table 2 Functional structure of private residential houses in the historical tradition and in A.Gaudi’s objects

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Conclusions

Throughout the course of the study of the planning solutions for private residential houses of Mediterranean countries of 1880—1890 the main schemes of the organization of their internal structure and floor distribution of premises were identified. The resulting data were compared with the results of the comparative analysis of four mansions designed by A. Gaudi at the same time. The study indicates that in Catalan architecture the main principles of the historical tradition of the interior of private residential houses are implemented. The following solutions develop the historical traditions:

––providing various access to the building, floors and different functional areas (several passageways, stairs);

––floor distribution of the building (front, residential and extra premises at different levels; the space between the ground and first floor);

––a wide use of passageways and recreational spaces (terraces, galleries, verandahs, balcony). The comparative analysis of the volumetric and planning structure of private residential houses allowed for the first time for A.Gaudi’s signature principles that came to become unique for the architectural practices of the 19th –– early 20th centuries to be elaborated:

––stables moved into the cellar level (consequently in Casa Mila this led to an underground car parking);

––connections between the interior and exterior by means of introducing spaces with double purposes or intermediate (an internal, volumetric and planning structure is joined with the external, volumetric and planning one);

––a complex volumetric and planning organization for lighting of internal spaces of different types (as well as housekeeping and cleaning);

––buffer zones (and floors) between the spaces (and levels) for different purposes (passageways and front, residential and front);

––a complex spatial organization of the planning center;

––of space (consequently in Casa Mila it resulted in the implementation of the principle of free planning);

––introduction of the operating roof as a planning level;

––possible circular passageway along the perimeter of the building (completely at the level of the operating roof, partially along the façades).

The construction schemes became more complex: from the simplest mount-beam system to parabolic arches, vaults, slanted supports. By means of various applications of construction

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solutions (elementary, traditional Catalan or signature ones), a range of volumetric and planning schemes is implemented: from a traditional rectangular grid to a complex multi-level structure. The principle of construction authenticity or conversely, illusion or revealing or concealing a material foundation of architecture contributes to the expressive power of an internal organization of each object. Choosing the volumetric and planning and construction solutions agree with practical rationale and artistic power.

The schemes of zoning of four private residential houses designed by A.Gaudi were identified for the first time (as well as the plan of the roof of the Bellesguard villa was graphically recreated); the comparative characteristics of the laws of the planning organization of the objects by A. Gaudi and architectural heritage of Mediterranean countries were determined; the schemes of the construction solutions were graphically recreated.

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ARCHITECTURE OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES.

CREATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF ARCHITECTURAL ACTIVITY

UDC 72.01

A. G. Bolshakov1

A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL GRID AS AN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE AND FOUNDATION

FOR COMPETENCIES IN ARCHITECTURAL TRAINING

Irkutsk National Research Technical University

Russia, Irkutsk, tel.: 8(3952)40-5156, e-mail: andreybolsh@yandex.ru 1D.Sc. in Architecture, Prof., Head of the Dept. of Architectural Design

Statement of the problem. Inconsistent data on architectural space should be made more comprehensible in order to account for all the major properties of an artificial architectural medium. A connection between two aspects of designing architecture should be employed, i.e. architecture as a physical body and form-making factors of its geometry. This kind of information is instrumental in professional competencies in architectural training.

Results. An approach to accounting for the geometric properties of architecture using a system of sociocultural, technical, environmental and artistic factors of form-making has been developed. A topological structure, geometric design of the configuration and positioning in an architecture project are accounted for using five major causes of architecture. They are: 1) privacy and publicity of premises and locations; 2) architectonics as an art in an architectural space; 3) a topological structure of arranging movement in an architectural space; 4) a spatial grid as a tool of communication and architectural composition; 5) mass and void in a spatial gird as a landscaping tool.

Conclusions. A multi-dimensional grid is a model of an architectural space. The parameters of the cells and connections in a spatial grid are foundations of mutual connections of the geometry of an architectural space and form-making factors. An architectural space is capable of resonating to develop sociocultural, functional and aesthetic processes in an architectural medium. Prosperity and degradation in these spheres are associated with the arrangement and humanistic content of an architectural space. The obtained results are a foundation of the competencies in architectural training.

Keywords: a multi-dimensional grid; architectural space; form-making factors in architecture; mutual connections in the geometry of the quality of an environment; spatial factors as the competencies of architectural training.

Introduction. The primary goal of architecture is to design premises. Premises is a cell of an artificial environment that is necessary for human life or a small social group. A cell cannot be on its own unless it is designed for an isolated person. Even if it is a family, they need a

© Bolshakov A. G., 2018

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