Учебное пособие 2203

end points in case of flat at three points of eccentric compression in a general case. A feature of the developed method is obtaining and further using variable specified geometric characteristics of the section in the calculation (the area and inertia moments) depending on external axial forces and bending moment.

3. The use of non-linear deformation model leads to a significant change (an increase) of calculation transverse movements of eccentric compressed ferroconcrete elements and repeated distribution in statistically undetermined systems.

References

1.Aksenov V. N. K raschetu kolonn iz vysokoprochnogo betona po nedeformirovannoi scheme [To the calculation of columns of high-strength concrete on the undeformed scheme]. Beton i zhelezobeton, 2009, no. 1, pp. 24—26.

2.Baikov V. N., Gorbatov S. V., Dimitrov Z. A. Postroenie zavisimosti mezhdu napryazheniyami i deformatsiyami szhatogo betona po sisteme normiruemykh pokazatelei [The build dependencies between the stresses and strains of the compressed concrete system of indicators]. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel'stvo i arkhitektura, 1977, no. 616, pp. 15—18.

3.Birger I. A., Mavlyutov R. R. Soprotivlenie materialov [Strength of materials]. Moscow, Nauka, gl. red. fiz.- mat. lit. Publ., 1986. 560 p.

4.Gichko V. V. Raschet ustoichivosti gibkikh zhelezobetonnykh stoek deformatsionnym metodom [Calculation of stability of flexible reinforced concrete racks by deformation method]. Vestnik Belorussko-Rossiiskogo universiteta, 2015, no. 2 (47), pp. 119—127.

5.Gorbatov S. V., Smirnov S. G. Raschet prochnosti vnetsentrenno szhatykh zhelezobetonnykh elementov pryamougol'nogo secheniya na osnove nelineinoi deformatsionnoi modeli [Calculation of the strength of extracentric compressed concrete elements of rectangular cross-section on the basis of a nonlinear deformation model]. Vestnik MGSU, 2011, no. 2, pp. 72—76.

6.Karpenko N. I., Mukhamediev T. A. K raschetu prochnosti normal'nykh sechenii izgibaemykh elementov [To calculate the strength of the normal sections of bending elements]. Beton i zhelezobeton, 1983, no. 4, p. 11.

7.Katembo A. L., Safronov V. S. Raschet nesushchei sposobnosti vnetsentrenno szhatogo sterzhnya iz zhelezobetona s ispol'zovaniem deformatsionnoi modeli [The calculation of the bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed rod of reinforced concrete with the use of a deformation model]. Stroitel'naya mekhanika i konstruktsii, 2016, no. 1 (12), pp. 64—74.

8.Mailyan D. R., Muradyan V. A. K metodike rascheta zhelezobetonnykh vnetsentrenno szhatykh kolonn [The method of calculation of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete columns]. Inzhenernyi vestnik Dona, 2012, no. 4. Available at: http://www.ivdon.ru/magazine/archive/n4p2y2012/1333

9.Mailyan D. R., Khunagov R. A. Raschet dvukhsloinykh predvaritel'no napryazhennykh zhelezobetonnykh panelei [The calculation of the two-layer pre-stressed concrete panels]. Vestnik Maikopskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2011, no. 4, pp. 22—27.

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10.Muradyan V. A. Stepen' realizatsii diagrammy deformirovaniya betona vo vnetsentrenno szhatykh stoikakh [The extent of the deformation diagram of eccentrically compressed concrete in struts]. Inzhenernyi vestnik Dona, 2013, no. 3. Available at: http://www.ivdon.ru/magazine/archive/n3y2013/1847

11.Ulupov A. S. Problemy rascheta zhelezobetonnykh elementov mostov [Problems of calculation of reinforced concrete bridge elements]. Institut Giprostroimost, 2008, no. 26, pp. 56—68.

12.Shapiro D. M. Teoriya i raschetnye modeli osnovanii i ob"ektov geotekhniki [Theory and computational models of geotechnical bases and objects]. Moscow, ASV Publ., 2016. 180 p.

13.Shapiro D. M., Tyutin A. P. Deformatsionnyi nelineinyi raschet izgibaemykh zhelezobetonnykh balok v sostave plitno-rebristykh system [Deformation nonlinear calculation of bending reinforced concrete beams as a part of plate-ribbed systems]. Beton i zhelezobeton, 2011, no. 6, pp. 19—23.

14.Shapiro D. M., Tyutin A. P. Nelineinyi deformatsionnyi prostranstvennyi raschet zhelezobetonnykh proletnykh stroenii avtodorozhnykh mostov [Nonlinear deformation spatial calculation of reinforced concrete span structures of road bridges]. Stroitel'naya mekhanika i konstruktsii, 2013, no. 1 (5), pp. 102—108.

15.Shapiro D. M., Tyutin A. P. Nelineinyi prostranstvennyi raschet izgibaemykh plitno-balochnykh sistem iz zhelezobetonnykh balok so smeshannym armirovaniem [Nonlinear spatial calculation of bending plate-beam systems of reinforced concrete beams with mixed reinforcement]. Beton i zhelezobeton, 2014, no. 6, pp. 12—17.

16.Shapiro D. M., Tyutin A. P. Raschet i proektirovanie balochnykh zhelezobetonnykh predvaritel'no napryazhennykh proletnykh stroenii avtodorozhnykh mostov [Calculation and design of reinforced concrete beam prestressed span structures of road bridges]. Stroitel'naya mekhanika i konstruktsii, 2012, no. 2 (5), pp. 60—68.

17.Bambura A. M., Gіchko V. V. Viznachennya stіikostі zalіzobetonnikh gnuchkikh pozatsentrovo stisnutikh elementіv za sproshchenoyu metodikoyu [The definition of the stability of eccentrically compressed reinforced flexible elements using a simplified method]. Budіvel'nі konstruktsії: mіzhvіdomchii nauk.-tekh. zb., 2013, no. 78, kn. 2, pp. 64—71.

18.Gіchko V. V. Nesucha zdatnіst' gnuchkikh pozatsentrovo stisnutikh stіiok deformatsіinim metodom [Bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed flexible racks deformation method]. Budіvel'nі konstruktsії: mіzhvіdomchii nauk.-tekh. zb., 2011, no. 74, kn. 1, pp. 623—628.

19.Mkrtchyan A. M., Mailyan D. R., Aksenov V. N. Experimental study of reinforced concrete columns of highstrength concrete. Applied Sciences and technologies in the United States and Europe: common challenges and scientific findings: Papers of the 2nd International Scientific Conference, September 9—10, 2013. New York, USA, Cibunet Publishing, 2013, pp. 130—134.

20.Mkrtchyan A. M., Mailyan D. R., Aksenov V. N. Experimental study of the structural properties of highstrength concrete. European Applied Sciences: modern approaches in scientific researches: Papers of the 5th International Scientific Conference, August 26—27, 2013. Stuttgart, Germany, 2013, pp. 81—87.

21.Sheikh S. A., Uzumcri S. M. Analytic Model for Concrete Confinement in Tied Columns. Journal of the Structural Division. ASCE, 1982, vol. 108, no. 12, pp. 2703—2722.

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THEORY AND HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE,RESTORATION

AND RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL

AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

UDC 72.01

V. O. Ignatyeva1

VOLUMETRIC AND PLANNING STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

SOLUTIONS OF A. GAUDÍ’S PRIVATE HOUSES

Ural State University of Architecture and Art

Russia, Yekaterinburg, e-mail: Ignatyeva_VO@list.ru

1Senior Lecturer of the Dept. of Fundamentals of Architectural Design

Statement of the problem. As there has been unflagging interest in the creative heritage of the architect A. Gaudi and a well-established art science approach to investigating it, it is of importance to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the works by this great Catalan. In historiography there are no examples of strict comparative analysis of volumetric, planning and constructive characteristics of private houses created by A. Gaudi (Casa Vicens; Güell Palace; the Güell Bodegas; the Bellesguard Villa).

Results. The comparative analysis of volumetric, planning and constructive characteristics of four private houses created by A. Gaudi was performed chronologically; traditional and the author's solutions are formulated; the features of construction schemes and tendencies of their application were found.

Conclusions. A. Gaudi's innovation in the organization of private residences are as follows: placing of a stable in a cellar; complex organisation of the floor-plan diagram; introduction of intermediate spaces for communication of various zones, an interior and an exterior; supply of light exposure of internal rooms; transformation of spaces; multipurpose flat roofing. Constructive decisions provide rationality of the device and expressiveness of interiors, embody the elementary tectonic schemes and craft traditions of Catalonia, author's unique method and complex structures. Constructive truthfulness or illusiveness strengthens figurativeness of architecture by A. Gaudi.

Keywords: Gaudí Аntoni; Spanish architecture; private house; Casa Vicens; Güell Palace; the Güell Bodegas; the Bellesguard Villa.

Introduction. The importance of the study is due to how essential it is to investigate artistic methods of Antonio Gaudi as a palette of design tools for improving visual images of modern architecture. There is currently an unflagging interest towards to A.Gaudi’s work that lead to

© Ignatyeva V. O., 2018

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a growing number of publications in the field looking into the main aspects of the artistic heritage of the great Catalonian. A common perception of the unique style of the author’s architectural language and method is largely based on an extensive collection of creative biographies, fragmentary research, inconsistent descriptions of individual objects.

This article is the first to present a comparative analysis of some of private residential buildings designed by A. Gaudi in the chronological order. The shaping of the author’s individual style of designing private residential houses might shed light on A. Gaudi’s contribution to the Spanish heritage of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The level of information on the topic is indicated by a wide corpus of publications on A. Gaudi’s artistic heritage (creative style, architectural, constructional and symbolic features). The form-shaping tools, construction and engineering methods have been dealt with by scholars in individual studies (J. Bassegoda Nonell, González Moreno-Navarro, D. Gi- ralt-Miracle, H. Ibelings, A. V. Ikonnikov, Ye. V. Kalimov, M. A. Crippa, C. Martinel, Brunet, J. Molema, J. Roe, H. Teh-Chien, A.A. Tits, J. Tomlow, T. Torii, G. Fahr-Becker, K. Frampton, S. A. Khvorostukhin, G. Van Hensbergen, R. Zerbst, etc.) [2, 3, 5, 6, 8—12, 14—24].

Most of them took on an art methodology approach. In the paper by V. О. Ignatieva there is a study of volumetric and planning solutions and structure of three residential buildings designed by A. Gaudi in Barcelona with the main principles of their construction identified as part of the typology of the objects [4].

Up until recently there has been no consistent study of methods and solutions in A.Gaudi’s form-shaping tools employed in designing each individual residential building. Therefore the evolution of the author’s principles of designing private residential houses is yet to be addressed.

The objective of the study is to identify the volumetric and planning and construction principles of designing private residential houses by A.Gaudi: Casa Vicens (1883—1888), Guell Palace, (1886—1888), Guell wine cellars (1895—1901), the Bellesguard villa (1900—1909).

1. Volumetric and planning structure and construction solutions. The volumetric and planning structure of each of the four residential houses is presented in the chronological order. Meticulous description of the planning solutions is challenging owing to a number of factors. Firstly, the structures are partially or completely closed to visitors; secondly, available sketches are very basic and thus provide no insight into the organization of the object

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(plans of individual floors might be missing); thirdly, the façade structure is not representative of the interior; fourthly, individual premises were replanned; fifthly, there is no data on the function of individual buildings or floors. However, the analysis of the descriptions of the objects and comparison of sketches from different sources enabled us to synthesize our idea of the volumetric and planning structure of each building.

1.1. Casa Vicens (1883—1888). Following А. Gaudi the mansion was reconstructed by another architect (as well as expanded due to an extra flight between the bearing walls). An original volumetric and planning scheme was presented in the plans of the house following the reconstruction (Fig. 1).

The main entrance with a high porch was originally designed from the side of the façade facing the street in its left part. The laundry has a separate entrance (here as well) as well as a smoking room (from the opposite side). In the ground floor there were daytime premises (a dining room, verandah, smoking room), entrance hall, a backyard with stairs as well as household facilities, i.e. a kitchen and a laundry. The dining room was the center of the original planning structure that the remaining spaces are around it. The glassed verandah next to the dining room faces the garden, which connects the inside and outside spaces of the house.

The premises can be accessed in various ways: the hall and dining room can be used to move between the entrance hall and the smoking room. In the first floor there were bedrooms, in the second floor there were most likely to be staff rooms. A cellar was used for housekeeping purposes. The multilevel roofing was fitted with a passageway where the movement trajectory is arranged with dome pavilions.

Casa Vicens is structurally authentic, which means that the construction solution is expressed in the interior (Table 1). According to the simplest scheme, wood beams of the enclosures between the floors rely on the bearing stone walls. The enclosure of the cellar was made of cross-dome and cylindrical vaults, which is in keeping with the rural Catalan tradition [20, p. 235].

The description and size of a cut in the premises enclosed with such a vault is in agreement with a scheme of a cooper or billowed vault used in the Tsar Russia and the USSR [7, p. 236; 13, p. 21]. The roof of the house is a multi-level system of brick planes positioned along slanting wood beams. A non-standard solution allowed a passageway to be arranged along the roof at different heights (Fig. 1e).

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Fig. 1. Casa Viceas (architect A. Gaudi). Functional zoning:

а) plan of the cellar [24, p. 45]; b) plan of the ground floor [14, p. 39];

c)plan of the first floor [14, p. 39];

d)plan of the second floor [24, p. 45]; e) plan of the roof [24, p. 45];

1 are daytime premises; 2 are bedrooms; 3 are housekeeping and cleaning premises; 4 are passageways; 5 is a a light well, a multi-light space; 6 is a movement trajectory

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Table 1

Schemes of the construction of private residential houses by architect А. Gaudi

Scheme of the enclosure between the floors

Scheme of the support of console ledges

Scheme of the enclosure between the cellar and the ground floor

1.2. Guell Palace (1886—1888). The entrance hall of the ground floor is unique as it is part of the inside and outside space: the entrance portals only have a tracery filling of a forged grid. Carriages and vehicles proceeded through the entrance hall and then onto the carriage premises and visitors followed to the front staircase along the pavement (they drove in both directions from the stairs for the convenience of two carriages coming and going) (Fig. 2b). The front staircase connects a two-light space with the mezzanine floor where the stairs lead into the first floor.

The planning structure of the palace, which is complex for perception, is different from floor to floor, which creates an illusion of moving along a labyrinth and a vision of larger sizes of the structure (18×22 m). The significance of the planning center moves to the front stairs of the entrance hall in the ground floor to the multi-light atrium hall in the upper floors (Fig. 2 d—g).

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Starting from the first floor the mansion assumes the structure of a Renaissance palazzo where premises are centered around a hall or a backyard reaching up the entire building and enclosed with a dome [2, p. 32; 19, p. 121].

Fig. 2. Guell Palace (architect A.Gaudi). Functional zoning:

а) plan of the cellar [24, p. 73]; b) plan of the ground floor [24, p. 73]; c) mezzanine floor (between the first and second floors) [24, p. 73]; d) plan of the first floor [24, p. 73]; e) mezzanine floor (between the first and second floors) (graphical reconstruction by V. O. Ignatieva); f) plan of the second floor [24, p. 73]; g) plan of the attic [24, p. 73]; h) plan of the roof [24, p. 73]; 1 are daytime premises; 2 are bedrooms; 3 are housekeeping and cleaning premises; 4 are passageways; 5 is a light well, multi-light space; 6 is a movement trajectory

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The rectangular hall in the plan serves as the main front premises, a passageway center of the palace. The climax of the opening of the first floor is denoted with the multi-light space. The vertical part of the atrium connects the assembly hall in the first floor (with the built-in chapel), a mezzanine for musicians, galleries in the second floor and the upper balcony level. Various opening in the dome serve to connect the spaces inside and outside the palace.

Possible various access in the floor is provided by a range of vertical connections. The access to the cellar with a stable is provided with two ramps: a flat one from the edge for horses and a spiral one in the center for the staff. The main stairs, which is variedly positioned at different levels, connects the front spaces of the palace in the ground floor, mezzanine and first floor. In the first floor there is a passageway into an adjoining building (also owned by the Guell family). For the owners there is a separate climb onto the first floor with the daytime premises (as well as the study, library and waiting room) along a small stairs leading from the edge right entrance into the palace from the façade. The internal stairs to be used by the staff as well as the household elevator go through the entire palace from the ground floor up to the roof as a single unit. Between the first and second floor, the residential floor with the bedrooms and cleaning premises there is a separate climb. In the attic there were housekeeping premises, a kitchen, laundry, dining room as well as the staff bedrooms.

In the planning structure of the palace the principle of circular passageways is implemented. In the first floor there is a movement along the front façade (a suite of the front premises: the entrance hall, reception hall, music room and gallery) and along the back façade (private halls, dining and billiard rooms, terrace). The operating roof serves as a recreational space at two levels with a promenade around a spire and ventilation shafts and chimneys.

Natural lighting is an important factor of the volumetric and planning organization of the palace. A light backyard next to the back façade provides lighting in the open ramp, cellar and adjoining spaces of the ground floor. The internal light well next to the side wall of the palace enable the light to penetrate the household and cleaning premises of the first, second, third floors and the attic. The main atrium is natural lighting of the central space of the first and second floors. Natural lighting penetrates the multi-light space of the atrium at several levels. The light comes out of the openings in the spire and dome, streetlights located over the roof and surfacing (through the attic space). In the first floor the hall is lit from two facades through the adjoining halls. In order to light the mezzanine between the ground and first floor, there is the second light of the main entrance hall as well as a light passage along the walls of the waiting room from the windows next to the terrace opening.

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The construction of the Guell Palace is different in its variety of solutions: some are traditional (bearing walls and columns, flat vaults with a support onto steel flights in the ground floor), the others are innovative [2, p. 33]. In the cellar caps of thick brick supports are widened like mushrooms to the top in order to reduce the spires. The enclosure of the mezzanine is an impressive set of marble plates placed in between metal two-faced flights [2, p. 33]. In the first floor the enclosure of the reception hall is positioned by a technically rich structure from metal and wood rods, i.e. a bearing spatial grid [2, p. 34] (Fig. 3). The central hall is enclosed with a significant parabolic dome (the height is 17.5 m, the side of the foundation square is 9 m), which allowed several levels to be connected vertically and lit (the internal dome with openings is topped with a cone spire with window openings) (Fig. 4b).

Fig. 3. Guell Palace (architect А. Gaudi). The ceiling in the reception hall in the first floor. Photo by V. O. Ignatieva

The dome is over four parabolic arches supported with a stone holder at the second floor level. In order to slant the roof, a system of metal beams is used that make up a hyperbolic paraboloid that is visible on the attic ceiling (see Table 1). Stairs hanging on the external

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