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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (22), 2018 ISSN 2587-8093

were revealed, its types and structuring features were determined, the features of linguistic personality of F. Bacon, speculating about Garden, were found out. The tern “linguistic personality” is inseparably connected with the individual style of author. The idea of “linguistic personality” is revealed by means of investigation of lexical and syntactical means of the author`s language, their world views, individual-and-author features, the contents of their inner world, represented by linguistic means [13].

The basic methods used in the process of analysis of the concept Garden are: method of analyses of vocabulary definitions, semantic-and-cognitive method, the method of quantitative analysis, the method of comparative analysis.

Results of the study

Realia Garden in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is verbalized by lexeme garden. It is interesting to note that according to lexicographical sources data this lexeme originated from the French lexeme jardin - the territory that belongs to the yard [1**], that may signify that originally garden was intended to take place close to the human housing and was of practical household use.

According to the analysis of dictionary definitions of the lexeme jardin reveals the following basic features (key semes) of its semanteme: space limitation of territory; cultivated territory; proximity to man`s housing; place for rest; aesthetic character and openness of territory [1**; 2**]. The revealed features brings us to the conclusion that the basis of the cognitive structure of realia Garden comprises the features of artificially created environment, intended to satisfy man`s needs for food, rest, comfort and getting aesthetic pleasure.

On the one hand, in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon Garden is represented as a complex structure, definitely organized spatio-temporal vegetative area. On the other hand, garden is also described from the position of reflexion (from the Late Latin reflexio – “appeal backwards”), i.e. considering the influence it exerts on inner emotional and psychical state of a person. Thus, in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon two semantic cognitive areas in the structure of realia Garden (two axiological components) are determined. They in turn form the following t y p e s of realia Garden: the one type represents garden as pragmatic phenomena – definitely organized space, the other determines it as aesthetic phenomena, the element of

The represented types of Garden considerably differ by pragmatic aspect, dominating in the first type and by spiritual, emotional-and-subjective aspect in the second one. The first type includes spatial-and-time features of Garden, contributing to creation of the most beneficial geometric and physical conditions for a person in the area of garden. The second type contains the features, connected with perception of garden by people in general and by F. Bacon in particular. Thus, this type correlates with axiological categories, determining personal preferences.

The types of Garden in the philosophical world picture of F. Bacon include subtypes, that are in turn represented by cognitive features of realia Garden.

Below is the detailed analysis of the contents of the types of Garden within the philosophical discourse.

It is necessary to point out that the features of Garden are determined in the process of semantic-and-cognitive analysis of the contexts, verbalizing Garden in the philosophical discourse. Comparative quantitative analyses of the determined types revealed that the most number of features are presented within the type: Garden a s a s t r u c t u r e , p a r t o f s p a - t i a l - a n d t i m e c o n t i n u u m ( p r a g m a t i c r e a l i a ) . This type is represented in 68% of

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ism of F. Bacon`s philosophy: by organizing and transforming the tiniest elements of the garden the author is aimed at creating comfortable environment for people. The features of this subtype of the concept Garden are: large scale, zoning, visual pleasure, aesthetic character.

On describing the Garden F. Bacon not only gives examples of the positioning of its elements, but also performs scrupulous calculations of its areas and specially allocated territories. That serves the basis for determination of the other subtype of Garden:

1.2. G a r d e n – m e t r i c a l s y s t e m o f o b j e c t s ( r e a l ) ( from the Greek metrixn, from metron - measurement) .

Let`s analyze the following example:

… four acres of ground be assigned to the green; six to the heath; four and four to either side; and twelve to the main garden [1*].

In this example the author emphasizes the geometrical parameters of the garden elements. The philosopher mentions the definite figures (four acres; six to the heath; four and four to either side; twelve to the main garden), makes scrupulous calculations, that is more relevant for report or mathematical task conditions. It is clear that accuracy of the garden outline for F. Bacon is of paramount importance. On the one hand, the use of definite quantitative parameters reveals the author`s professionalism, skillfulness and awareness about the art of gardening, his mathematical habit of mind and his adherence to principles of didacticism, on the other. This example illustrated the following features of the concept Garden: quantitative, metrical character, variety of garden space.

The fact that the author pays special attention to the definite figures within his philosophical work reveals the outstanding character of his personality. His didactic style of narration is a specific feature of the analyzed philosophical work. In terms of style it makes it similar to that of reference book on gardening, the information in which can be a guide for action.

Mentioning the details of the garden architecture, its forms and sizes F. Bacon is highly exact and categorical. His elaborate descriptions of the garden elements may be explained by his aspiration to create an ideal image of the garden. Giving detailed quantitative data of parameters of the garden elements and the materials they are made of the author not only reveals its perfection, but also determines the limit of its undesirable characteristics. It is of interest to note that going beyond this limit natural objects get negative connotation, that is represented in the example below:

Wherein I, for my part, do not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff; they be for children [1*].

This example illustrated the author`s own preferences in terms of forms of vegetation, characterizing it as infant, arousing positive feelings solely of children. The structure of the concept Garden verbalized by this example incorporates such features as figurativeness, artistic value, unordinary, aesthetic character of its structure, performing the role of educational component.

The fact that the positive assessment of the garden decorative elements prevails over the images which weren`t approved by the author demonstrates the objective character of narration, the author`s openness, his intention to represent his own preferences in an argumentative form. The example illustrates that the author is highly egocentric (I; for my part), categorical, that is reflected in his mentoring tone of narration (do not like images).

It is interesting to note that detalization of the parameters of landscape design is of topmost importance for F. Bacon since they exert the atmosphere that is necessary to get

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aesthetic pleasure from being in the garden. The form and composition of the garden interior play an important role on description of its axiological component. The detalization of the parameters of the garden constituent elements was of paramount importance for F. Bacon/ He regards the small details as reflection of the whole. Here comes to mind the citation of

Oscar Wilde: “Life can`t be divided into petty things and important ones. Everything in life is equally important” [14].

Apart from the features of the garden as geometric structure with certain parameters and spatial coordinates, Garden in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is also connected with the temporal category – time. The specific character of the structure of garden as natural phenomena, the features of which depend on time continuum, are incorporated in the subtype G a r d e n – t e m p u s ( from the Latin tempus – literal “time”). The description of this subtype is represented below.

1.3. G a r d e n – t e m p u s . T e m p o r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f G a r d e n .

As the results of semantic-and-cognitive analysis has shown F. Bacon characterizes garden in synchronic aspect. The author determines the gardens which keep their aesthetics and functionality all year round (compare: Gardens for all the months in the year), and also correlates temporal-and-climatic conditions of the garden with a certain zone - main garden, that is exemplified in the example below:

… but to make account, that the main garden is for the more temperate parts of the year [1*].

In the above example the unity of spatial-and-time continuum is demonstrated: the revealed zone of the garden (the main garden) is characterized by its intended use in special conditions (for the more temperate parts of the year). This reveals pragmatism of F. Bacon, his pedantry, adherence to moralism. The key features of the concept Garden, revealed by this example, are zoning, temporal and spatial-and-time conditionality. This example also demonstrates the strategy of categoricalness of F. Bacon, objectified by the following affirmative syntactical construction: the main garden is for the more temperate parts of the year.

As the analysis of the abovementioned subtypes of the concept Garden showed, this is a complex internally predetermined and consistent image, obligatory characterized by spatial, metrical and temporal parameters, competent combination of which contributed to creation of comfortable conditions of life. It is also a means of anesthetization of life pace, the object of pleasure.

Besides the characteristics of the garden from the position of pragmatism, it is also represented as important component of culture, influencing the mood of person, spiritual balance, psychological state. Moreover, garden is characterized as realia stimulating the development of moral-and-ethical features, that gives the opportunity to feel and percept the beautiful, fosters the feeling of aestheticism. The features of garden as realia, directly influencing spiritual component of a person, are presented in the following type:

2. G a r d e n a s s p i r i t u a l ( f i g u r a t i v e ) c o n s t r u c t ( e l e m e n t o f s p i r i t u a l c u l t u r e ) .

Depending on the character of influence the spiritual world of a person the following subtypes of the realia Garden in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon were revealed:

2 . 1 . G a r d e n a s h e d o n i s t i c r e a l i a ;

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 3 (22), 2018 ISSN 2587-8093

It is of interest to note that every revealed subtype is specified by the character of its influence on the inner state of man: Garden can arouse pleasure, perceptive feelings, and also signify person`s ability to understand high art (aspiration, purity, upgrading). Every listed type represents the certain degree of spiritual development, composing the following hierarchical sequence: pleasure – spiritual revival – high art. Below is the analysis of every subtype of the concept Garden from the lowest level to the highest one. The subtype of the concept:

2.1. G a r d e n a s h e d o n i s t i c r e a l i a i s connected with enjoyment. It is represented by the following examples:

purest of human pleasures [1*]; true pleasure of a garden [1*].

As the example shows, garden in view of F. Bacon is a source of acute pleasure. The high axiological characteristics of the garden is represented: it is demonstrated as the a source of pure delight.

Definite parameters of vegetation are also specified. The pleasure caused by their presence on the territory of the garden are exemplified below:

The green hath two pleasures: the one, because nothing is more pleasant to the eye than green grass kept finely shorn; the other, because it will give you a fair alley in the midst,

[1*].

The semantic markers, arousing pleasure, demonstrated by this example, are: the length and texture of vegetation: green grass kept finely shorn; zone and form of its location: it will give you a fair alley in the midst. The features of the concept Garden, representing this subtype, are: hedonistic character, aestheticism, zoning.

The author pays special attention to the form of vegetation, that can only be achieved by professional and skilled care, that requires definite preparation and mastery of the gardener. Thus, the pleasure mentioned in this example represents eclectic correlation of such components as resources of nature and high mastery of man, that demonstrates humanistic and empirical approaches of the author in terms of relationships between nature and man. Besides, physical parameters of vegetation, obtained by empirical method, act as determining factors in terms of getting pleasure. It reveals the features of physically and empiricallyoriented personality of F. Bacon.

It is interesting to note that Garden in the discourse of F. Bacon not only arouses the feeling of aesthetic pleasure, but also inspires people. In spite of the general meliorative (positive) assessment of such feelings as satisfaction and aspiration, they are quite identical: the feeling of satisfaction determines the highest pleasure, satisfaction of man`s needs. It correlates with peacefulness and tranquility, while aspiration generates activity, causing emotional and physical upheaval, that determined the following subtype of the concept Garden:

2 . 2 . G a r d e n - r e n e w a l o f f e e l i n g s . Let`s analyze the following example:

… the greatest refreshments to the spirits of man [1*].

In this example the function of the garden to renew man`s feelings is emphasized. The degree of this renewal is extremely high, that demonstrates the high significance of garden elements, their upmost importance for inner world of man, their regenerating functions and caritative potential. The type G a r d e n - r e n e w a l o f f e e l i n g s comprises such fea-

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tures as correlation with spiritual world of man, intensive character of influence (compare: the greatest refreshments). Besides, this example contains implicit information about necessity of gardens for the full spiritual life of man, their obligatoriness for man`s being.

The apogee of axiological assessment of the Garden in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon, the accumulation of all the above mentioned features of its cognitive structure, that is: its splendor, greatness, high aesthetic value, positive spiritual influence on man and its representation as a work of art are demonstrated by the following subtype:

2 . 3 . G a r d e n – h i g h a r t o f s p a c e o r g a n i z a t i o n . Let`s analyze the example below:

… men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection [1*].

In this example two types of people`s activity – building and gardening – are compared in diachronic aspect. They are considered in terms of evolutionary development of man. It is necessary to point out that gardening in this example is represented as more complex and elaborate artistic activity, compared with building. Probably to practice the art of gardening in perfection one should possess more complex skills than it is required in the process of building, as in this case the material for creation is connected not as much with creation as with reorganization and retransformation of nature. It presupposes generation more perfect and favorable conditions than it was fundamentally done before. It is a more complex task and requires abilities of a higher order. By means of this example the uniqueness and perfection, its exalted artistic nature are revealed, that associates Garden in philosophical discourse of F. Bacon with high art.

The analyses of subtypes of the concept Garden showed that this concept in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is not only the object of material world, but also is the source of spiritual pleasure, giving enjoyment and delight, demonstrating daintiness and exquisiteness of man`s nature, people`s natural predilection and aspiration for the beautiful.

The combination of all revealed types of phytonymic realia Garden comprises cognitive model of Garden in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon, that is represented in the diagram below:

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tinuum (pragmatic realia) and garden as a spiritual (figurative) construct (element of spiritual culture). The key features of the first type of the concept Garden are its strict geometricity and zoning, exact metrical parameters. The features of the second subtype of the concept Garden are its hedonistic, aesthetic character, sublimity, reference to high art.

Garden in the philosophy of F. Bacon is an inseparable part of spatial-and-time continuum, the features of which vary from its temporal correlation. It is a massif, conglomerate, model of organization of uniform environment, characterized by a certain order, each element of which performs strict function. Metrical characteristics of Garden is of vital importance. F. Bacon pays special attention to specifics of the forms and sizes of the garden elements, that reveals his mathematically-oriented linguistic personality. Pragmatic approach to garden planning, the positioning of its elements can be explained by the author`s aspiration to aesthetically improve the living space, to the comfort. By means of this high humanistic character of F. Bacon`s philosophy is represented, his intention to devote all his activities to well-being of society.

Garden in philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is a unified system, a tandem of space and time. It is an image of mathematical model, existing in a volumetric space, a coordinate system, the elements of which are so closely and harmoniously connected that changes of one parameter (space) causes the corresponding changes of the other (time).

The territorial organization of Garden is described in categorical and well-defined manner, that is followed by argumentative sentences. This manner of narration demonstrates realness of F. Bacon`s ideas and his assurance in indisputability of his opinion. F. Bacon is egocentric, authoritative and is keenly aware in terms of gardening.

Strict geometricity and structuring of garden in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon predetermines the revealing the second type of the concept Garden, representing it as an element of spiritual life of man. In the philosophy of F. Bacon garden is a component of inner life, basically created to arouse high aesthetic pleasure, emotional upheaval, intensifying feelings and inspiration. Combination of all these feelings of the concept Garden represents it as a phenomna, reflecting mental and aesthetic skills of man, his artistic talent.

It is of interest to point out that aesthetics of Garden is based on geometrical and physical parameters, certain forms, predefined by anthropologic factors. Thus, Garden in F. Bacon`s view is a zone of comfortable existence of man and nature as parts of unified whole. The structure of garden is build upon the principle of anthropocentrism, that is rational structuring of territory to create comfortable environment.

In the aspect of philosophical worldview of F. Bacon, Garden represents effective cooperation between man and nature. It results in obtaining higher living standards, more perfect and regulated natural environment.

In the process of semantic-and-cognitive analysis of the concept Garden the following features of linguistic personality of F. Bacon were revealed: his orientation on the objects of physical world, that implies the perception of the objects by means of their physical parameters: forms, sizes, structure, contents. F. Bacon is also highly mathematical linguistic personality, a natural scientist, attributing utmost importance to numerical values, characterizing physical parameters of the objects. In describing the architecture of the Garden the aestheticism of the author, his emphases on external attraction of the objects were found out.

To conclude, man and nature in the philosophy of F. Bacon are unified whole. The garden space for the philosopher performs an important mission: it contributes to spiritual selfperfection and renewal of man. The image of garden demonstrates the progress and development of man`s skills and abilities, the higher, more perfect level of people`s life: man is able not only to erect structures, but also to put them into highly aesthetic form. These elaborately designed garden structures in turn aspire and admire people and serve the basis for people`s following growth and development, stimulating their future creative endeavors.

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References

[1]Chelovek i priroda v filosofii Vozrozhdenija, URL: http://www.zelife.ru/10168cipviv/ (vremja obrashhenija - 24.09.18).

[2]Nacional'naja filosofskaja jenciklopedija, URL: http://terme.ru/termin/priroda- ponjatie-v-epohu-vozrozhdenija.html (vremja obrashhenija - 16.09.18).

[3]Lavrinenko, I. Ju. Specifika verbalizacii konceptov razuma i chuvstva v filosofskom diskurse F. Bjekona [tekst]: dissertacija na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni kandidata filologicheskih nauk: 10.02.04 : zashhishhena 25.06.14: utv. 01.02.15 / Lavrinenko Irina Jur'evna. – Voronezh, 2014. – 311s.

[4]Lavrinenko I.Ju. Osobennosti verbal'noj jeksplikacii intellektual'nogo koncepta

“Mind” («Razum») v filosofskoj kartine mira F. Bjekona (na materiale nauchnyh traktatov F. Bjekona «The Great Instauration» i «New Organon»). Nauchnyj Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Ser. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovanija.– 2015. – №3 (27). – S. 50-66.

[5]Fomina Z.E., Lavrinenko I.Ju. Kognitivnye strategii kak mental'nye determinanty pri jazykovoj objektivacii konceptov razuma i chuvstva v filosofskom diskurse

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[8]Aleshina E.K. Issledovanie naimenovanij rastenij i nacional'naja jazykovaja kartina mira: k postanovke problemy / E.K. Aleshina // Vestnik NGU. Serija: Istorija, filologija.— 2009.— Tom 8, vypusk 2: Filologija.— S. 34–37.

[9]Galicyna E. G. Osobennosti izuchenija leksicheskoj gruppy fitonimov (na materiale fitonimov drevneanglijskogo jazyka) // Molodoj uchenyj. — 2015. — №10.5. — S. 36-37. — URL https://moluch.ru/archive/90/18098/ (data obrashhenija: 14.08.2018).

[10]Nagina K.A., dissertacija Prostranstvennye universalii i harakterologicheskie kollizii v tvorchestve L.N. Tolstogo, Voronezh, 2013. 10.01.01, 615. URL: http :// www

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Analysed sources

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[1*] Bacon F. The Essays and Counsels Civil and Moral / F. Bacon. – New York, Charles Scribner`s Sons, 1908. – 293 p.

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UDC 811.133.1

FUNCTIONS OF METAPHOR IN THE LITERARY TEXT (BASED ON TROPISMS BY N. SARRAUTE)

E.B. Molkova

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Ivanovo State Power University named after V.I. Lenin PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and French Languages

Evgeniya B. Molkova e-mail: ivabelle@list.ru

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The article deals with a detailed analysis of the metaphor in the text of Nathalie

Sarraute’s first work in order to identify its functions. Since the style of the French "nouveau romancier" is characterized by the metaphorical way of narration, the writer’s creation offers a substantial material for examining this figure of style. However, the metaphor in Sarraute’s literary heritage was no subject to the special study by linguistic means.

Results. The aesthetic conception of "tropisms", which determined the thematic content of the writer's works, played as well an important role in the development of her style. The tendency for using the metaphor as a key element of the texts appears in Tropisms. The extended metaphor is embedded seamlessly in the narrative structure, alternating with the description of the character's actions or speech. The metaphorical fragment of the text includes such stylistic means as enumeration, repetition, synonymic row, opposition, parallelism, euphony.

Conclusion. Analyzed extended metaphors in absentia perform the essential sense-making function, for they answer for transferring the psychological movements. They are also proper to the structural role – the formation of links between parts of the text. The aesthetic function of the metaphor is to suggest to the reader the feelings that were interpreted literally by the author.

Key words: metaphor, extended metaphor, literary text, image, semantics, meaning, structure, tropism, N. Sarraute.

For citation: Molkova E.B. Functions of metaphor in the literary text (based on tropisms by N. Sarraute) / E.B. Molkova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2018. - №3 (22). – P. 33 - 42.

Introduction

The metaphor is so universal that sometimes its use in speech goes unnoticed. This is especially true of the so-called «dead» metaphor, the frequency of use of which led to the loss of

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© Molkova E.B., 2018

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